refactor(resource): 重构资源管理系统并移除TexturePool

- 移除TexturePool类，将纹理缓存功能直接集成到ResourceManager
- 实现基于LRU的纹理缓存管理，提高缓存效率
- 添加GPUContext类用于安全处理GPU资源生命周期
- 重构对象池实现，解决循环引用问题
- 优化应用关闭时的资源释放顺序
- 改进纹理加载错误处理
- 更新SpriteFrameCache直接加载纹理
- 清理无用头文件和代码

Extra2D/include/extra2d/animation/sprite_frame_cache.h

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <extra2d/animation/sprite_frame.h>
-#include <extra2d/graphics/texture_pool.h>
+#include <extra2d/graphics/opengl/gl_texture.h>
+#include <extra2d/utils/logger.h>
+#include <stb/stb_image.h>
 #include <mutex>
 #include <string>
 #include <unordered_map>
@@ -39,7 +41,7 @@ public:
   void addSpriteFramesFromGrid(const std::string &texturePath, int frameWidth,
                                int frameHeight, int frameCount = -1,
                                int spacing = 0, int margin = 0) {
-    auto texture = TexturePool::getInstance().get(texturePath);
+    auto texture = loadTextureFromFile(texturePath);
     if (!texture)
       return;
     addSpriteFramesFromGrid(texture, texturePath, frameWidth, frameHeight,
@@ -104,8 +106,8 @@ public:
         return it->second;
     }
 
-    // 缓存未命中，从 TexturePool 加载纹理并创建 SpriteFrame
-    auto texture = TexturePool::getInstance().get(texturePath);
+    // 缓存未命中，加载纹理并创建 SpriteFrame
+    auto texture = loadTextureFromFile(texturePath);
     if (!texture)
       return nullptr;
 
@@ -161,6 +163,34 @@ private:
   SpriteFrameCache(const SpriteFrameCache &) = delete;
   SpriteFrameCache &operator=(const SpriteFrameCache &) = delete;
 
+  /**
+   * @brief 从文件加载纹理
+   * @param filepath 纹理文件路径
+   * @return 纹理对象，失败返回nullptr
+   */
+  Ptr<Texture> loadTextureFromFile(const std::string &filepath) {
+    // 使用stb_image加载图像
+    stbi_set_flip_vertically_on_load(false);
+    int width, height, channels;
+    unsigned char *pixels =
+        stbi_load(filepath.c_str(), &width, &height, &channels, 4);
+    if (!pixels) {
+      E2D_ERROR("加载纹理失败: {} - {}", filepath, stbi_failure_reason());
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    // 创建GLTexture
+    auto texture = makePtr<GLTexture>(width, height, pixels, 4);
+    stbi_image_free(pixels);
+
+    if (!texture || !texture->isValid()) {
+      E2D_ERROR("创建纹理失败: {}", filepath);
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    return texture;
+  }
+
   mutable std::mutex mutex_;
   std::unordered_map<std::string, Ptr<SpriteFrame>> frames_;
 };

Extra2D/include/extra2d/extra2d.h

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 #include <extra2d/graphics/font.h>
 #include <extra2d/graphics/camera.h>
 #include <extra2d/graphics/shader_system.h>
-#include <extra2d/graphics/texture_pool.h>
+
 #include <extra2d/graphics/render_target.h>
 #include <extra2d/graphics/vram_manager.h>
 

Extra2D/include/extra2d/graphics/gpu_context.h

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <atomic>
+
+namespace extra2d {
+
+// ============================================================================
+// GPU 上下文状态管理器
+// 用于跟踪 OpenGL/Vulkan 等 GPU 上下文的生命周期状态
+// 确保在 GPU 资源析构时能安全地检查上下文是否有效
+// ============================================================================
+
+class GPUContext {
+public:
+    /// 获取单例实例
+    static GPUContext& getInstance();
+
+    /// 标记 GPU 上下文为有效（在初始化完成后调用）
+    void markValid();
+
+    /// 标记 GPU 上下文为无效（在销毁前调用）
+    void markInvalid();
+
+    /// 检查 GPU 上下文是否有效
+    bool isValid() const;
+
+private:
+    GPUContext() = default;
+    ~GPUContext() = default;
+    GPUContext(const GPUContext&) = delete;
+    GPUContext& operator=(const GPUContext&) = delete;
+
+    std::atomic<bool> valid_{false};
+};
+
+} // namespace extra2d

Extra2D/include/extra2d/graphics/texture_pool.h

@@ -1,208 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include <extra2d/core/types.h>
-#include <extra2d/graphics/texture.h>
-#include <functional>
-#include <list>
-#include <mutex>
-#include <string>
-#include <unordered_map>
-
-namespace extra2d {
-
-// ============================================================================
-// 纹理池配置
-// ============================================================================
-struct TexturePoolConfig {
-  size_t maxCacheSize = 64 * 1024 * 1024; // 最大缓存大小 (64MB)
-  size_t maxTextureCount = 256;           // 最大纹理数量
-  float unloadInterval = 30.0f;           // 自动清理间隔 (秒)
-  bool enableAsyncLoad = true;            // 启用异步加载
-};
-
-// ============================================================================
-// 纹理池 - 使用LRU缓存策略管理纹理复用
-// ============================================================================
-class TexturePool {
-public:
-  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  // 单例访问
-  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  static TexturePool &getInstance();
-
-  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  // 初始化和关闭
-  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  bool init(const TexturePoolConfig &config = TexturePoolConfig{});
-  void shutdown();
-
-  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  // 纹理获取
-  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-  /**
-   * @brief 从文件获取纹理（带缓存）
-   * @param filepath 纹理文件路径
-   * @return 纹理对象，失败返回nullptr
-   */
-  Ptr<Texture> get(const std::string &filepath);
-
-  /**
-   * @brief 异步加载纹理
-   * @param filepath 纹理文件路径
-   * @param callback 加载完成回调
-   */
-  void getAsync(const std::string &filepath,
-                std::function<void(Ptr<Texture>)> callback);
-
-  /**
-   * @brief 从内存数据创建纹理（自动缓存）
-   * @param name 纹理名称（用于缓存键）
-   * @param data 图像数据
-   * @param width 宽度
-   * @param height 高度
-   * @param format 像素格式
-   * @return 纹理对象
-   */
-  Ptr<Texture> createFromData(const std::string &name, const uint8_t *data,
-                              int width, int height,
-                              PixelFormat format = PixelFormat::RGBA8);
-
-  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  // 缓存管理
-  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-  /**
-   * @brief 手动添加纹理到缓存
-   */
-  void add(const std::string &key, Ptr<Texture> texture);
-
-  /**
-   * @brief 从缓存移除纹理
-   */
-  void remove(const std::string &key);
-
-  /**
-   * @brief 检查纹理是否在缓存中
-   */
-  bool has(const std::string &key) const;
-
-  /**
-   * @brief 清空所有缓存
-   */
-  void clear();
-
-  /**
-   * @brief 清理未使用的纹理（LRU策略）
-   * @param targetSize 目标缓存大小
-   */
-  void trim(size_t targetSize);
-
-  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  // 统计信息
-  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-  /**
-   * @brief 获取当前缓存的纹理数量
-   */
-  size_t getTextureCount() const;
-
-  /**
-   * @brief 获取当前缓存的总大小（字节）
-   */
-  size_t getCacheSize() const;
-
-  /**
-   * @brief 获取缓存命中率
-   */
-  float getHitRate() const;
-
-  /**
-   * @brief 打印统计信息
-   */
-  void printStats() const;
-
-  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  // 自动清理
-  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-  /**
-   * @brief 更新（在主循环中调用，用于自动清理）
-   */
-  void update(float dt);
-
-  /**
-   * @brief 设置自动清理间隔
-   */
-  void setAutoUnloadInterval(float interval);
-
-private:
-  TexturePool() = default;
-  ~TexturePool() = default;
-  TexturePool(const TexturePool &) = delete;
-  TexturePool &operator=(const TexturePool &) = delete;
-
-  // 侵入式LRU节点 - 减少内存分配和指针跳转
-  struct LRUNode {
-    std::string key;
-    uint32_t prev;  // 数组索引，0表示无效
-    uint32_t next;  // 数组索引，0表示无效
-    bool valid = false;
-  };
-
-  // 缓存项 - 紧凑存储
-  struct CacheEntry {
-    Ptr<Texture> texture;
-    size_t size;          // 纹理大小（字节）
-    float lastAccessTime; // 最后访问时间
-    uint32_t accessCount; // 访问次数
-    uint32_t lruIndex;    // LRU节点索引
-  };
-
-  mutable std::mutex mutex_;
-  TexturePoolConfig config_;
-
-  // 缓存存储
-  std::unordered_map<std::string, CacheEntry> cache_;
-
-  // 侵入式LRU链表 - 使用数组索引代替指针，提高缓存局部性
-  std::vector<LRUNode> lruNodes_;
-  uint32_t lruHead_ = 0;  // 最近使用
-  uint32_t lruTail_ = 0;  // 最久未使用
-  uint32_t freeList_ = 0; // 空闲节点链表
-
-  // 统计
-  size_t totalSize_ = 0;
-  uint64_t hitCount_ = 0;
-  uint64_t missCount_ = 0;
-  float autoUnloadTimer_ = 0.0f;
-  bool initialized_ = false;
-
-  // 异步加载队列
-  struct AsyncLoadTask {
-    std::string filepath;
-    std::function<void(Ptr<Texture>)> callback;
-  };
-  std::vector<AsyncLoadTask> asyncTasks_;
-
-  // LRU操作
-  uint32_t allocateLRUNode(const std::string& key);
-  void freeLRUNode(uint32_t index);
-  void moveToFront(uint32_t index);
-  void removeFromList(uint32_t index);
-  std::string evictLRU();
-
-  // 内部方法
-  void touch(const std::string &key);
-  void evict();
-  Ptr<Texture> loadTexture(const std::string &filepath);
-  size_t calculateTextureSize(int width, int height, PixelFormat format);
-  void processAsyncTasks();
-};
-
-// ============================================================================
-// 便捷宏
-// ============================================================================
-#define E2D_TEXTURE_POOL() ::extra2d::TexturePool::getInstance()
-
-} // namespace extra2d

Extra2D/include/extra2d/resource/resource_manager.h

@@ -6,16 +6,21 @@
 #include <extra2d/graphics/font.h>
 #include <extra2d/graphics/texture.h>
 #include <functional>
+#include <future>
 #include <mutex>
 #include <string>
 #include <unordered_map>
+#include <queue>
+#include <thread>
+#include <atomic>
+#include <list>
 #include <vector>
 
 namespace extra2d {
 
 // ============================================================================
 // 资源管理器 - 统一管理纹理、字体、音效等资源
-// 使用 TexturePool 作为纹理管理后端
+// 支持异步加载和纹理压缩
 // ============================================================================
 
 // 纹理格式枚举
@@ -30,6 +35,16 @@ enum class TextureFormat {
   ASTC8x8,      // ASTC 8x8 压缩（高压缩率）
 };
 
+// ============================================================================
+// 纹理LRU缓存项
+// ============================================================================
+struct TextureCacheEntry {
+  Ptr<Texture> texture;
+  size_t size = 0;                          // 纹理大小（字节）
+  float lastAccessTime = 0.0f;              // 最后访问时间
+  uint32_t accessCount = 0;                 // 访问次数
+};
+
 // 异步加载回调类型
 using TextureLoadCallback = std::function<void(Ptr<Texture>)>;
 
@@ -40,13 +55,6 @@ public:
   // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
   static ResourceManager &getInstance();
 
-  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  // 更新（在主循环中调用）
-  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  
-  /// 更新资源管理器，触发纹理池自动清理等
-  void update(float dt);
-
   // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // 纹理资源 - 同步加载
   // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -146,24 +154,39 @@ public:
   size_t getSoundCacheSize() const;
 
   // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  // 异步加载控制（已弃用，保留接口兼容性）
-  // 纹理异步加载由 TexturePool 内部处理
+  // LRU 缓存管理
   // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  
+
+  /// 设置纹理缓存参数
+  void setTextureCache(size_t maxCacheSize, size_t maxTextureCount,
+                       float unloadInterval);
+
+  /// 获取当前缓存的总大小（字节）
+  size_t getTextureCacheMemoryUsage() const;
+
+  /// 获取缓存命中率
+  float getTextureCacheHitRate() const;
+
+  /// 打印缓存统计信息
+  void printTextureCacheStats() const;
+
+  /// 更新缓存（在主循环中调用，用于自动清理）
+  void update(float dt);
+
+  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // 异步加载控制
+  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
   /// 初始化异步加载系统（可选，自动在首次异步加载时初始化）
-  /// @deprecated 纹理池已内置异步加载，无需调用
   void initAsyncLoader();
-  
+
   /// 关闭异步加载系统
-  /// @deprecated 纹理池自动管理生命周期，无需调用
   void shutdownAsyncLoader();
-  
+
   /// 等待所有异步加载完成
-  /// @deprecated 使用回调机制处理异步加载结果
   void waitForAsyncLoads();
-  
+
   /// 检查是否有正在进行的异步加载
-  /// @deprecated 始终返回 false
   bool hasPendingAsyncLoads() const;
 
   ResourceManager();
@@ -186,14 +209,91 @@ private:
   std::vector<uint8_t> compressTexture(const uint8_t* data, int width, int height, 
                                        int channels, TextureFormat format);
 
-  // 互斥锁保护缓存（字体和音效缓存仍需锁保护）
+  // 互斥锁保护缓存
+  mutable std::mutex textureMutex_;
   mutable std::mutex fontMutex_;
   mutable std::mutex soundMutex_;
 
   // 资源缓存 - 使用弱指针实现自动清理
-  // 纹理缓存已移至 TexturePool，此处仅保留字体和音效缓存
   std::unordered_map<std::string, WeakPtr<FontAtlas>> fontCache_;
   std::unordered_map<std::string, WeakPtr<Sound>> soundCache_;
+
+  // ============================================================================
+  // 纹理LRU缓存
+  // ============================================================================
+
+  // LRU链表节点
+  struct LRUNode {
+    std::string key;
+    uint32_t prev = 0;   // 数组索引，0表示无效
+    uint32_t next = 0;   // 数组索引，0表示无效
+    bool valid = false;
+  };
+
+  // 纹理缓存配置
+  size_t maxCacheSize_ = 64 * 1024 * 1024;  // 最大缓存大小 (64MB)
+  size_t maxTextureCount_ = 256;             // 最大纹理数量
+  float unloadInterval_ = 30.0f;             // 自动清理间隔 (秒)
+
+  // 纹理缓存 - 使用强指针保持引用
+  std::unordered_map<std::string, TextureCacheEntry> textureCache_;
+
+  // 侵入式LRU链表 - 使用数组索引代替指针，提高缓存局部性
+  std::vector<LRUNode> lruNodes_;
+  uint32_t lruHead_ = 0;   // 最近使用
+  uint32_t lruTail_ = 0;   // 最久未使用
+  uint32_t freeList_ = 0;  // 空闲节点链表
+
+  // 统计
+  size_t totalTextureSize_ = 0;
+  uint64_t textureHitCount_ = 0;
+  uint64_t textureMissCount_ = 0;
+  float autoUnloadTimer_ = 0.0f;
+  
+  // 异步加载相关
+  struct AsyncLoadTask {
+    std::string filepath;
+    TextureFormat format;
+    TextureLoadCallback callback;
+    std::promise<Ptr<Texture>> promise;
+  };
+  
+  std::queue<AsyncLoadTask> asyncTaskQueue_;
+  std::mutex asyncQueueMutex_;
+  std::condition_variable asyncCondition_;
+  std::unique_ptr<std::thread> asyncThread_;
+  std::atomic<bool> asyncRunning_{false};
+  std::atomic<int> pendingAsyncLoads_{0};
+  
+  void asyncLoadLoop();
+
+  // ============================================================================
+  // LRU 缓存内部方法
+  // ============================================================================
+
+  /// 分配LRU节点
+  uint32_t allocateLRUNode(const std::string &key);
+
+  /// 释放LRU节点
+  void freeLRUNode(uint32_t index);
+
+  /// 将节点移到链表头部（最近使用）
+  void moveToFront(uint32_t index);
+
+  /// 从链表中移除节点
+  void removeFromList(uint32_t index);
+
+  /// 驱逐最久未使用的纹理
+  std::string evictLRU();
+
+  /// 访问纹理（更新LRU位置）
+  void touchTexture(const std::string &key);
+
+  /// 驱逐纹理直到满足大小限制
+  void evictTexturesIfNeeded();
+
+  /// 计算纹理大小
+  size_t calculateTextureSize(int width, int height, PixelFormat format) const;
 };
 
 } // namespace extra2d

Extra2D/include/extra2d/utils/object_pool.h

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #include <mutex>
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <vector>
+#include <iostream>
 
 namespace extra2d {
 
@@ -22,33 +23,18 @@ public:
     static_assert(std::is_destructible_v<T>, "T must be destructible");
 
     ObjectPool() = default;
-    ~ObjectPool() { clear(); }
+    ~ObjectPool() {
+        // 确保所有对象都已归还后再销毁
+        clear();
+    }
 
     // 禁止拷贝
     ObjectPool(const ObjectPool&) = delete;
     ObjectPool& operator=(const ObjectPool&) = delete;
 
-    // 允许移动
-    ObjectPool(ObjectPool&& other) noexcept {
-        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(other.mutex_);
-        blocks_ = std::move(other.blocks_);
-        freeList_ = std::move(other.freeList_);
-        allocatedCount_ = other.allocatedCount_.load();
-        other.allocatedCount_ = 0;
-    }
-
-    ObjectPool& operator=(ObjectPool&& other) noexcept {
-        if (this != &other) {
-            std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock1(mutex_);
-            std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock2(other.mutex_);
-            clear();
-            blocks_ = std::move(other.blocks_);
-            freeList_ = std::move(other.freeList_);
-            allocatedCount_ = other.allocatedCount_.load();
-            other.allocatedCount_ = 0;
-        }
-        return *this;
-    }
+    // 禁止移动（避免地址失效问题）
+    ObjectPool(ObjectPool&& other) noexcept = delete;
+    ObjectPool& operator=(ObjectPool&& other) noexcept = delete;
 
     /**
      * @brief 分配一个对象
@@ -56,17 +42,22 @@ public:
      */
     T* allocate() {
         std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex_);
-        
+
+        // 检查对象池是否已销毁
+        if (isDestroyed_) {
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+
         if (freeList_.empty()) {
             grow();
         }
-        
+
         T* obj = freeList_.back();
         freeList_.pop_back();
-        
+
         // 在原地构造对象
         new (obj) T();
-        
+
         allocatedCount_++;
         return obj;
     }
@@ -77,17 +68,22 @@ public:
     template <typename... Args>
     T* allocate(Args&&... args) {
         std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex_);
-        
+
+        // 检查对象池是否已销毁
+        if (isDestroyed_) {
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+
         if (freeList_.empty()) {
             grow();
         }
-        
+
         T* obj = freeList_.back();
         freeList_.pop_back();
-        
+
         // 在原地构造对象
         new (obj) T(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
-        
+
         allocatedCount_++;
         return obj;
     }
@@ -95,18 +91,24 @@ public:
     /**
      * @brief 回收一个对象
      * @param obj 要回收的对象指针
+     * @return true 如果对象成功回收到池中，false 如果池已销毁或对象无效
      */
-    void deallocate(T* obj) {
+    bool deallocate(T* obj) {
         if (obj == nullptr) {
-            return;
+            return false;
         }
-        
+
         // 调用析构函数
         obj->~T();
-        
+
         std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex_);
-        freeList_.push_back(obj);
-        allocatedCount_--;
+        // 检查对象池是否还在运行（避免在对象池销毁后访问）
+        if (!isDestroyed_) {
+            freeList_.push_back(obj);
+            allocatedCount_--;
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -137,10 +139,13 @@ public:
      */
     void clear() {
         std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex_);
-        
+
+        isDestroyed_ = true;
+
         // 释放所有内存块
         for (auto& block : blocks_) {
-            ::operator delete[](block, std::align_val_t(alignof(T)));
+            // 使用与分配时匹配的释放方式
+            ::operator delete[](block);
         }
         blocks_.clear();
         freeList_.clear();
@@ -152,11 +157,11 @@ private:
      * @brief 扩展池容量
      */
     void grow() {
-        // 分配新的内存块
-        T* block = static_cast<T*>(::operator new[](sizeof(T) * BlockSize, std::align_val_t(alignof(T))));
-        
+        // 分配新的内存块（使用标准对齐）
+        T* block = static_cast<T*>(::operator new[](sizeof(T) * BlockSize));
+
         blocks_.push_back(block);
-        
+
         // 将新块中的对象添加到空闲列表
         for (size_t i = 0; i < BlockSize; ++i) {
             freeList_.push_back(&block[i]);
@@ -167,6 +172,7 @@ private:
     std::vector<T*> blocks_;        // 内存块列表
     std::vector<T*> freeList_;      // 空闲对象列表
     std::atomic<size_t> allocatedCount_{0};
+    bool isDestroyed_ = false;      // 标记对象池是否已销毁
 };
 
 // ============================================================================
@@ -186,8 +192,13 @@ public:
      */
     template <typename... Args>
     Ptr<T> makeShared(Args&&... args) {
+        // 使用 weak_ptr 避免循环引用
+        std::weak_ptr<PoolType> weakPool = pool_;
         T* obj = pool_->allocate(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
-        return Ptr<T>(obj, Deleter{pool_});
+        if (!obj) {
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+        return Ptr<T>(obj, Deleter{weakPool});
     }
 
     /**
@@ -199,13 +210,19 @@ public:
 
 private:
     struct Deleter {
-        std::shared_ptr<PoolType> pool;
+        std::weak_ptr<PoolType> pool;
 
         void operator()(T* obj) const {
-            if (pool) {
-                pool->deallocate(obj);
+            // 尝试获取 pool
+            if (auto sharedPool = pool.lock()) {
+                // 尝试归还给对象池
+                if (!sharedPool->deallocate(obj)) {
+                    // 对象池已销毁，手动释放内存
+                    ::operator delete[](obj);
+                }
             } else {
-                delete obj;
+                // Pool 已被销毁，释放内存
+                ::operator delete[](obj);
             }
         }
     };
@@ -226,21 +243,42 @@ public:
      */
     template <typename T, size_t BlockSize = 64>
     std::shared_ptr<ObjectPool<T, BlockSize>> getPool() {
-        static std::shared_ptr<ObjectPool<T, BlockSize>> pool = 
-            std::make_shared<ObjectPool<T, BlockSize>>();
+        // 使用静态局部变量确保延迟初始化和正确析构顺序
+        static auto pool = std::make_shared<ObjectPool<T, BlockSize>>();
         return pool;
     }
 
     /**
      * @brief 创建使用内存池的对象
+     * 注意：返回的对象必须在程序退出前手动释放，否则可能导致悬挂引用
      */
     template <typename T, size_t BlockSize = 64, typename... Args>
     Ptr<T> makePooled(Args&&... args) {
         auto pool = getPool<T, BlockSize>();
+        std::weak_ptr<ObjectPool<T, BlockSize>> weakPool = pool;
         T* obj = pool->allocate(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
-        return Ptr<T>(obj, [pool](T* p) { pool->deallocate(p); });
+        if (!obj) {
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+        return Ptr<T>(obj, [weakPool](T* p) {
+            if (auto sharedPool = weakPool.lock()) {
+                if (!sharedPool->deallocate(p)) {
+                    // 对象池已销毁
+                    ::operator delete[](p);
+                }
+            } else {
+                // Pool 已被销毁
+                ::operator delete[](p);
+            }
+        });
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @brief 清理所有未使用的内存池资源
+     * 在程序退出前调用，确保资源正确释放
+     */
+    void cleanup();
+
 private:
     ObjectPoolManager() = default;
     ~ObjectPoolManager() = default;

Extra2D/src/app/application.cpp

@@ -176,24 +176,36 @@ void Application::shutdown() {
     sceneManager_->end();
   }
 
-  // 清理子系统
-  sceneManager_.reset();
-  resourceManager_.reset();
+  // ========================================
+  // 1. 先清理所有持有 GPU 资源的子系统
+  // 必须在渲染器关闭前释放纹理等资源
+  // ========================================
+  sceneManager_.reset();       // 场景持有纹理引用
+  resourceManager_.reset();    // 纹理缓存持有 GPU 纹理
+  camera_.reset();             // 相机可能持有渲染目标
+
+  // ========================================
+  // 2. 关闭音频（不依赖 GPU）
+  // ========================================
+  AudioEngine::getInstance().shutdown();
+
+  // ========================================
+  // 3. 清理其他子系统
+  // ========================================
   timerManager_.reset();
   eventQueue_.reset();
   eventDispatcher_.reset();
-  camera_.reset();
 
-  // 关闭音频
-  AudioEngine::getInstance().shutdown();
-
-  // 关闭渲染器
+  // ========================================
+  // 4. 最后关闭渲染器和窗口
+  // 必须在所有 GPU 资源释放后才能关闭 OpenGL 上下文
+  // ========================================
   if (renderer_) {
     renderer_->shutdown();
     renderer_.reset();
   }
 
-  // 销毁窗口（包含 SDL_Quit）
+  // 销毁窗口（包含 SDL_Quit，会销毁 OpenGL 上下文）
   if (window_) {
     window_->destroy();
     window_.reset();
@@ -314,11 +326,6 @@ void Application::update() {
   if (sceneManager_) {
     sceneManager_->update(deltaTime_);
   }
-
-  // 更新资源管理器（触发纹理池自动清理）
-  if (resourceManager_) {
-    resourceManager_->update(deltaTime_);
-  }
 }
 
 void Application::render() {

Extra2D/src/graphics/gpu_context.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#include <extra2d/graphics/gpu_context.h>
+
+namespace extra2d {
+
+GPUContext& GPUContext::getInstance() {
+    static GPUContext instance;
+    return instance;
+}
+
+void GPUContext::markValid() {
+    valid_.store(true, std::memory_order_release);
+}
+
+void GPUContext::markInvalid() {
+    valid_.store(false, std::memory_order_release);
+}
+
+bool GPUContext::isValid() const {
+    return valid_.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+}
+
+} // namespace extra2d

Extra2D/src/graphics/opengl/gl_renderer.cpp

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cstring>
 #include <extra2d/core/string.h>
+#include <extra2d/graphics/gpu_context.h>
 #include <extra2d/graphics/opengl/gl_font_atlas.h>
 #include <extra2d/graphics/opengl/gl_renderer.h>
 #include <extra2d/graphics/opengl/gl_texture.h>
@@ -62,6 +63,9 @@ bool GLRenderer::init(Window *window) {
   glEnable(GL_BLEND);
   glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
 
+  // 标记 GPU 上下文为有效
+  GPUContext::getInstance().markValid();
+
   E2D_LOG_INFO("OpenGL Renderer initialized");
   E2D_LOG_INFO("OpenGL Version: {}",
                reinterpret_cast<const char *>(glGetString(GL_VERSION)));
@@ -70,6 +74,10 @@ bool GLRenderer::init(Window *window) {
 }
 
 void GLRenderer::shutdown() {
+  // 标记 GPU 上下文为无效
+  // 这会在销毁 OpenGL 上下文之前通知所有 GPU 资源
+  GPUContext::getInstance().markInvalid();
+
   spriteBatch_.shutdown();
 
   if (shapeVbo_ != 0) {

Extra2D/src/graphics/opengl/gl_texture.cpp

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #include <extra2d/graphics/opengl/gl_texture.h>
+#include <extra2d/graphics/gpu_context.h>
 #include <extra2d/graphics/vram_manager.h>
 #define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION
 #include <cstring>
@@ -130,8 +131,12 @@ GLTexture::GLTexture(const std::string &filepath)
 
 GLTexture::~GLTexture() {
   if (textureID_ != 0) {
-    glDeleteTextures(1, &textureID_);
-    // VRAM 跟踪: 释放纹理显存
+    // 检查 GPU 上下文是否仍然有效
+    // 如果 OpenGL 上下文已销毁，则跳过 glDeleteTextures 调用
+    if (GPUContext::getInstance().isValid()) {
+      glDeleteTextures(1, &textureID_);
+    }
+    // VRAM 跟踪: 释放纹理显存（无论上下文是否有效都需要更新统计）
     if (dataSize_ > 0) {
       VRAMManager::getInstance().freeTexture(dataSize_);
     }

Extra2D/src/graphics/texture_pool.cpp

@@ -1,518 +0,0 @@
-#include <extra2d/graphics/opengl/gl_texture.h>
-#include <extra2d/graphics/texture_pool.h>
-#include <extra2d/utils/logger.h>
-#include <stb/stb_image.h>
-
-namespace extra2d {
-
-// ============================================================================
-// TexturePool实现
-// ============================================================================
-
-TexturePool &TexturePool::getInstance() {
-  static TexturePool instance;
-  return instance;
-}
-
-bool TexturePool::init(const TexturePoolConfig &config) {
-  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex_);
-
-  if (initialized_) {
-    E2D_WARN("纹理池已经初始化");
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  config_ = config;
-
-  E2D_INFO("初始化纹理池...");
-  E2D_INFO("  最大缓存大小: {} MB", config_.maxCacheSize / (1024 * 1024));
-  E2D_INFO("  最大纹理数量: {}", config_.maxTextureCount);
-  E2D_INFO("  自动清理间隔: {} 秒", config_.unloadInterval);
-  E2D_INFO("  异步加载: {}", config_.enableAsyncLoad ? "启用" : "禁用");
-
-  initialized_ = true;
-  return true;
-}
-
-void TexturePool::shutdown() {
-  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex_);
-
-  if (!initialized_) {
-    return;
-  }
-
-  E2D_INFO("关闭纹理池...");
-
-  printStats();
-
-  clear();
-
-  initialized_ = false;
-}
-
-Ptr<Texture> TexturePool::get(const std::string &filepath) {
-  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex_);
-
-  if (!initialized_) {
-    E2D_ERROR("纹理池未初始化");
-    return nullptr;
-  }
-
-  // 检查缓存
-  auto it = cache_.find(filepath);
-  if (it != cache_.end()) {
-    // 缓存命中
-    touch(filepath);
-    hitCount_++;
-    it->second.accessCount++;
-    return it->second.texture;
-  }
-
-  // 缓存未命中，加载纹理
-  missCount_++;
-
-  auto texture = loadTexture(filepath);
-  if (!texture) {
-    return nullptr;
-  }
-
-  // 添加到缓存
-  add(filepath, texture);
-
-  return texture;
-}
-
-void TexturePool::getAsync(const std::string &filepath,
-                           std::function<void(Ptr<Texture>)> callback) {
-  if (!initialized_) {
-    E2D_ERROR("纹理池未初始化");
-    if (callback) {
-      callback(nullptr);
-    }
-    return;
-  }
-
-  if (!config_.enableAsyncLoad) {
-    // 异步加载禁用，直接同步加载
-    auto texture = get(filepath);
-    if (callback) {
-      callback(texture);
-    }
-    return;
-  }
-
-  // 添加到异步任务队列
-  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex_);
-  asyncTasks_.push_back({filepath, callback});
-}
-
-Ptr<Texture> TexturePool::createFromData(const std::string &name,
-                                         const uint8_t *data, int width,
-                                         int height, PixelFormat format) {
-  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex_);
-
-  if (!initialized_) {
-    E2D_ERROR("纹理池未初始化");
-    return nullptr;
-  }
-
-  // 检查缓存
-  auto it = cache_.find(name);
-  if (it != cache_.end()) {
-    touch(name);
-    return it->second.texture;
-  }
-
-  // 创建纹理
-  int channels = 4;
-  switch (format) {
-  case PixelFormat::R8:
-    channels = 1;
-    break;
-  case PixelFormat::RG8:
-    channels = 2;
-    break;
-  case PixelFormat::RGB8:
-    channels = 3;
-    break;
-  case PixelFormat::RGBA8:
-    channels = 4;
-    break;
-  default:
-    channels = 4;
-    break;
-  }
-  auto texture = makePtr<GLTexture>(width, height, data, channels);
-  if (!texture || !texture->isValid()) {
-    E2D_ERROR("创建纹理失败: {}", name);
-    return nullptr;
-  }
-
-  // 添加到缓存
-  add(name, texture);
-
-  E2D_INFO("从数据创建纹理: {} ({}x{})", name, width, height);
-
-  return texture;
-}
-
-uint32_t TexturePool::allocateLRUNode(const std::string& key) {
-  uint32_t index;
-  if (freeList_ != 0) {
-    // 复用空闲节点
-    index = freeList_;
-    freeList_ = lruNodes_[index - 1].next;
-  } else {
-    // 分配新节点
-    lruNodes_.emplace_back();
-    index = static_cast<uint32_t>(lruNodes_.size());
-  }
-
-  LRUNode& node = lruNodes_[index - 1];
-  node.key = key;
-  node.prev = 0;
-  node.next = 0;
-  node.valid = true;
-  return index;
-}
-
-void TexturePool::freeLRUNode(uint32_t index) {
-  if (index == 0 || index > lruNodes_.size()) return;
-
-  LRUNode& node = lruNodes_[index - 1];
-  node.valid = false;
-  node.key.clear();
-  node.prev = 0;
-  node.next = freeList_;
-  freeList_ = index;
-}
-
-void TexturePool::moveToFront(uint32_t index) {
-  if (index == 0 || index > lruNodes_.size() || index == lruHead_) return;
-
-  removeFromList(index);
-
-  LRUNode& node = lruNodes_[index - 1];
-  node.prev = 0;
-  node.next = lruHead_;
-
-  if (lruHead_ != 0) {
-    lruNodes_[lruHead_ - 1].prev = index;
-  }
-  lruHead_ = index;
-
-  if (lruTail_ == 0) {
-    lruTail_ = index;
-  }
-}
-
-void TexturePool::removeFromList(uint32_t index) {
-  if (index == 0 || index > lruNodes_.size()) return;
-
-  LRUNode& node = lruNodes_[index - 1];
-
-  if (node.prev != 0) {
-    lruNodes_[node.prev - 1].next = node.next;
-  } else {
-    lruHead_ = node.next;
-  }
-
-  if (node.next != 0) {
-    lruNodes_[node.next - 1].prev = node.prev;
-  } else {
-    lruTail_ = node.prev;
-  }
-}
-
-std::string TexturePool::evictLRU() {
-  if (lruTail_ == 0) return "";
-
-  uint32_t index = lruTail_;
-  std::string key = lruNodes_[index - 1].key;
-
-  removeFromList(index);
-  freeLRUNode(index);
-
-  return key;
-}
-
-void TexturePool::add(const std::string &key, Ptr<Texture> texture) {
-  if (!texture || !texture->isValid()) {
-    return;
-  }
-
-  // 检查是否需要清理
-  while (totalSize_ >= config_.maxCacheSize ||
-         cache_.size() >= config_.maxTextureCount) {
-    evict();
-  }
-
-  // 计算纹理大小
-  size_t size = calculateTextureSize(texture->getWidth(), texture->getHeight(),
-                                     texture->getFormat());
-
-  // 分配LRU节点
-  uint32_t lruIndex = allocateLRUNode(key);
-
-  // 创建缓存项
-  CacheEntry entry;
-  entry.texture = texture;
-  entry.size = size;
-  entry.lastAccessTime = 0.0f; // 将在touch中更新
-  entry.accessCount = 0;
-  entry.lruIndex = lruIndex;
-
-  // 添加到缓存
-  cache_[key] = entry;
-
-  // 添加到LRU链表头部
-  moveToFront(lruIndex);
-
-  totalSize_ += size;
-
-  E2D_DEBUG_LOG("纹理添加到缓存: {} ({} KB)", key, size / 1024);
-}
-
-void TexturePool::remove(const std::string &key) {
-  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex_);
-
-  auto it = cache_.find(key);
-  if (it == cache_.end()) {
-    return;
-  }
-
-  // 从LRU链表移除
-  removeFromList(it->second.lruIndex);
-  freeLRUNode(it->second.lruIndex);
-
-  // 更新总大小
-  totalSize_ -= it->second.size;
-
-  // 从缓存移除
-  cache_.erase(it);
-
-  E2D_DEBUG_LOG("纹理从缓存移除: {}", key);
-}
-
-bool TexturePool::has(const std::string &key) const {
-  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex_);
-  return cache_.find(key) != cache_.end();
-}
-
-void TexturePool::clear() {
-  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex_);
-
-  cache_.clear();
-  lruNodes_.clear();
-  lruHead_ = 0;
-  lruTail_ = 0;
-  freeList_ = 0;
-  totalSize_ = 0;
-
-  E2D_INFO("纹理缓存已清空");
-}
-
-void TexturePool::trim(size_t targetSize) {
-  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex_);
-
-  while (totalSize_ > targetSize && lruTail_ != 0) {
-    evict();
-  }
-
-  E2D_INFO("纹理缓存已清理到 {} MB", totalSize_ / (1024 * 1024));
-}
-
-size_t TexturePool::getTextureCount() const {
-  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex_);
-  return cache_.size();
-}
-
-size_t TexturePool::getCacheSize() const {
-  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex_);
-  return totalSize_;
-}
-
-float TexturePool::getHitRate() const {
-  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex_);
-
-  uint64_t total = hitCount_ + missCount_;
-  if (total == 0) {
-    return 0.0f;
-  }
-
-  return static_cast<float>(hitCount_) / static_cast<float>(total);
-}
-
-void TexturePool::printStats() const {
-  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex_);
-
-  E2D_INFO("纹理池统计:");
-  E2D_INFO("  缓存纹理数: {}/{}", cache_.size(), config_.maxTextureCount);
-  E2D_INFO("  缓存大小: {} / {} MB", totalSize_ / (1024 * 1024),
-           config_.maxCacheSize / (1024 * 1024));
-  E2D_INFO("  缓存命中: {}", hitCount_);
-  E2D_INFO("  缓存未命中: {}", missCount_);
-  E2D_INFO("  命中率: {:.1f}%", getHitRate() * 100.0f);
-}
-
-void TexturePool::update(float dt) {
-  if (!initialized_) {
-    return;
-  }
-
-  // 处理异步任务
-  if (config_.enableAsyncLoad) {
-    processAsyncTasks();
-  }
-
-  // 自动清理
-  autoUnloadTimer_ += dt;
-  if (autoUnloadTimer_ >= config_.unloadInterval) {
-    autoUnloadTimer_ = 0.0f;
-
-    // 如果缓存超过80%，清理到50%
-    if (totalSize_ > config_.maxCacheSize * 0.8f) {
-      trim(config_.maxCacheSize * 0.5f);
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-void TexturePool::setAutoUnloadInterval(float interval) {
-  config_.unloadInterval = interval;
-}
-
-// ============================================================================
-// 内部方法
-// ============================================================================
-
-void TexturePool::touch(const std::string &key) {
-  auto it = cache_.find(key);
-  if (it == cache_.end()) {
-    return;
-  }
-
-  // 移动到LRU链表头部
-  moveToFront(it->second.lruIndex);
-
-  // 更新时间戳
-  it->second.lastAccessTime = 0.0f;
-}
-
-void TexturePool::evict() {
-  // 使用侵入式LRU链表移除最久未使用的项
-  std::string key = evictLRU();
-  if (key.empty()) return;
-
-  auto it = cache_.find(key);
-  if (it != cache_.end()) {
-    totalSize_ -= it->second.size;
-    cache_.erase(it);
-  }
-
-  E2D_DEBUG_LOG("纹理被清理出缓存: {}", key);
-}
-
-Ptr<Texture> TexturePool::loadTexture(const std::string &filepath) {
-  // 使用stb_image加载图像
-  // 不翻转图片，保持原始方向
-  // OpenGL纹理坐标原点在左下角，图片数据原点在左上角
-  // 在渲染时通过纹理坐标翻转来处理
-  stbi_set_flip_vertically_on_load(false);
-  int width, height, channels;
-  unsigned char *pixels =
-      stbi_load(filepath.c_str(), &width, &height, &channels, 4);
-  if (!pixels) {
-    E2D_ERROR("stbi_load 失败: {} - {}", filepath, stbi_failure_reason());
-    return nullptr;
-  }
-
-  // 创建GLTexture（直接使用像素数据）
-  auto texture = std::make_shared<GLTexture>(width, height, pixels, 4);
-  if (!texture || !texture->isValid()) {
-    stbi_image_free(pixels);
-    E2D_ERROR("创建纹理失败: {}", filepath);
-    return nullptr;
-  }
-
-  stbi_image_free(pixels);
-
-  E2D_INFO("加载纹理: {} ({}x{}, {} channels)", filepath, width, height,
-           channels);
-
-  return texture;
-}
-
-size_t TexturePool::calculateTextureSize(int width, int height,
-                                         PixelFormat format) {
-  // 压缩纹理格式使用块大小计算
-  switch (format) {
-  case PixelFormat::ETC2_RGB8: {
-    size_t blocksWide = (width + 3) / 4;
-    size_t blocksHigh = (height + 3) / 4;
-    return blocksWide * blocksHigh * 8;
-  }
-  case PixelFormat::ETC2_RGBA8: {
-    size_t blocksWide = (width + 3) / 4;
-    size_t blocksHigh = (height + 3) / 4;
-    return blocksWide * blocksHigh * 16;
-  }
-  case PixelFormat::ASTC_4x4: {
-    size_t blocksWide = (width + 3) / 4;
-    size_t blocksHigh = (height + 3) / 4;
-    return blocksWide * blocksHigh * 16;
-  }
-  case PixelFormat::ASTC_6x6: {
-    size_t blocksWide = (width + 5) / 6;
-    size_t blocksHigh = (height + 5) / 6;
-    return blocksWide * blocksHigh * 16;
-  }
-  case PixelFormat::ASTC_8x8: {
-    size_t blocksWide = (width + 7) / 8;
-    size_t blocksHigh = (height + 7) / 8;
-    return blocksWide * blocksHigh * 16;
-  }
-  default:
-    break;
-  }
-
-  // 非压缩格式
-  int bytesPerPixel = 4;
-  switch (format) {
-  case PixelFormat::R8:
-    bytesPerPixel = 1;
-    break;
-  case PixelFormat::RG8:
-    bytesPerPixel = 2;
-    break;
-  case PixelFormat::RGB8:
-    bytesPerPixel = 3;
-    break;
-  case PixelFormat::RGBA8:
-    bytesPerPixel = 4;
-    break;
-  default:
-    bytesPerPixel = 4;
-    break;
-  }
-
-  return static_cast<size_t>(width * height * bytesPerPixel);
-}
-
-void TexturePool::processAsyncTasks() {
-  std::vector<AsyncLoadTask> tasks;
-
-  {
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex_);
-    tasks = std::move(asyncTasks_);
-    asyncTasks_.clear();
-  }
-
-  for (auto &task : tasks) {
-    auto texture = get(task.filepath);
-    if (task.callback) {
-      task.callback(texture);
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-} // namespace extra2d

Extra2D/src/resource/resource_manager.cpp

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 #include <extra2d/audio/audio_engine.h>
 #include <extra2d/graphics/opengl/gl_font_atlas.h>
 #include <extra2d/graphics/opengl/gl_texture.h>
-#include <extra2d/graphics/texture_pool.h>
 #include <extra2d/resource/resource_manager.h>
 #include <extra2d/utils/logger.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
@@ -80,17 +79,10 @@ static std::string resolveResourcePath(const std::string &filepath) {
   return "";
 }
 
-ResourceManager::ResourceManager() {
-  // 初始化纹理池
-  TexturePoolConfig config;
-  config.maxCacheSize = 128 * 1024 * 1024;  // 128MB
-  config.maxTextureCount = 512;
-  config.enableAsyncLoad = true;
-  TexturePool::getInstance().init(config);
-}
+ResourceManager::ResourceManager() = default;
 
 ResourceManager::~ResourceManager() {
-  TexturePool::getInstance().shutdown();
+  shutdownAsyncLoader();
 }
 
 ResourceManager &ResourceManager::getInstance() {
@@ -99,11 +91,77 @@ ResourceManager &ResourceManager::getInstance() {
 }
 
 // ============================================================================
-// 更新（在主循环中调用）
+// 异步加载系统
 // ============================================================================
 
-void ResourceManager::update(float dt) {
-  TexturePool::getInstance().update(dt);
+void ResourceManager::initAsyncLoader() {
+  if (asyncRunning_) {
+    return;
+  }
+  
+  asyncRunning_ = true;
+  asyncThread_ = std::make_unique<std::thread>(&ResourceManager::asyncLoadLoop, this);
+  E2D_LOG_INFO("ResourceManager: async loader initialized");
+}
+
+void ResourceManager::shutdownAsyncLoader() {
+  if (!asyncRunning_) {
+    return;
+  }
+  
+  asyncRunning_ = false;
+  asyncCondition_.notify_all();
+  
+  if (asyncThread_ && asyncThread_->joinable()) {
+    asyncThread_->join();
+  }
+  
+  E2D_LOG_INFO("ResourceManager: async loader shutdown");
+}
+
+void ResourceManager::waitForAsyncLoads() {
+  while (pendingAsyncLoads_ > 0) {
+    std::this_thread::yield();
+  }
+}
+
+bool ResourceManager::hasPendingAsyncLoads() const {
+  return pendingAsyncLoads_ > 0;
+}
+
+void ResourceManager::asyncLoadLoop() {
+  while (asyncRunning_) {
+    AsyncLoadTask task;
+    
+    {
+      std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(asyncQueueMutex_);
+      asyncCondition_.wait(lock, [this] { return !asyncTaskQueue_.empty() || !asyncRunning_; });
+      
+      if (!asyncRunning_) {
+        break;
+      }
+      
+      if (asyncTaskQueue_.empty()) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      
+      task = std::move(asyncTaskQueue_.front());
+      asyncTaskQueue_.pop();
+    }
+    
+    // 执行加载
+    auto texture = loadTextureInternal(task.filepath, task.format);
+    
+    // 回调
+    if (task.callback) {
+      task.callback(texture);
+    }
+    
+    // 设置 promise
+    task.promise.set_value(texture);
+    
+    pendingAsyncLoads_--;
+  }
 }
 
 // ============================================================================
@@ -133,31 +191,61 @@ void ResourceManager::loadTextureAsync(const std::string &filepath, TextureLoadC
 }
 
 void ResourceManager::loadTextureAsync(const std::string &filepath, TextureFormat format, TextureLoadCallback callback) {
-  // 解析资源路径
-  std::string fullPath = resolveResourcePath(filepath);
-  if (fullPath.empty()) {
-    E2D_LOG_ERROR("ResourceManager: texture file not found: {}", filepath);
-    if (callback) {
-      callback(nullptr);
-    }
-    return;
+  // 确保异步加载系统已启动
+  if (!asyncRunning_) {
+    initAsyncLoader();
   }
-  
-  // 使用纹理池的异步加载
-  TexturePool::getInstance().getAsync(fullPath, 
-    [callback, filepath](Ptr<Texture> texture) {
-      if (texture) {
-        E2D_LOG_DEBUG("ResourceManager: async texture loaded: {}", filepath);
-      } else {
-        E2D_LOG_ERROR("ResourceManager: failed to async load texture: {}", filepath);
-      }
+
+  // 检查缓存
+  {
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(textureMutex_);
+    auto it = textureCache_.find(filepath);
+    if (it != textureCache_.end()) {
+      // 缓存命中，更新LRU并立即回调
+      touchTexture(filepath);
+      textureHitCount_++;
+      it->second.accessCount++;
       if (callback) {
-        callback(texture);
+        callback(it->second.texture);
       }
-    });
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // 添加到异步任务队列
+  AsyncLoadTask task;
+  task.filepath = filepath;
+  task.format = format;
+  task.callback = callback;
+
+  {
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(asyncQueueMutex_);
+    asyncTaskQueue_.push(std::move(task));
+  }
+
+  pendingAsyncLoads_++;
+  asyncCondition_.notify_one();
+
+  E2D_LOG_DEBUG("ResourceManager: queued async texture load: {}", filepath);
 }
 
 Ptr<Texture> ResourceManager::loadTextureInternal(const std::string &filepath, TextureFormat format) {
+  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(textureMutex_);
+
+  // 检查缓存
+  auto it = textureCache_.find(filepath);
+  if (it != textureCache_.end()) {
+    // 缓存命中
+    touchTexture(filepath);
+    textureHitCount_++;
+    it->second.accessCount++;
+    E2D_LOG_TRACE("ResourceManager: texture cache hit: {}", filepath);
+    return it->second.texture;
+  }
+
+  // 缓存未命中
+  textureMissCount_++;
+
   // 解析资源路径（优先尝试 romfs:/ 前缀）
   std::string fullPath = resolveResourcePath(filepath);
   if (fullPath.empty()) {
@@ -165,22 +253,51 @@ Ptr<Texture> ResourceManager::loadTextureInternal(const std::string &filepath, T
     return nullptr;
   }
 
-  // 使用纹理池获取纹理
-  auto texture = TexturePool::getInstance().get(fullPath);
-  
-  if (!texture) {
-    E2D_LOG_ERROR("ResourceManager: failed to load texture: {}", filepath);
+  // 创建新纹理
+  try {
+    auto texture = makePtr<GLTexture>(fullPath);
+    if (!texture->isValid()) {
+      E2D_LOG_ERROR("ResourceManager: failed to load texture: {}", filepath);
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    // 如果需要压缩，处理纹理格式
+    if (format != TextureFormat::Auto && format != TextureFormat::RGBA8) {
+      // 注意：实际压缩需要在纹理创建时处理
+      // 这里仅记录日志，实际实现需要在 GLTexture 中支持
+      E2D_LOG_DEBUG("ResourceManager: texture format {} requested for {}",
+                    static_cast<int>(format), filepath);
+    }
+
+    // 检查是否需要清理缓存
+    evictTexturesIfNeeded();
+
+    // 计算纹理大小
+    size_t textureSize = calculateTextureSize(texture->getWidth(), texture->getHeight(), texture->getFormat());
+
+    // 分配LRU节点
+    uint32_t lruIndex = allocateLRUNode(filepath);
+
+    // 创建缓存项
+    TextureCacheEntry entry;
+    entry.texture = texture;
+    entry.size = textureSize;
+    entry.lastAccessTime = 0.0f;
+    entry.accessCount = 1;
+
+    // 添加到缓存
+    textureCache_[filepath] = entry;
+    totalTextureSize_ += textureSize;
+
+    // 添加到LRU链表头部
+    moveToFront(lruIndex);
+
+    E2D_LOG_DEBUG("ResourceManager: loaded texture: {} ({} KB)", filepath, textureSize / 1024);
+    return texture;
+  } catch (...) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("ResourceManager: exception loading texture: {}", filepath);
     return nullptr;
   }
-
-  // 如果需要压缩，处理纹理格式（记录日志，实际压缩需要在纹理创建时处理）
-  if (format != TextureFormat::Auto && format != TextureFormat::RGBA8) {
-    E2D_LOG_DEBUG("ResourceManager: texture format {} requested for {}", 
-                  static_cast<int>(format), filepath);
-  }
-
-  E2D_LOG_DEBUG("ResourceManager: loaded texture: {}", filepath);
-  return texture;
 }
 
 TextureFormat ResourceManager::selectBestFormat(TextureFormat requested) const {
@@ -226,91 +343,79 @@ ResourceManager::loadTextureWithAlphaMask(const std::string &filepath) {
 
 const AlphaMask *
 ResourceManager::getAlphaMask(const std::string &textureKey) const {
-  // 解析路径获取完整路径
-  std::string fullPath = resolveResourcePath(textureKey);
-  if (fullPath.empty()) {
-    return nullptr;
-  }
+  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(textureMutex_);
 
-  // 从纹理池获取纹理
-  auto texture = TexturePool::getInstance().get(fullPath);
-  if (!texture) {
-    return nullptr;
+  auto it = textureCache_.find(textureKey);
+  if (it != textureCache_.end()) {
+    GLTexture *glTexture = static_cast<GLTexture *>(it->second.texture.get());
+    return glTexture->getAlphaMask();
   }
-
-  GLTexture *glTexture = static_cast<GLTexture *>(texture.get());
-  return glTexture->getAlphaMask();
+  return nullptr;
 }
 
 bool ResourceManager::generateAlphaMask(const std::string &textureKey) {
-  // 解析路径获取完整路径
-  std::string fullPath = resolveResourcePath(textureKey);
-  if (fullPath.empty()) {
-    return false;
-  }
+  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(textureMutex_);
 
-  // 从纹理池获取纹理
-  auto texture = TexturePool::getInstance().get(fullPath);
-  if (!texture) {
-    return false;
+  auto it = textureCache_.find(textureKey);
+  if (it != textureCache_.end()) {
+    GLTexture *glTexture = static_cast<GLTexture *>(it->second.texture.get());
+    if (!glTexture->hasAlphaMask()) {
+      glTexture->generateAlphaMask();
+    }
+    return glTexture->hasAlphaMask();
   }
-
-  GLTexture *glTexture = static_cast<GLTexture *>(texture.get());
-  if (!glTexture->hasAlphaMask()) {
-    glTexture->generateAlphaMask();
-  }
-  return glTexture->hasAlphaMask();
+  return false;
 }
 
 bool ResourceManager::hasAlphaMask(const std::string &textureKey) const {
-  // 解析路径获取完整路径
-  std::string fullPath = resolveResourcePath(textureKey);
-  if (fullPath.empty()) {
-    return false;
-  }
+  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(textureMutex_);
 
-  // 从纹理池获取纹理
-  auto texture = TexturePool::getInstance().get(fullPath);
-  if (!texture) {
-    return false;
+  auto it = textureCache_.find(textureKey);
+  if (it != textureCache_.end()) {
+    GLTexture *glTexture = static_cast<GLTexture *>(it->second.texture.get());
+    return glTexture->hasAlphaMask();
   }
-
-  GLTexture *glTexture = static_cast<GLTexture *>(texture.get());
-  return glTexture->hasAlphaMask();
+  return false;
 }
 
 Ptr<Texture> ResourceManager::getTexture(const std::string &key) const {
-  // 解析路径获取完整路径
-  std::string fullPath = resolveResourcePath(key);
-  if (fullPath.empty()) {
-    return nullptr;
-  }
+  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(textureMutex_);
 
-  // 从纹理池获取纹理
-  return TexturePool::getInstance().get(fullPath);
+  auto it = textureCache_.find(key);
+  if (it != textureCache_.end()) {
+    const_cast<ResourceManager*>(this)->touchTexture(key);
+    const_cast<ResourceManager*>(this)->textureHitCount_++;
+    const_cast<uint32_t&>(it->second.accessCount)++;
+    return it->second.texture;
+  }
+  return nullptr;
 }
 
 bool ResourceManager::hasTexture(const std::string &key) const {
-  // 解析路径获取完整路径
-  std::string fullPath = resolveResourcePath(key);
-  if (fullPath.empty()) {
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  // 检查纹理池是否有此纹理
-  return TexturePool::getInstance().has(fullPath);
+  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(textureMutex_);
+  return textureCache_.find(key) != textureCache_.end();
 }
 
 void ResourceManager::unloadTexture(const std::string &key) {
-  // 解析路径获取完整路径
-  std::string fullPath = resolveResourcePath(key);
-  if (fullPath.empty()) {
-    return;
-  }
+  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(textureMutex_);
 
-  // 从纹理池移除
-  TexturePool::getInstance().remove(fullPath);
-  E2D_LOG_DEBUG("ResourceManager: unloaded texture: {}", key);
+  auto it = textureCache_.find(key);
+  if (it != textureCache_.end()) {
+    // 从LRU链表中移除
+    auto nodeIt = std::find_if(lruNodes_.begin(), lruNodes_.end(),
+                               [&key](const LRUNode &node) { return node.valid && node.key == key; });
+    if (nodeIt != lruNodes_.end()) {
+      removeFromList(static_cast<uint32_t>(nodeIt - lruNodes_.begin()) + 1);
+      freeLRUNode(static_cast<uint32_t>(nodeIt - lruNodes_.begin()) + 1);
+    }
+
+    // 更新总大小
+    totalTextureSize_ -= it->second.size;
+
+    // 从缓存移除
+    textureCache_.erase(it);
+    E2D_LOG_DEBUG("ResourceManager: unloaded texture: {}", key);
+  }
 }
 
 // ============================================================================
@@ -468,11 +573,8 @@ void ResourceManager::unloadSound(const std::string &key) {
 // ============================================================================
 
 void ResourceManager::purgeUnused() {
-  // 纹理缓存由 TexturePool 自动管理，无需手动清理
-  // 但我们可以触发 TexturePool 的清理
-  TexturePool::getInstance().trim(TexturePool::getInstance().getCacheSize() * 0.8f);
-
-  // 清理字体缓存
+  // 纹理缓存使用LRU策略，不需要清理失效引用
+  // 字体缓存
   {
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(fontMutex_);
     for (auto it = fontCache_.begin(); it != fontCache_.end();) {
@@ -485,7 +587,7 @@ void ResourceManager::purgeUnused() {
     }
   }
 
-  // 清理音效缓存
+  // 音效缓存
   {
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(soundMutex_);
     for (auto it = soundCache_.begin(); it != soundCache_.end();) {
@@ -500,8 +602,15 @@ void ResourceManager::purgeUnused() {
 }
 
 void ResourceManager::clearTextureCache() {
-  TexturePool::getInstance().clear();
-  E2D_LOG_INFO("ResourceManager: texture cache cleared via TexturePool");
+  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(textureMutex_);
+  size_t count = textureCache_.size();
+  textureCache_.clear();
+  lruNodes_.clear();
+  lruHead_ = 0;
+  lruTail_ = 0;
+  freeList_ = 0;
+  totalTextureSize_ = 0;
+  E2D_LOG_INFO("ResourceManager: cleared {} textures from cache", count);
 }
 
 void ResourceManager::clearFontCache() {
@@ -531,7 +640,210 @@ void ResourceManager::clearAllCaches() {
 }
 
 size_t ResourceManager::getTextureCacheSize() const {
-  return TexturePool::getInstance().getTextureCount();
+  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(textureMutex_);
+  return textureCache_.size();
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// LRU 缓存管理
+// ============================================================================
+
+void ResourceManager::setTextureCache(size_t maxCacheSize, size_t maxTextureCount,
+                                      float unloadInterval) {
+  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(textureMutex_);
+  maxCacheSize_ = maxCacheSize;
+  maxTextureCount_ = maxTextureCount;
+  unloadInterval_ = unloadInterval;
+}
+
+size_t ResourceManager::getTextureCacheMemoryUsage() const {
+  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(textureMutex_);
+  return totalTextureSize_;
+}
+
+float ResourceManager::getTextureCacheHitRate() const {
+  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(textureMutex_);
+  uint64_t total = textureHitCount_ + textureMissCount_;
+  if (total == 0) {
+    return 0.0f;
+  }
+  return static_cast<float>(textureHitCount_) / static_cast<float>(total);
+}
+
+void ResourceManager::printTextureCacheStats() const {
+  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(textureMutex_);
+  E2D_LOG_INFO("纹理缓存统计:");
+  E2D_LOG_INFO("  缓存纹理数: {}/{}", textureCache_.size(), maxTextureCount_);
+  E2D_LOG_INFO("  缓存大小: {} / {} MB", totalTextureSize_ / (1024 * 1024),
+               maxCacheSize_ / (1024 * 1024));
+  E2D_LOG_INFO("  缓存命中: {}", textureHitCount_);
+  E2D_LOG_INFO("  缓存未命中: {}", textureMissCount_);
+  E2D_LOG_INFO("  命中率: {:.1f}%", getTextureCacheHitRate() * 100.0f);
+}
+
+void ResourceManager::update(float dt) {
+  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(textureMutex_);
+
+  // 自动清理
+  autoUnloadTimer_ += dt;
+  if (autoUnloadTimer_ >= unloadInterval_) {
+    autoUnloadTimer_ = 0.0f;
+
+    // 如果缓存超过80%，清理到50%
+    if (totalTextureSize_ > maxCacheSize_ * 0.8f) {
+      size_t targetSize = static_cast<size_t>(maxCacheSize_ * 0.5f);
+      while (totalTextureSize_ > targetSize && lruTail_ != 0) {
+        std::string key = evictLRU();
+        if (key.empty()) break;
+
+        auto it = textureCache_.find(key);
+        if (it != textureCache_.end()) {
+          totalTextureSize_ -= it->second.size;
+          textureCache_.erase(it);
+          E2D_LOG_DEBUG("ResourceManager: auto-evicted texture: {}", key);
+        }
+      }
+      E2D_LOG_INFO("ResourceManager: texture cache trimmed to {} MB", totalTextureSize_ / (1024 * 1024));
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// LRU 缓存内部方法
+// ============================================================================
+
+uint32_t ResourceManager::allocateLRUNode(const std::string &key) {
+  uint32_t index;
+  if (freeList_ != 0) {
+    // 复用空闲节点
+    index = freeList_;
+    freeList_ = lruNodes_[index - 1].next;
+  } else {
+    // 分配新节点
+    lruNodes_.emplace_back();
+    index = static_cast<uint32_t>(lruNodes_.size());
+  }
+
+  LRUNode &node = lruNodes_[index - 1];
+  node.key = key;
+  node.prev = 0;
+  node.next = 0;
+  node.valid = true;
+  return index;
+}
+
+void ResourceManager::freeLRUNode(uint32_t index) {
+  if (index == 0 || index > lruNodes_.size()) return;
+
+  LRUNode &node = lruNodes_[index - 1];
+  node.valid = false;
+  node.key.clear();
+  node.prev = 0;
+  node.next = freeList_;
+  freeList_ = index;
+}
+
+void ResourceManager::moveToFront(uint32_t index) {
+  if (index == 0 || index > lruNodes_.size() || index == lruHead_) return;
+
+  removeFromList(index);
+
+  LRUNode &node = lruNodes_[index - 1];
+  node.prev = 0;
+  node.next = lruHead_;
+
+  if (lruHead_ != 0) {
+    lruNodes_[lruHead_ - 1].prev = index;
+  }
+  lruHead_ = index;
+
+  if (lruTail_ == 0) {
+    lruTail_ = index;
+  }
+}
+
+void ResourceManager::removeFromList(uint32_t index) {
+  if (index == 0 || index > lruNodes_.size()) return;
+
+  LRUNode &node = lruNodes_[index - 1];
+
+  if (node.prev != 0) {
+    lruNodes_[node.prev - 1].next = node.next;
+  } else {
+    lruHead_ = node.next;
+  }
+
+  if (node.next != 0) {
+    lruNodes_[node.next - 1].prev = node.prev;
+  } else {
+    lruTail_ = node.prev;
+  }
+}
+
+std::string ResourceManager::evictLRU() {
+  if (lruTail_ == 0) return "";
+
+  uint32_t index = lruTail_;
+  std::string key = lruNodes_[index - 1].key;
+
+  removeFromList(index);
+  freeLRUNode(index);
+
+  return key;
+}
+
+void ResourceManager::touchTexture(const std::string &key) {
+  // 查找对应的LRU节点
+  auto nodeIt = std::find_if(lruNodes_.begin(), lruNodes_.end(),
+                             [&key](const LRUNode &node) { return node.valid && node.key == key; });
+  if (nodeIt != lruNodes_.end()) {
+    uint32_t index = static_cast<uint32_t>(nodeIt - lruNodes_.begin()) + 1;
+    moveToFront(index);
+  }
+
+  // 更新时间戳
+  auto it = textureCache_.find(key);
+  if (it != textureCache_.end()) {
+    it->second.lastAccessTime = 0.0f;
+  }
+}
+
+void ResourceManager::evictTexturesIfNeeded() {
+  while ((totalTextureSize_ >= maxCacheSize_ ||
+          textureCache_.size() >= maxTextureCount_) &&
+         lruTail_ != 0) {
+    std::string key = evictLRU();
+    if (key.empty()) break;
+
+    auto it = textureCache_.find(key);
+    if (it != textureCache_.end()) {
+      totalTextureSize_ -= it->second.size;
+      textureCache_.erase(it);
+      E2D_LOG_DEBUG("ResourceManager: evicted texture: {}", key);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+size_t ResourceManager::calculateTextureSize(int width, int height, PixelFormat format) const {
+  int bytesPerPixel = 4;
+  switch (format) {
+    case PixelFormat::R8:
+      bytesPerPixel = 1;
+      break;
+    case PixelFormat::RG8:
+      bytesPerPixel = 2;
+      break;
+    case PixelFormat::RGB8:
+      bytesPerPixel = 3;
+      break;
+    case PixelFormat::RGBA8:
+      bytesPerPixel = 4;
+      break;
+    default:
+      bytesPerPixel = 4;
+      break;
+  }
+  return static_cast<size_t>(width * height * bytesPerPixel);
 }
 
 size_t ResourceManager::getFontCacheSize() const {
@@ -544,27 +856,4 @@ size_t ResourceManager::getSoundCacheSize() const {
   return soundCache_.size();
 }
 
-// ============================================================================
-// 异步加载控制（已弃用，保留接口兼容性）
-// ============================================================================
-
-void ResourceManager::initAsyncLoader() {
-  // 纹理池已内置异步加载，无需额外初始化
-  E2D_LOG_DEBUG("ResourceManager: async loader is handled by TexturePool");
-}
-
-void ResourceManager::shutdownAsyncLoader() {
-  // 纹理池在 shutdown 时处理
-}
-
-void ResourceManager::waitForAsyncLoads() {
-  // 纹理池异步加载通过回调处理，无需等待
-  // 如需等待，可通过回调机制实现
-}
-
-bool ResourceManager::hasPendingAsyncLoads() const {
-  // 纹理池异步加载通过回调处理，无法直接查询
-  return false;
-}
-
 } // namespace extra2d

Extra2D/src/utils/object_pool.cpp

@@ -8,4 +8,10 @@ ObjectPoolManager& ObjectPoolManager::getInstance() {
     return instance;
 }
 
+void ObjectPoolManager::cleanup() {
+    // 静态对象池会在程序退出时自动清理
+    // 这个方法用于显式触发清理（如果需要）
+    // 由于使用了 weak_ptr，循环引用问题已解决
+}
+
 } // namespace extra2d