diff --git a/core/Action/ActionCallback.cpp b/core/Action/ActionCallback.cpp
index 842c69f5..b64c02a0 100644
--- a/core/Action/ActionCallback.cpp
+++ b/core/Action/ActionCallback.cpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #include "..\eactions.h"
 
-e2d::ActionCallback::ActionCallback(const VoidFunction& callback) :
+e2d::ActionCallback::ActionCallback(VoidFunction callback) :
 	m_Callback(callback)
 {
 }
diff --git a/core/Manager/SceneManager.cpp b/core/Manager/SceneManager.cpp
index c2282b5c..3a224e21 100644
--- a/core/Manager/SceneManager.cpp
+++ b/core/Manager/SceneManager.cpp
@@ -152,15 +152,17 @@ void e2d::SceneManager::__render()
 
 bool e2d::SceneManager::__init()
 {
-	if (!s_pNextScene)
+	// 若游戏初始化时场景不为空，进入该场景
+	if (s_pNextScene)
 	{
-		s_pNextScene = new Scene();
-		s_pNextScene->retain();
+		s_pCurrentScene = s_pNextScene;
+		s_pCurrentScene->onEnter();
+		s_pNextScene = nullptr;
 	}
 
-	s_pCurrentScene = s_pNextScene;
-	s_pCurrentScene->onEnter();
-	s_pNextScene = nullptr;
+	// 更新场景内容
+	SceneManager::__update();
+
 	return true;
 }
 
diff --git a/core/Node/Button.cpp b/core/Node/Button.cpp
index b94257b5..66da1a6e 100644
--- a/core/Node/Button.cpp
+++ b/core/Node/Button.cpp
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 
 e2d::Button::Button()
-	: m_Callback((const ButtonCallback &)nullptr)
+	: m_Callback(nullptr)
 	, m_eBtnState(Button::NORMAL)
 	, m_bEnable(true)
 	, m_bIsSelected(false)
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ e2d::Button::Button()
 {
 }
 
-e2d::Button::Button(Node * normal, const ButtonCallback & callback)
-	: m_Callback((const ButtonCallback &)nullptr)
+e2d::Button::Button(Node * normal, ButtonCallback callback)
+	: m_Callback(nullptr)
 	, m_eBtnState(Button::NORMAL)
 	, m_bEnable(true)
 	, m_bIsSelected(false)
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ e2d::Button::Button(Node * normal, const ButtonCallback & callback)
 	this->setCallback(callback);
 }
 
-e2d::Button::Button(Node * normal, Node * selected, const ButtonCallback & callback)
-	: m_Callback((const ButtonCallback &)nullptr)
+e2d::Button::Button(Node * normal, Node * selected, ButtonCallback callback)
+	: m_Callback(nullptr)
 	, m_eBtnState(Button::NORMAL)
 	, m_bEnable(true)
 	, m_bIsSelected(false)
@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ e2d::Button::Button(Node * normal, Node * selected, const ButtonCallback & callb
 	this->setCallback(callback);
 }
 
-e2d::Button::Button(Node * normal, Node * mouseover, Node * selected, const ButtonCallback & callback)
-	: m_Callback((const ButtonCallback &)nullptr)
+e2d::Button::Button(Node * normal, Node * mouseover, Node * selected, ButtonCallback callback)
+	: m_Callback(nullptr)
 	, m_eBtnState(Button::NORMAL)
 	, m_bEnable(true)
 	, m_bIsSelected(false)
@@ -61,8 +61,8 @@ e2d::Button::Button(Node * normal, Node * mouseover, Node * selected, const Butt
 	this->setCallback(callback);
 }
 
-e2d::Button::Button(Node * normal, Node * mouseover, Node * selected, Node * disabled, const ButtonCallback & callback)
-	: m_Callback((const ButtonCallback &)nullptr)
+e2d::Button::Button(Node * normal, Node * mouseover, Node * selected, Node * disabled, ButtonCallback callback)
+	: m_Callback(nullptr)
 	, m_eBtnState(Button::NORMAL)
 	, m_bEnable(true)
 	, m_bIsSelected(false)
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ void e2d::Button::setEnable(bool bEnable)
 	}
 }
 
-void e2d::Button::setCallback(const ButtonCallback & callback)
+void e2d::Button::setCallback(ButtonCallback callback)
 {
 	WARN_IF(m_pNormal == nullptr, "Button cannot work without anything to show. Please set its normal displayed.");
 	
diff --git a/core/Node/ButtonToggle.cpp b/core/Node/ButtonToggle.cpp
index 5c2c2ca9..5b0723fa 100644
--- a/core/Node/ButtonToggle.cpp
+++ b/core/Node/ButtonToggle.cpp
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ e2d::ButtonToggle::ButtonToggle()
 {
 }
 
-e2d::ButtonToggle::ButtonToggle(Node * toggleOnNormal, Node * toggleOffNormal, const ButtonCallback & callback)
+e2d::ButtonToggle::ButtonToggle(Node * toggleOnNormal, Node * toggleOffNormal, ButtonCallback callback)
 	: Button()
 	, m_bState(true)
 	, m_pNormalOn(nullptr)
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ e2d::ButtonToggle::ButtonToggle(Node * toggleOnNormal, Node * toggleOffNormal, c
 	this->setCallback(callback);
 }
 
-e2d::ButtonToggle::ButtonToggle(Node * toggleOnNormal, Node * toggleOffNormal, Node * toggleOnSelected, Node * toggleOffSelected, const ButtonCallback & callback)
+e2d::ButtonToggle::ButtonToggle(Node * toggleOnNormal, Node * toggleOffNormal, Node * toggleOnSelected, Node * toggleOffSelected, ButtonCallback callback)
 	: Button()
 	, m_bState(true)
 	, m_pNormalOn(nullptr)
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ e2d::ButtonToggle::ButtonToggle(Node * toggleOnNormal, Node * toggleOffNormal, N
 	this->setCallback(callback);
 }
 
-e2d::ButtonToggle::ButtonToggle(Node * toggleOnNormal, Node * toggleOffNormal, Node * toggleOnMouseOver, Node * toggleOffMouseOver, Node * toggleOnSelected, Node * toggleOffSelected, const ButtonCallback & callback)
+e2d::ButtonToggle::ButtonToggle(Node * toggleOnNormal, Node * toggleOffNormal, Node * toggleOnMouseOver, Node * toggleOffMouseOver, Node * toggleOnSelected, Node * toggleOffSelected, ButtonCallback callback)
 	: Button()
 	, m_bState(true)
 	, m_pNormalOn(nullptr)
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ e2d::ButtonToggle::ButtonToggle(Node * toggleOnNormal, Node * toggleOffNormal, N
 	this->setCallback(callback);
 }
 
-e2d::ButtonToggle::ButtonToggle(Node * toggleOnNormal, Node * toggleOffNormal, Node * toggleOnMouseOver, Node * toggleOffMouseOver, Node * toggleOnSelected, Node * toggleOffSelected, Node * toggleOnDisabled, Node * toggleOffDisabled, const ButtonCallback & callback)
+e2d::ButtonToggle::ButtonToggle(Node * toggleOnNormal, Node * toggleOffNormal, Node * toggleOnMouseOver, Node * toggleOffMouseOver, Node * toggleOnSelected, Node * toggleOffSelected, Node * toggleOnDisabled, Node * toggleOffDisabled, ButtonCallback callback)
 	: Button()
 	, m_bState(true)
 	, m_pNormalOn(nullptr)
diff --git a/core/Tool/Timer.cpp b/core/Tool/Timer.cpp
index d529ed19..2429bd70 100644
--- a/core/Tool/Timer.cpp
+++ b/core/Tool/Timer.cpp
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@ e2d::Timer::Timer()
 	, m_nUpdateTimes(-1)
 	, m_bAtOnce(false)
 	, m_bAutoRelease(false)
-	, m_bClear(false)
+	, m_bClear(true)
 {
 	TimerManager::__add(this);
 }
 
-e2d::Timer::Timer(const TimerCallback & callback, double interval /* = 0 */, int updateTimes /* = -1 */, bool atOnce /* = false */, bool autoRelease /* = false */)
+e2d::Timer::Timer(TimerCallback callback, double interval /* = 0 */, int updateTimes /* = -1 */, bool atOnce /* = false */, bool autoRelease /* = false */)
 	: m_bRunning(false)
 	, m_nRunTimes(0)
 	, m_Callback(nullptr)
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ e2d::Timer::Timer(const TimerCallback & callback, double interval /* = 0 */, int
 	, m_nUpdateTimes(-1)
 	, m_bAtOnce(false)
 	, m_bAutoRelease(false)
-	, m_bClear(false)
+	, m_bClear(true)
 {
 	this->setCallback(callback);
 	this->setUpdateTimes(updateTimes);
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ e2d::Timer::Timer(const TimerCallback & callback, double interval /* = 0 */, int
 	TimerManager::__add(this);
 }
 
-e2d::Timer::Timer(const String & name, const TimerCallback & callback, double interval /* = 0 */, int updateTimes /* = -1 */, bool atOnce /* = false */, bool autoRelease /* = false */)
+e2d::Timer::Timer(const String & name, TimerCallback callback, double interval /* = 0 */, int updateTimes /* = -1 */, bool atOnce /* = false */, bool autoRelease /* = false */)
 	: m_bRunning(false)
 	, m_nRunTimes(0)
 	, m_Callback(nullptr)
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ e2d::Timer::Timer(const String & name, const TimerCallback & callback, double in
 	, m_nUpdateTimes(-1)
 	, m_bAtOnce(false)
 	, m_bAutoRelease(false)
-	, m_bClear(false)
+	, m_bClear(true)
 {
 	this->setName(name);
 	this->setCallback(callback);
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ void e2d::Timer::setInterval(double interval)
 	m_fInterval = max(interval, 0);
 }
 
-void e2d::Timer::setCallback(const TimerCallback & callback)
+void e2d::Timer::setCallback(TimerCallback callback)
 {
 	m_Callback = callback;
 }
diff --git a/core/eactions.h b/core/eactions.h
index 24ec360b..a62b404c 100644
--- a/core/eactions.h
+++ b/core/eactions.h
@@ -553,7 +553,7 @@ class ActionCallback :
 public:
 	// 创建执行回调函数的动作
 	ActionCallback(
-		const VoidFunction & callback /* 回调函数 */
+		VoidFunction callback /* 回调函数 */
 	);
 
 	// 获取该动作的拷贝对象
diff --git a/core/enodes.h b/core/enodes.h
index 3f7ae8cd..a933bb64 100644
--- a/core/enodes.h
+++ b/core/enodes.h
@@ -584,14 +584,14 @@ public:
 	// 创建按钮
 	Button(
 		Node * normal,		/* 普通状态 */
-		const ButtonCallback & callback = nullptr
+		ButtonCallback callback = nullptr
 	);
 
 	// 创建按钮
 	Button(
 		Node * normal,		/* 普通状态 */
 		Node * selected,	/* 鼠标按下状态 */
-		const ButtonCallback & callback = nullptr
+		ButtonCallback callback = nullptr
 	);
 
 	// 创建按钮
@@ -599,7 +599,7 @@ public:
 		Node * normal,		/* 普通状态 */
 		Node * mouseover,	/* 鼠标移入状态 */
 		Node * selected,	/* 鼠标按下状态 */
-		const ButtonCallback & callback = nullptr
+		ButtonCallback callback = nullptr
 	);
 
 	// 创建按钮
@@ -608,7 +608,7 @@ public:
 		Node * mouseover,	/* 鼠标移入状态 */
 		Node * selected,	/* 鼠标移入状态 */
 		Node * disabled,	/* 按钮禁用状态 */
-		const ButtonCallback & callback = nullptr
+		ButtonCallback callback = nullptr
 	);
 
 	// 获取按钮状态是启用还是禁用
@@ -641,7 +641,7 @@ public:
 
 	// 设置回调函数
 	void setCallback(
-		const ButtonCallback & callback
+		ButtonCallback callback
 	);
 
 	// 更新按钮状态
@@ -682,7 +682,7 @@ public:
 	ButtonToggle(
 		Node * onNormal,
 		Node * offNormal,
-		const ButtonCallback & callback = nullptr
+		ButtonCallback callback = nullptr
 	);
 
 	// 创建开关按钮
@@ -691,7 +691,7 @@ public:
 		Node * offNormal,
 		Node * onSelected,
 		Node * offSelected,
-		const ButtonCallback & callback = nullptr
+		ButtonCallback callback = nullptr
 	);
 
 	// 创建开关按钮
@@ -702,7 +702,7 @@ public:
 		Node * offMouseOver,
 		Node * onSelected,
 		Node * offSelected,
-		const ButtonCallback & callback = nullptr
+		ButtonCallback callback = nullptr
 	);
 
 	// 创建开关按钮
@@ -715,7 +715,7 @@ public:
 		Node * offSelected,
 		Node * onDisabled,
 		Node * offDisabled,
-		const ButtonCallback & callback = nullptr
+		ButtonCallback callback = nullptr
 	);
 
 	// 获取开关状态（打开或关闭）
diff --git a/core/etools.h b/core/etools.h
index 10f65d8e..44712b77 100644
--- a/core/etools.h
+++ b/core/etools.h
@@ -50,20 +50,20 @@ public:
 	Timer();
 
 	Timer(
-		const TimerCallback &callback,	/* 定时器回调函数 */
-		double interval = 0,			/* 时间间隔（秒） */
-		int times = -1,					/* 执行次数（设 -1 为永久执行） */
-		bool atOnce = false,			/* 是否立即执行 */
-		bool autoRelease = false		/* 自动清除 */
+		TimerCallback callback,		/* 定时器回调函数 */
+		double interval = 0,		/* 时间间隔（秒） */
+		int times = -1,				/* 执行次数（设 -1 为永久执行） */
+		bool atOnce = false,		/* 是否立即执行 */
+		bool autoRelease = false	/* 自动清除 */
 	);
 
 	Timer(
-		const String &name,							/* 定时器名称 */
-		const TimerCallback &callback = nullptr,	/* 定时器回调函数 */
-		double interval = 0,						/* 时间间隔（秒） */
-		int times = -1,								/* 执行次数（设 -1 为永久执行） */
-		bool atOnce = false,						/* 是否立即执行 */
-		bool autoRelease = false					/* 自动清除 */
+		const String &name,					/* 定时器名称 */
+		TimerCallback callback = nullptr,	/* 定时器回调函数 */
+		double interval = 0,				/* 时间间隔（秒） */
+		int times = -1,						/* 执行次数（设 -1 为永久执行） */
+		bool atOnce = false,				/* 是否立即执行 */
+		bool autoRelease = false			/* 自动清除 */
 	);
 
 	// 启动定时器
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ public:
 
 	// 设置定时器回调函数
 	void setCallback(
-		const TimerCallback & callback
+		TimerCallback callback
 	);
 
 	// 设置定时器执行次数