diff --git a/core/e2dutil.h b/core/e2dutil.h
index 86609c0c..f78eb0a1 100644
--- a/core/e2dutil.h
+++ b/core/e2dutil.h
@@ -385,8 +385,8 @@ namespace easy2d
 		bool operator< (const Duration &) const;
 		bool operator<= (const Duration &) const;
 
-		Duration operator + (Duration const &) const;
-		Duration operator - (Duration const &) const;
+		Duration operator + (const Duration &) const;
+		Duration operator - (const Duration &) const;
 		Duration operator - () const;
 		Duration operator * (int) const;
 		Duration operator * (float) const;
@@ -395,8 +395,8 @@ namespace easy2d
 		Duration operator / (float) const;
 		Duration operator / (double) const;
 
-		Duration& operator += (Duration const &);
-		Duration& operator -= (Duration const &);
+		Duration& operator += (const Duration &);
+		Duration& operator -= (const Duration &);
 		Duration& operator *= (int);
 		Duration& operator *= (float);
 		Duration& operator *= (double);
@@ -432,19 +432,34 @@ namespace easy2d
 	public:
 		Time();
 
+		explicit Time(
+			std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point
+		);
+
+		Time(
+			const Time& other
+		);
+
+		Time(
+			Time&& other
+		);
+
 		// 获取时间戳
 		time_t GetTimeStamp() const;
 
 		// 是否是零时
 		bool IsZero() const;
 
-		Time operator + (Duration const &) const;
-		Time operator - (Duration const &) const;
+		Time operator + (const Duration &) const;
+		Time operator - (const Duration &) const;
 
-		Time& operator += (Duration const &);
-		Time& operator -= (Duration const &);
+		Time& operator += (const Duration &);
+		Time& operator -= (const Duration &);
 
-		Duration operator - (Time const &) const;
+		Duration operator - (const Time &) const;
+
+		Time& operator = (const Time &) E2D_NOEXCEPT;
+		Time& operator = (Time &&) E2D_NOEXCEPT;
 
 		// 获取当前时间
 		static Time Now();
@@ -641,7 +656,6 @@ namespace easy2d
 	{
 		if (FAILED(hr))
 		{
-			// 在此处设置断点以捕获系统异常.
 			static char s_str[64] = {};
 			sprintf_s(s_str, "Failure with HRESULT of %08X", static_cast<unsigned int>(hr));
 			throw std::runtime_error(s_str);
diff --git a/core/modules/Game.cpp b/core/modules/Game.cpp
index e3820319..0508eb55 100644
--- a/core/modules/Game.cpp
+++ b/core/modules/Game.cpp
@@ -388,13 +388,12 @@ easy2d::Rect easy2d::Game::Locate(int width, int height)
 	width = std::min(width, max_width);
 	height = std::min(height, max_height);
 
-	Rect client_rect(
+	return Rect(
 		static_cast<float>((max_width - width) / 2),
 		static_cast<float>((max_height - height) / 2),
 		static_cast<float>(width),
 		static_cast<float>(height)
 	);
-	return std::move(client_rect);
 }
 
 int easy2d::Game::GetWidth() const
@@ -409,11 +408,10 @@ int easy2d::Game::GetHeight() const
 
 easy2d::Size easy2d::Game::GetSize() const
 {
-	easy2d::Size size(
+	return easy2d::Size(
 		static_cast<float>(width_),
 		static_cast<float>(height_)
 	);
-	return std::move(size);
 }
 
 HWND easy2d::Game::GetHWnd() const
diff --git a/core/objects/Image.cpp b/core/objects/Image.cpp
index f67d7839..6a2e1bf8 100644
--- a/core/objects/Image.cpp
+++ b/core/objects/Image.cpp
@@ -147,14 +147,12 @@ float easy2d::Image::GetSourceHeight() const
 
 easy2d::Size easy2d::Image::GetSourceSize() const
 {
-	Size source_size;
 	if (bitmap_)
 	{
 		auto bitmap_size = bitmap_->GetSize();
-		source_size.width = bitmap_size.width;
-		source_size.height = bitmap_size.height;
+		return Size{ bitmap_size.width, bitmap_size.height };
 	}
-	return std::move(source_size);
+	return Size{};
 }
 
 float easy2d::Image::GetCropX() const
diff --git a/core/objects/Node.cpp b/core/objects/Node.cpp
index 29f43318..de2e9ba8 100644
--- a/core/objects/Node.cpp
+++ b/core/objects/Node.cpp
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ float easy2d::Node::GetPivotY() const
 
 easy2d::Size easy2d::Node::GetSize() const
 {
-	return std::move(Size(GetWidth(), GetHeight()));
+	return Size{ GetWidth(), GetHeight() };
 }
 
 float easy2d::Node::GetScaleX() const
@@ -667,7 +667,7 @@ easy2d::Node::Nodes easy2d::Node::GetChildren(const std::wstring& name) const
 			children.push_back(child);
 		}
 	}
-	return std::move(children);
+	return children;
 }
 
 easy2d::Node * easy2d::Node::GetChild(const std::wstring& name) const
diff --git a/core/tools/File.cpp b/core/tools/File.cpp
index e2d87e6b..d25a2a77 100644
--- a/core/tools/File.cpp
+++ b/core/tools/File.cpp
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ std::wstring easy2d::File::GetExtension() const
 		// 转换为小写字母
 		std::transform(file_ext.begin(), file_ext.end(), file_ext.begin(), std::towlower);
 	}
-	return std::move(file_ext);
+	return file_ext;
 }
 
 bool easy2d::File::Delete()
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ easy2d::File easy2d::File::Extract(Resource& res, const std::wstring& dest_file_
 	);
 
 	if (file_handle == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
-		return std::move(file);
+		return file;
 
 	if (res.Load())
 	{
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ easy2d::File easy2d::File::Extract(Resource& res, const std::wstring& dest_file_
 		::DeleteFile(dest_file_name.c_str());
 	}
 
-	return std::move(file);
+	return file;
 }
 
 void easy2d::File::AddSearchPath(const std::wstring & path)
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ easy2d::File easy2d::File::ShowOpenDialog(const std::wstring & title, const std:
 		}
 		::CoUninitialize();
 	}
-	return std::move(File(file_path));
+	return File(file_path);
 }
 
 easy2d::File easy2d::File::ShowSaveDialog(const std::wstring & title, const std::wstring& def_file, const std::wstring & def_ext)
@@ -288,5 +288,5 @@ easy2d::File easy2d::File::ShowSaveDialog(const std::wstring & title, const std:
 		}
 		::CoUninitialize();
 	}
-	return std::move(File(file_path));
+	return File(file_path);
 }
diff --git a/core/utils/Color.cpp b/core/utils/Color.cpp
index df4b79dc..b697ac7b 100644
--- a/core/utils/Color.cpp
+++ b/core/utils/Color.cpp
@@ -78,6 +78,5 @@ easy2d::Color::Color(const D2D1_COLOR_F& color)
 
 easy2d::Color::operator D2D1_COLOR_F() const
 {
-	D2D1::ColorF color_f(r, g, b, a);
-	return std::move(color_f);
+	return D2D1::ColorF(r, g, b, a);
 }
diff --git a/core/utils/Duration.cpp b/core/utils/Duration.cpp
index 75c5a256..ac396a09 100644
--- a/core/utils/Duration.cpp
+++ b/core/utils/Duration.cpp
@@ -77,10 +77,10 @@ easy2d::Duration easy2d::Duration::Parse(const std::wstring & str)
 	if (!std::regex_match(str, regex))
 	{
 		E2D_WARNING("Duration::Parse: invalid duration");
-		return std::move(Duration{});
+		return d;
 	}
 
-	if (str.empty() || str == L"0") { return std::move(Duration{}); }
+	if (str.empty() || str == L"0") { return d; }
 
 	// 符号位
 	if (str[0] == L'-' || str[0] == L'+')
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ easy2d::Duration easy2d::Duration::Parse(const std::wstring & str)
 		if (num_str.empty() || num_str == L".")
 		{
 			E2D_WARNING("Duration::Parse: invalid duration");
-			return std::move(Duration{});
+			return Duration();
 		}
 
 		// 单位
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ easy2d::Duration easy2d::Duration::Parse(const std::wstring & str)
 		if (unit_map.find(unit_str) == unit_map.end())
 		{
 			E2D_WARNING("Duration::Parse: invalid duration");
-			return std::move(Duration{});
+			return Duration();
 		}
 		
 		double num = std::stod(num_str);
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ easy2d::Duration easy2d::Duration::Parse(const std::wstring & str)
 	{
 		d.milliseconds_ = -d.milliseconds_;
 	}
-	return std::move(d);
+	return d;
 }
 
 bool easy2d::Duration::operator==(const Duration & other) const
@@ -172,71 +172,58 @@ bool easy2d::Duration::operator<=(const Duration & other) const
 	return milliseconds_ <= other.milliseconds_;
 }
 
-easy2d::Duration easy2d::Duration::operator+(Duration const & other) const
+easy2d::Duration easy2d::Duration::operator+(const Duration & other) const
 {
-	Duration d(milliseconds_ + other.milliseconds_);
-	return std::move(d);
+	return Duration(milliseconds_ + other.milliseconds_);
 }
 
-easy2d::Duration easy2d::Duration::operator-(Duration const & other) const
+easy2d::Duration easy2d::Duration::operator-(const Duration & other) const
 {
-	Duration d(milliseconds_ - other.milliseconds_);
-	return std::move(d);
+	return Duration(milliseconds_ - other.milliseconds_);
 }
 
 easy2d::Duration easy2d::Duration::operator-() const
 {
-	Duration d(-milliseconds_);
-	return std::move(d);
+	return Duration(-milliseconds_);
 }
 
 easy2d::Duration easy2d::Duration::operator*(int value) const
 {
-	Duration d(milliseconds_ * value);
-	return std::move(d);
+	return Duration(milliseconds_ * value);
 }
 
 easy2d::Duration easy2d::Duration::operator/(int value) const
 {
-	Duration d(milliseconds_ / value);
-	return std::move(d);
+	return Duration(milliseconds_ / value);
 }
 
 easy2d::Duration easy2d::Duration::operator*(float value) const
 {
-	int ms = static_cast<int>(milliseconds_ * value);
-	Duration d(ms);
-	return std::move(d);
+	return Duration(static_cast<int>(milliseconds_ * value));
 }
 
 easy2d::Duration easy2d::Duration::operator/(float value) const
 {
-	int ms = static_cast<int>(milliseconds_ / value);
-	Duration d(ms);
-	return std::move(d);
+	return Duration(static_cast<int>(milliseconds_ / value));
 }
 
 easy2d::Duration easy2d::Duration::operator*(double value) const
 {
-	int ms = static_cast<int>(milliseconds_ * value);
-	Duration d(ms);
-	return std::move(d);
+	return Duration(static_cast<int>(milliseconds_ * value));
 }
 
 easy2d::Duration easy2d::Duration::operator/(double value) const
 {
-	int ms = static_cast<int>(milliseconds_ / value);
-	Duration d(ms);
-	return std::move(d);
+	return Duration(static_cast<int>(milliseconds_ / value));
 }
 
-easy2d::Duration & easy2d::Duration::operator+=(Duration const &other)
+easy2d::Duration & easy2d::Duration::operator+=(const Duration &other)
 {
 	milliseconds_ += other.milliseconds_;
 	return (*this);
 }
 
-easy2d::Duration & easy2d::Duration::operator-=(Duration const &other)
+easy2d::Duration & easy2d::Duration::operator-=(const Duration &other)
 {
 	milliseconds_ -= other.milliseconds_;
 	return (*this);
@@ -280,30 +267,30 @@ easy2d::Duration & easy2d::Duration::operator/=(double value)
 
 easy2d::Duration easy2d::operator*(int value, const Duration & dur)
 {
-	return std::move(dur * value);
+	return dur * value;
 }
 
 easy2d::Duration easy2d::operator/(int value, const Duration & dur)
 {
-	return std::move(dur / value);
+	return dur / value;
 }
 
 easy2d::Duration easy2d::operator*(float value, const Duration & dur)
 {
-	return std::move(dur * value);
+	return dur * value;
 }
 
 easy2d::Duration easy2d::operator/(float value, const Duration & dur)
 {
-	return std::move(dur / value);
+	return dur / value;
 }
 
 easy2d::Duration easy2d::operator*(double value, const Duration & dur)
 {
-	return std::move(dur * value);
+	return dur * value;
 }
 
 easy2d::Duration easy2d::operator/(double value, const Duration & dur)
 {
-	return std::move(dur / value);
+	return dur / value;
 }
diff --git a/core/utils/Time.cpp b/core/utils/Time.cpp
index 78fd4fba..615d0397 100644
--- a/core/utils/Time.cpp
+++ b/core/utils/Time.cpp
@@ -27,6 +27,21 @@ easy2d::Time::Time()
 {
 }
 
+easy2d::Time::Time(std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point time)
+	: time_(time)
+{
+}
+
+easy2d::Time::Time(const Time & other)
+	: time_(other.time_)
+{
+}
+
+easy2d::Time::Time(Time && other)
+	: time_(std::move(other.time_))
+{
+}
+
 time_t easy2d::Time::GetTimeStamp() const
 {
 	auto& duration = time_point_cast<milliseconds>(time_).time_since_epoch();
@@ -38,42 +53,53 @@ bool easy2d::Time::IsZero() const
 	return time_.time_since_epoch().count() == 0LL;
 }
 
-easy2d::Time easy2d::Time::operator+(Duration const & other) const
+easy2d::Time easy2d::Time::operator+(const Duration & other) const
 {
-	Time t;
-	t.time_ = time_ + milliseconds(other.Milliseconds());
-	return std::move(t);
+	return Time(time_ + milliseconds(other.Milliseconds()));
 }
 
-easy2d::Time easy2d::Time::operator-(Duration const & other) const
+easy2d::Time easy2d::Time::operator-(const Duration & other) const
 {
-	Time t;
-	t.time_ = time_ - milliseconds(other.Milliseconds());
-	return std::move(t);
+	return Time(time_ - milliseconds(other.Milliseconds()));
 }
 
-easy2d::Time & easy2d::Time::operator+=(Duration const & other)
+easy2d::Time & easy2d::Time::operator+=(const Duration & other)
 {
 	time_ += milliseconds(other.Milliseconds());
 	return (*this);
 }
 
-easy2d::Time & easy2d::Time::operator-=(Duration const &other)
+easy2d::Time & easy2d::Time::operator-=(const Duration &other)
 {
 	time_ -= milliseconds(other.Milliseconds());
 	return (*this);
 }
 
-easy2d::Duration easy2d::Time::operator-(Time const & other) const
+easy2d::Duration easy2d::Time::operator-(const Time & other) const
 {
 	auto ms = duration_cast<milliseconds>(time_ - other.time_).count();
-	Duration d(static_cast<int>(ms));
-	return std::move(d);
+	return Duration(static_cast<int>(ms));
+}
+
+easy2d::Time& easy2d::Time::operator=(const Time & other) E2D_NOEXCEPT
+{
+	if (this == &other)
+		return *this;
+
+	time_ = other.time_;
+	return *this;
+}
+
+easy2d::Time& easy2d::Time::operator=(Time && other) E2D_NOEXCEPT
+{
+	if (this == &other)
+		return *this;
+
+	time_ = std::move(other.time_);
+	return *this;
 }
 
 easy2d::Time easy2d::Time::Now()
 {
-	Time t;
-	t.time_ = steady_clock::now();
-	return std::move(t);
+	return Time(steady_clock::now());
 }
diff --git a/core/utils/Transform.cpp b/core/utils/Transform.cpp
index 5f6c2f00..b62e8a67 100644
--- a/core/utils/Transform.cpp
+++ b/core/utils/Transform.cpp
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ easy2d::Transform::operator D2D1::Matrix3x2F() const
 		position.x - pivot.x,
 		position.y - pivot.y
 	);
-	return std::move(matrix);
+	return matrix;
 }
 
 bool easy2d::Transform::operator==(const Transform & other) const