feat(渲染后端): 重构渲染系统支持多后端

- 新增渲染后端工厂类，支持OpenGL和Vulkan后端
- 将OpenGL相关代码移动到backends/opengl目录
- 添加Vulkan后端占位实现
- 重构Shader系统，支持JSON元数据定义多后端Shader
- 新增shape和sprite的JSON定义及GLSL文件
- 移除旧的组合Shader文件格式
- 更新构建系统支持选择渲染后端
- 重命名相关头文件路径保持一致性

Extra2D/include/extra2d/graphics/backends/backend_factory.h

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <extra2d/graphics/core/render_backend.h>
+#include <extra2d/core/smart_ptr.h>
+
+namespace extra2d {
+
+/**
+ * @brief 渲染后端类型枚举
+ */
+enum class BackendType {
+    OpenGL,     // OpenGL 4.x
+    Vulkan,     // Vulkan 1.x
+    Metal,      // Metal (macOS/iOS)
+    D3D11,      // Direct3D 11
+    D3D12,      // Direct3D 12
+    OpenGLES,   // OpenGL ES (移动平台)
+    Count
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 后端工厂类，用于创建渲染后端实例
+ */
+class BackendFactory {
+public:
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取后端工厂单例
+     * @return 后端工厂实例引用
+     */
+    static BackendFactory& getInstance();
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 创建渲染后端
+     * @param type 后端类型
+     * @return 渲染后端实例
+     */
+    UniquePtr<RenderBackend> createBackend(BackendType type);
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 创建默认渲染后端
+     * @return 默认渲染后端实例
+     */
+    UniquePtr<RenderBackend> createDefaultBackend();
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 检查后端是否可用
+     * @param type 后端类型
+     * @return 可用返回true，否则返回false
+     */
+    bool isBackendAvailable(BackendType type) const;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取当前平台推荐的后端类型
+     * @return 推荐的后端类型
+     */
+    BackendType getRecommendedBackend() const;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取后端类型名称
+     * @param type 后端类型
+     * @return 后端类型名称字符串
+     */
+    const char* getBackendName(BackendType type) const;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 从名称解析后端类型
+     * @param name 后端类型名称
+     * @return 后端类型，如果未知则返回OpenGL
+     */
+    BackendType parseBackendType(const char* name) const;
+
+private:
+    BackendFactory() = default;
+    ~BackendFactory() = default;
+    BackendFactory(const BackendFactory&) = delete;
+    BackendFactory& operator=(const BackendFactory&) = delete;
+};
+
+} // namespace extra2d

Extra2D/include/extra2d/graphics/backends/opengl/gl_font_atlas.h

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <extra2d/graphics/backends/opengl/gl_texture.h>
+#include <extra2d/graphics/texture/font.h>
+
+#include <stb/stb_truetype.h>
+#include <stb/stb_rect_pack.h>
+
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace extra2d {
+
+// ============================================================================
+// OpenGL 字体图集实现 (使用 STB 库)
+// ============================================================================
+class GLFontAtlas : public FontAtlas {
+public:
+    GLFontAtlas(const std::string& filepath, int fontSize, bool useSDF = false);
+    ~GLFontAtlas() override;
+
+    // FontAtlas 接口实现
+    const Glyph* getGlyph(char32_t codepoint) const override;
+    Texture* getTexture() const override { return texture_.get(); }
+    int getFontSize() const override { return fontSize_; }
+    float getAscent() const override { return ascent_; }
+    float getDescent() const override { return descent_; }
+    float getLineGap() const override { return lineGap_; }
+    float getLineHeight() const override { return lineHeight_; }
+    bool isSDF() const override { return useSDF_; }
+    Vec2 measureText(const std::string& text) override;
+
+private:
+    struct GlyphData {
+        float width;
+        float height;
+        float bearingX;
+        float bearingY;
+        float advance;
+        float u0, v0, u1, v1;
+    };
+
+    struct PackedCharData {
+        stbtt_packedchar packedChar;
+        bool valid;
+    };
+
+    bool useSDF_;
+    int fontSize_;
+
+    Ptr<GLTexture> texture_;
+    std::unordered_map<char32_t, GlyphData> glyphs_;
+    std::unordered_map<char32_t, PackedCharData> packedChars_;
+    float lineHeight_;
+    float ascent_;
+    float descent_;
+    float lineGap_;
+
+    // 字体数据
+    std::vector<unsigned char> fontData_;
+    stbtt_fontinfo fontInfo_;
+    float scale_;
+
+    // 图集打包参数
+    static constexpr int ATLAS_WIDTH = 512;
+    static constexpr int ATLAS_HEIGHT = 512;
+
+    // 初始化字体
+    bool initFont(const std::string& filepath);
+    // 渲染字形到图集
+    bool renderGlyph(char32_t codepoint);
+    // 更新图集纹理
+    void updateAtlas(int x, int y, int width, int height,
+                     const std::vector<uint8_t>& data);
+};
+
+} // namespace extra2d

Extra2D/include/extra2d/graphics/backends/opengl/gl_renderer.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <extra2d/graphics/opengl/gl_sprite_batch.h>
+#include <extra2d/graphics/backends/opengl/gl_sprite_batch.h>
 #include <extra2d/graphics/core/render_backend.h>
 #include <extra2d/graphics/shader/shader_interface.h>
 

Extra2D/include/extra2d/graphics/backends/opengl/gl_sprite_batch.h

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <extra2d/graphics/backends/opengl/gl_texture.h>
+#include <extra2d/graphics/batch/sprite_batch.h>
+#include <extra2d/graphics/shader/shader_interface.h>
+
+#include <array>
+#include <glad/glad.h>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace extra2d {
+
+// ============================================================================
+// OpenGL 精灵批处理渲染器
+// 使用 batch/sprite_batch 作为后端无关的批处理层
+// ============================================================================
+class GLSpriteBatch {
+public:
+    GLSpriteBatch();
+    ~GLSpriteBatch();
+
+    // 初始化/关闭
+    bool init();
+    void shutdown();
+
+    // 批处理生命周期
+    void begin(const glm::mat4& viewProjection);
+    void end();
+
+    // 绘制单个精灵
+    void draw(const Texture& texture, const SpriteData& data);
+
+    // 批量绘制（用于文本渲染优化）
+    void drawBatch(const Texture& texture, const std::vector<SpriteData>& sprites);
+
+    // 获取绘制调用次数
+    uint32_t getDrawCallCount() const { return drawCallCount_; }
+
+private:
+    // OpenGL 对象
+    GLuint vao_;
+    GLuint vbo_;
+    GLuint ebo_;
+
+    // 后端无关的批处理层
+    SpriteBatch batch_;
+
+    // 批次管理
+    struct Batch {
+        const GLTexture* texture;
+        size_t startVertex;
+        size_t vertexCount;
+    };
+    std::vector<Batch> batches_;
+    const GLTexture* currentTexture_;
+
+    // 着色器和矩阵
+    Ptr<IShader> shader_;
+    uint32_t drawCallCount_;
+
+    // 内部方法
+    void flush();
+    void submitBatch();
+};
+
+} // namespace extra2d

Extra2D/include/extra2d/graphics/backends/vulkan/vk_renderer.h

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <extra2d/graphics/core/render_backend.h>
+
+namespace extra2d {
+
+/**
+ * @brief Vulkan 渲染器实现（占位）
+ * 
+ * 这是一个占位实现，用于展示Vulkan后端应该包含的内容。
+ * 完整的实现需要包含Vulkan上下文、设备、交换链、管线等。
+ */
+class VulkanRenderer : public RenderBackend {
+public:
+    VulkanRenderer();
+    ~VulkanRenderer() override;
+
+    // RenderBackend 接口实现
+    bool init(IWindow* window) override;
+    void shutdown() override;
+
+    void beginFrame(const Color &clearColor) override;
+    void endFrame() override;
+    void setViewport(int x, int y, int width, int height) override;
+    void setVSync(bool enabled) override;
+
+    void setBlendMode(BlendMode mode) override;
+    void setViewProjection(const glm::mat4 &matrix) override;
+
+    void pushTransform(const glm::mat4 &transform) override;
+    void popTransform() override;
+    glm::mat4 getCurrentTransform() const override;
+
+    Ptr<Texture> createTexture(int width, int height, const uint8_t *pixels,
+                             int channels) override;
+    Ptr<Texture> loadTexture(const std::string &filepath) override;
+
+    void beginSpriteBatch() override;
+    void drawSprite(const Texture &texture, const Rect &destRect,
+                  const Rect &srcRect, const Color &tint, float rotation,
+                  const Vec2 &anchor) override;
+    void drawSprite(const Texture &texture, const Vec2 &position,
+                  const Color &tint) override;
+    void endSpriteBatch() override;
+
+    void drawLine(const Vec2 &start, const Vec2 &end, const Color &color,
+                float width) override;
+    void drawRect(const Rect &rect, const Color &color, float width) override;
+    void fillRect(const Rect &rect, const Color &color) override;
+    void drawCircle(const Vec2 &center, float radius, const Color &color,
+                  int segments, float width) override;
+    void fillCircle(const Vec2 &center, float radius, const Color &color,
+                  int segments) override;
+    void drawTriangle(const Vec2 &p1, const Vec2 &p2, const Vec2 &p3,
+                    const Color &color, float width) override;
+    void fillTriangle(const Vec2 &p1, const Vec2 &p2, const Vec2 &p3,
+                    const Color &color) override;
+    void drawPolygon(const std::vector<Vec2> &points, const Color &color,
+                   float width) override;
+    void fillPolygon(const std::vector<Vec2> &points,
+                   const Color &color) override;
+
+    Ptr<FontAtlas> createFontAtlas(const std::string &filepath, int fontSize,
+                                 bool useSDF = false) override;
+    void drawText(const FontAtlas &font, const std::string &text,
+                const Vec2 &position, const Color &color) override;
+    void drawText(const FontAtlas &font, const std::string &text, float x,
+                float y, const Color &color) override;
+
+    Stats getStats() const override { return stats_; }
+    void resetStats() override;
+
+private:
+    Stats stats_;
+    bool initialized_ = false;
+};
+
+} // namespace extra2d

Extra2D/include/extra2d/graphics/batch/sprite_batch.h

@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <extra2d/core/types.h>
+#include <extra2d/core/math_types.h>
+#include <extra2d/core/color.h>
+#include <extra2d/graphics/texture/texture.h>
+
+#include <glm/mat4x4.hpp>
+
+#include <array>
+#include <vector>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+namespace extra2d {
+
+// ============================================================================
+// 三角函数查表 - 避免每帧计算 sin/cos
+// ============================================================================
+class TrigLookup {
+public:
+    TrigLookup();
+    
+    // 通过角度(0-360)获取 sin/cos
+    float sin(int angle) const;
+    float cos(int angle) const;
+    
+    // 通过弧度获取 sin/cos
+    float sinRad(float rad) const;
+    float cosRad(float rad) const;
+
+private:
+    static constexpr int TABLE_SIZE = 360 * 4; // 0.25度精度
+    std::array<float, TABLE_SIZE> sinTable_;
+    std::array<float, TABLE_SIZE> cosTable_;
+};
+
+// ============================================================================
+// 精灵批次数据 - 后端无关
+// ============================================================================
+struct SpriteVertex {
+    Vec2 position;
+    Vec2 texCoord;
+    Color color;
+};
+
+struct SpriteData {
+    Vec2 position;
+    Vec2 size;
+    float rotation;
+    Vec2 pivot;
+    Color color;
+    const Texture* texture;
+    Rect uvRect;
+};
+
+// ============================================================================
+// 通用精灵批处理 - 后端无关
+// 负责：顶点生成、批次管理、三角函数查表
+// ============================================================================
+class SpriteBatch {
+public:
+    static constexpr size_t MAX_SPRITES = 10000;
+    static constexpr size_t VERTICES_PER_SPRITE = 4;
+    static constexpr size_t INDICES_PER_SPRITE = 6;
+    static constexpr size_t MAX_VERTICES = MAX_SPRITES * VERTICES_PER_SPRITE;
+    static constexpr size_t MAX_INDICES = MAX_SPRITES * INDICES_PER_SPRITE;
+
+    SpriteBatch();
+    ~SpriteBatch() = default;
+
+    // 开始批次
+    void begin(const glm::mat4& viewProjection);
+    
+    // 结束批次 - 返回需要绘制的批次列表
+    void end();
+
+    // 绘制单个精灵
+    void draw(const SpriteData& sprite);
+    
+    // 批量绘制 - 一次性处理多个精灵
+    void drawBatch(const std::vector<SpriteData>& sprites);
+    
+    // 立即绘制 - 不缓存，直接提交
+    void drawImmediate(const SpriteData& sprite);
+
+    // 获取当前批次数据
+    const std::vector<SpriteVertex>& getVertices() const { return vertices_; }
+    const std::vector<uint16_t>& getIndices() const { return indices_; }
+    size_t getSpriteCount() const { return spriteCount_; }
+    
+    // 检查是否需要刷新
+    bool needsFlush() const { return spriteCount_ >= MAX_SPRITES; }
+    
+    // 清空批次
+    void clear();
+
+private:
+    // 三角函数查表
+    TrigLookup trigLookup_;
+    
+    // 顶点数据 - 使用固定大小数组避免动态分配
+    std::vector<SpriteVertex> vertices_;
+    std::vector<uint16_t> indices_;
+    size_t spriteCount_;
+    
+    // 变换矩阵
+    glm::mat4 viewProjection_;
+    glm::mat4 cachedVP_;
+    bool vpDirty_;
+    
+    // 生成索引
+    void generateIndices();
+    
+    // 生成顶点
+    void generateVertices(const SpriteData& sprite, size_t vertexOffset);
+    
+    // 刷新批次
+    void flush();
+};
+
+} // namespace extra2d

Extra2D/include/extra2d/graphics/core/render_target.h

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 #include <extra2d/core/color.h>
 #include <extra2d/core/types.h>
-#include <extra2d/graphics/opengl/gl_texture.h>
+#include <extra2d/graphics/backends/opengl/gl_texture.h>
 #include <extra2d/graphics/texture/texture.h>
 #include <mutex>
 

Extra2D/include/extra2d/graphics/opengl/gl_font_atlas.h

@@ -1,67 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include <extra2d/core/color.h>
-#include <extra2d/core/math_types.h>
-#include <extra2d/core/types.h>
-#include <extra2d/graphics/texture/font.h>
-#include <extra2d/graphics/opengl/gl_texture.h>
-#include <extra2d/graphics/texture/texture.h>
-#include <memory>
-#include <stb/stb_rect_pack.h>
-#include <stb/stb_truetype.h>
-#include <unordered_map>
-#include <vector>
-
-namespace extra2d {
-
-// ============================================================================
-// OpenGL 字体图集实现 - 使用 stb_rect_pack 进行矩形打包
-// ============================================================================
-class GLFontAtlas : public FontAtlas {
-public:
-  GLFontAtlas(const std::string &filepath, int fontSize, bool useSDF = false);
-  ~GLFontAtlas();
-
-  // FontAtlas 接口实现
-  const Glyph *getGlyph(char32_t codepoint) const override;
-  Texture *getTexture() const override { return texture_.get(); }
-  int getFontSize() const override { return fontSize_; }
-  float getAscent() const override { return ascent_; }
-  float getDescent() const override { return descent_; }
-  float getLineGap() const override { return lineGap_; }
-  float getLineHeight() const override { return ascent_ - descent_ + lineGap_; }
-  Vec2 measureText(const std::string &text) override;
-  bool isSDF() const override { return useSDF_; }
-
-private:
-  // 图集配置 - 增大尺寸以支持更多字符
-  static constexpr int ATLAS_WIDTH = 1024;
-  static constexpr int ATLAS_HEIGHT = 1024;
-  static constexpr int PADDING = 2; // 字形之间的间距
-
-  int fontSize_;
-  bool useSDF_;
-  mutable std::unique_ptr<GLTexture> texture_;
-  mutable std::unordered_map<char32_t, Glyph> glyphs_;
-
-  // stb_rect_pack 上下文
-  mutable stbrp_context packContext_;
-  mutable std::vector<stbrp_node> packNodes_;
-  mutable int currentY_;
-
-  std::vector<unsigned char> fontData_;
-  stbtt_fontinfo fontInfo_;
-  float scale_;
-  float ascent_;
-  float descent_;
-  float lineGap_;
-  
-  // 预分配字形位图缓冲区，避免每次动态分配
-  mutable std::vector<uint8_t> glyphBitmapCache_;
-  mutable std::vector<uint8_t> glyphRgbaCache_;
-
-  void createAtlas();
-  void cacheGlyph(char32_t codepoint) const;
-};
-
-} // namespace extra2d

Extra2D/include/extra2d/graphics/opengl/gl_sprite_batch.h

@@ -1,98 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include <array>
-#include <extra2d/core/color.h>
-#include <extra2d/core/math_types.h>
-#include <extra2d/core/types.h>
-#include <extra2d/graphics/opengl/gl_shader.h>
-#include <extra2d/graphics/texture/texture.h>
-#include <glm/mat4x4.hpp>
-#include <vector>
-
-#include <glad/glad.h>
-
-namespace extra2d {
-
-// ============================================================================
-// OpenGL 精灵批渲染器 - 优化版本
-// ============================================================================
-class GLSpriteBatch {
-public:
-  static constexpr size_t MAX_SPRITES = 10000;
-  static constexpr size_t VERTICES_PER_SPRITE = 4;
-  static constexpr size_t INDICES_PER_SPRITE = 6;
-  static constexpr size_t MAX_VERTICES = MAX_SPRITES * VERTICES_PER_SPRITE;
-  static constexpr size_t MAX_INDICES = MAX_SPRITES * INDICES_PER_SPRITE;
-
-  struct Vertex {
-    glm::vec2 position;
-    glm::vec2 texCoord;
-    glm::vec4 color;
-  };
-
-  struct SpriteData {
-    glm::vec2 position;
-    glm::vec2 size;
-    glm::vec2 texCoordMin;
-    glm::vec2 texCoordMax;
-    glm::vec4 color;
-    float rotation;
-    glm::vec2 anchor;
-    bool isSDF = false;
-  };
-
-  GLSpriteBatch();
-  ~GLSpriteBatch();
-
-  bool init();
-  void shutdown();
-
-  void begin(const glm::mat4 &viewProjection);
-  void draw(const Texture &texture, const SpriteData &data);
-  void end();
-
-  // 批量绘制接口 - 用于自动批处理
-  void drawBatch(const Texture &texture,
-                 const std::vector<SpriteData> &sprites);
-
-  // 立即绘制（不缓存）
-  void drawImmediate(const Texture &texture, const SpriteData &data);
-
-  // 统计
-  uint32_t getDrawCallCount() const { return drawCallCount_; }
-  uint32_t getSpriteCount() const { return spriteCount_; }
-  uint32_t getBatchCount() const { return batchCount_; }
-
-  // 检查是否需要刷新
-  bool needsFlush(const Texture &texture, bool isSDF) const;
-
-private:
-  GLuint vao_;
-  GLuint vbo_;
-  GLuint ibo_;
-  GLShader shader_;
-
-  // 使用固定大小数组减少内存分配
-  std::array<Vertex, MAX_VERTICES> vertexBuffer_;
-  size_t vertexCount_;
-
-  const Texture *currentTexture_;
-  bool currentIsSDF_;
-  glm::mat4 viewProjection_;
-
-  // 缓存上一帧的 viewProjection，避免重复设置
-  glm::mat4 cachedViewProjection_;
-  bool viewProjectionDirty_ = true;
-
-  uint32_t drawCallCount_;
-  uint32_t spriteCount_;
-  uint32_t batchCount_;
-
-  void flush();
-  void setupShader();
-
-  // 添加顶点到缓冲区
-  void addVertices(const SpriteData &data);
-};
-
-} // namespace extra2d

Extra2D/include/extra2d/graphics/shader/shader_hot_reloader.h

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 #include <functional>
 #include <string>
 #include <unordered_map>
-#include <unordered_set>
 #include <vector>
 
 #ifdef _WIN32
@@ -19,12 +18,7 @@ namespace extra2d {
 struct FileChangeEvent {
   std::string filepath;
 
-    enum class Type {
+  enum class Type { Created, Modified, Deleted, Renamed } type;
-        Created,
-        Modified,
-        Deleted,
-        Renamed
-    } type;
 
   uint64_t timestamp = 0;
 };
@@ -32,7 +26,7 @@ struct FileChangeEvent {
 // ============================================================================
 // 文件变化回调
 // ============================================================================
-using FileChangeCallback = std::function<void(const FileChangeEvent&)>;
+using FileChangeCallback = std::function<void(const FileChangeEvent &)>;
 
 // ============================================================================
 // Shader热重载管理器
@@ -43,7 +37,7 @@ public:
    * @brief 获取单例实例
    * @return 热重载管理器实例引用
    */
-    static ShaderHotReloader& getInstance();
+  static ShaderHotReloader &getInstance();
 
   /**
    * @brief 初始化热重载系统
@@ -62,15 +56,15 @@ public:
    * @param filePaths 要监视的文件列表
    * @param callback 文件变化时的回调
    */
-    void watch(const std::string& shaderName,
+  void watch(const std::string &shaderName,
-               const std::vector<std::string>& filePaths,
+             const std::vector<std::string> &filePaths,
              FileChangeCallback callback);
 
   /**
    * @brief 取消监视
    * @param shaderName Shader名称
    */
-    void unwatch(const std::string& shaderName);
+  void unwatch(const std::string &shaderName);
 
   /**
    * @brief 更新文件监视（在主循环中调用）
@@ -98,8 +92,8 @@ public:
 private:
   ShaderHotReloader() = default;
   ~ShaderHotReloader() = default;
-    ShaderHotReloader(const ShaderHotReloader&) = delete;
+  ShaderHotReloader(const ShaderHotReloader &) = delete;
-    ShaderHotReloader& operator=(const ShaderHotReloader&) = delete;
+  ShaderHotReloader &operator=(const ShaderHotReloader &) = delete;
 
   bool enabled_ = false;
   bool initialized_ = false;
@@ -128,7 +122,7 @@ private:
    * @param filepath 文件路径
    * @return 修改时间戳
    */
-    static uint64_t getFileModifiedTime(const std::string& filepath);
+  static uint64_t getFileModifiedTime(const std::string &filepath);
 };
 
 // 便捷宏

Extra2D/include/extra2d/graphics/shader/shader_manager.h

@@ -177,6 +177,14 @@ public:
      */
     bool loadBuiltinShaders();
 
+    /**
+     * @brief 从JSON元数据文件加载Shader（多后端支持）
+     * @param jsonPath JSON元数据文件路径
+     * @param name Shader名称
+     * @return 加载的Shader实例
+     */
+    Ptr<IShader> loadFromMetadata(const std::string& jsonPath, const std::string& name);
+
     // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
     // 工具方法
     // ------------------------------------------------------------------------

Extra2D/include/extra2d/graphics/texture/texture_atlas.h

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 #include <extra2d/core/math_types.h>
 #include <extra2d/core/types.h>
 #include <extra2d/graphics/texture/texture.h>
-#include <extra2d/graphics/opengl/gl_texture.h>
+#include <extra2d/graphics/backends/opengl/gl_texture.h>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 #include <unordered_map>

Extra2D/include/extra2d/graphics/texture/texture_pool.h

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 #include <extra2d/graphics/texture/texture.h>
 #include <extra2d/utils/logger.h>
 
-#include <algorithm>
 #include <atomic>
 #include <chrono>
 #include <cstdint>
@@ -13,7 +12,6 @@
 #include <mutex>
 #include <string>
 #include <unordered_map>
-#include <vector>
 
 namespace extra2d {
 
@@ -47,21 +45,21 @@ struct TextureKey {
    * @brief 构造函数（仅路径）
    * @param p 纹理文件路径
    */
-    explicit TextureKey(const std::string& p) : path(p), region(Rect::Zero()) {}
+  explicit TextureKey(const std::string &p) : path(p), region(Rect::Zero()) {}
 
   /**
    * @brief 构造函数（路径 + 区域）
    * @param p 纹理文件路径
    * @param r 纹理区域
    */
-    TextureKey(const std::string& p, const Rect& r) : path(p), region(r) {}
+  TextureKey(const std::string &p, const Rect &r) : path(p), region(r) {}
 
   /**
    * @brief 相等比较运算符
    * @param other 另一个 TextureKey
    * @return 是否相等
    */
-    bool operator==(const TextureKey& other) const {
+  bool operator==(const TextureKey &other) const {
     return path == other.path && region == other.region;
   }
 
@@ -70,9 +68,7 @@ struct TextureKey {
    * @param other 另一个 TextureKey
    * @return 是否不等
    */
-    bool operator!=(const TextureKey& other) const {
+  bool operator!=(const TextureKey &other) const { return !(*this == other); }
-        return !(*this == other);
-    }
 };
 
 // ============================================================================
@@ -84,7 +80,7 @@ struct TextureKeyHash {
    * @param key 纹理键
    * @return 哈希值
    */
-    size_t operator()(const TextureKey& key) const {
+  size_t operator()(const TextureKey &key) const {
     size_t h1 = std::hash<std::string>{}(key.path);
     size_t h2 = std::hash<float>{}(key.region.origin.x);
     size_t h3 = std::hash<float>{}(key.region.origin.y);
@@ -115,11 +111,8 @@ struct TexturePoolEntry {
    * @brief 默认构造函数
    */
   TexturePoolEntry()
-        : texture(nullptr)
+      : texture(nullptr), refCount(0), key(), memorySize(0), lastAccessTime(0) {
-        , refCount(0)
+  }
-        , key()
-        , memorySize(0)
-        , lastAccessTime(0) {}
 
   /**
    * @brief 构造函数
@@ -127,33 +120,30 @@ struct TexturePoolEntry {
    * @param k 纹理键
    * @param memSize 内存占用
    */
-    TexturePoolEntry(Ptr<Texture> tex, const TextureKey& k, size_t memSize)
+  TexturePoolEntry(Ptr<Texture> tex, const TextureKey &k, size_t memSize)
-        : texture(tex)
+      : texture(tex), refCount(1), key(k), memorySize(memSize),
-        , refCount(1)
+        lastAccessTime(getCurrentTime()) {}
-        , key(k)
-        , memorySize(memSize)
-        , lastAccessTime(getCurrentTime()) {}
 
   /**
    * @brief 移动构造函数
    * @param other 另一个条目
    */
-    TexturePoolEntry(TexturePoolEntry&& other) noexcept
+  TexturePoolEntry(TexturePoolEntry &&other) noexcept
-        : texture(std::move(other.texture))
+      : texture(std::move(other.texture)),
-        , refCount(other.refCount.load(std::memory_order_relaxed))
+        refCount(other.refCount.load(std::memory_order_relaxed)),
-        , key(std::move(other.key))
+        key(std::move(other.key)), memorySize(other.memorySize),
-        , memorySize(other.memorySize)
+        lastAccessTime(other.lastAccessTime) {}
-        , lastAccessTime(other.lastAccessTime) {}
 
   /**
    * @brief 移动赋值运算符
    * @param other 另一个条目
    * @return 引用
    */
-    TexturePoolEntry& operator=(TexturePoolEntry&& other) noexcept {
+  TexturePoolEntry &operator=(TexturePoolEntry &&other) noexcept {
     if (this != &other) {
       texture = std::move(other.texture);
-            refCount.store(other.refCount.load(std::memory_order_relaxed), std::memory_order_relaxed);
+      refCount.store(other.refCount.load(std::memory_order_relaxed),
+                     std::memory_order_relaxed);
       key = std::move(other.key);
       memorySize = other.memorySize;
       lastAccessTime = other.lastAccessTime;
@@ -162,8 +152,8 @@ struct TexturePoolEntry {
   }
 
   // 禁止拷贝
-    TexturePoolEntry(const TexturePoolEntry&) = delete;
+  TexturePoolEntry(const TexturePoolEntry &) = delete;
-    TexturePoolEntry& operator=(const TexturePoolEntry&) = delete;
+  TexturePoolEntry &operator=(const TexturePoolEntry &) = delete;
 
   /**
    * @brief 更新最后访问时间
@@ -198,7 +188,7 @@ public:
    * @param entry 纹理池条目
    * @param mutex 互斥锁
    */
-    TextureRef(Ptr<Texture> texture, TexturePoolEntry* entry, std::mutex* mutex)
+  TextureRef(Ptr<Texture> texture, TexturePoolEntry *entry, std::mutex *mutex)
       : texture_(texture), entry_(entry), mutex_(mutex) {}
 
   /**
@@ -214,7 +204,7 @@ public:
    * @brief 拷贝构造函数
    * @param other 另一个 TextureRef
    */
-    TextureRef(const TextureRef& other)
+  TextureRef(const TextureRef &other)
       : texture_(other.texture_), entry_(other.entry_), mutex_(other.mutex_) {
     if (entry_ && entry_->refCount.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) > 0) {
       entry_->refCount.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
@@ -225,10 +215,9 @@ public:
    * @brief 移动构造函数
    * @param other 另一个 TextureRef
    */
-    TextureRef(TextureRef&& other) noexcept
+  TextureRef(TextureRef &&other) noexcept
-        : texture_(std::move(other.texture_))
+      : texture_(std::move(other.texture_)), entry_(other.entry_),
-        , entry_(other.entry_)
+        mutex_(other.mutex_) {
-        , mutex_(other.mutex_) {
     other.entry_ = nullptr;
     other.mutex_ = nullptr;
   }
@@ -243,7 +232,7 @@ public:
    * @param other 另一个 TextureRef
    * @return 引用
    */
-    TextureRef& operator=(const TextureRef& other) {
+  TextureRef &operator=(const TextureRef &other) {
     if (this != &other) {
       reset();
       texture_ = other.texture_;
@@ -261,7 +250,7 @@ public:
    * @param other 另一个 TextureRef
    * @return 引用
    */
-    TextureRef& operator=(TextureRef&& other) noexcept {
+  TextureRef &operator=(TextureRef &&other) noexcept {
     if (this != &other) {
       reset();
       texture_ = std::move(other.texture_);
@@ -292,7 +281,7 @@ public:
    * @brief 获取纹理对象
    * @return 纹理对象指针
    */
-    Texture* get() const { return texture_.get(); }
+  Texture *get() const { return texture_.get(); }
 
   /**
    * @brief 获取纹理对象（智能指针）
@@ -314,17 +303,17 @@ public:
   /**
    * @brief 箭头运算符
    */
-    Texture* operator->() const { return texture_.get(); }
+  Texture *operator->() const { return texture_.get(); }
 
   /**
    * @brief 解引用运算符
    */
-    Texture& operator*() const { return *texture_; }
+  Texture &operator*() const { return *texture_; }
 
 private:
   Ptr<Texture> texture_;
-    TexturePoolEntry* entry_;
+  TexturePoolEntry *entry_;
-    std::mutex* mutex_;
+  std::mutex *mutex_;
 };
 
 // ============================================================================
@@ -364,7 +353,7 @@ public:
    * @param scene 场景指针
    * @param maxMemoryUsage 最大内存使用量（0 表示无限制）
    */
-    explicit TexturePool(Scene* scene, size_t maxMemoryUsage = 0);
+  explicit TexturePool(Scene *scene, size_t maxMemoryUsage = 0);
 
   /**
    * @brief 析构函数
@@ -372,15 +361,15 @@ public:
   ~TexturePool();
 
   // 禁止拷贝
-    TexturePool(const TexturePool&) = delete;
+  TexturePool(const TexturePool &) = delete;
-    TexturePool& operator=(const TexturePool&) = delete;
+  TexturePool &operator=(const TexturePool &) = delete;
 
   /**
    * @brief 初始化纹理池
    * @param scene 场景指针
    * @param maxMemoryUsage 最大内存使用量（0 表示无限制）
    */
-    void init(Scene* scene, size_t maxMemoryUsage = 0);
+  void init(Scene *scene, size_t maxMemoryUsage = 0);
 
   // ========================================================================
   // 纹理加载
@@ -392,8 +381,8 @@ public:
    * @param options 加载选项
    * @return 纹理引用
    */
-    TextureRef load(const std::string& path,
+  TextureRef load(const std::string &path,
-                    const TextureLoadOptions& options = TextureLoadOptions());
+                  const TextureLoadOptions &options = TextureLoadOptions());
 
   /**
    * @brief 从文件加载纹理区域
@@ -402,8 +391,8 @@ public:
    * @param options 加载选项
    * @return 纹理引用
    */
-    TextureRef load(const std::string& path, const Rect& region,
+  TextureRef load(const std::string &path, const Rect &region,
-                    const TextureLoadOptions& options = TextureLoadOptions());
+                  const TextureLoadOptions &options = TextureLoadOptions());
 
   /**
    * @brief 从内存加载纹理
@@ -414,8 +403,8 @@ public:
    * @param key 缓存键
    * @return 纹理引用
    */
-    TextureRef loadFromMemory(const uint8_t* data, int width, int height,
+  TextureRef loadFromMemory(const uint8_t *data, int width, int height,
-                              int channels, const std::string& key);
+                            int channels, const std::string &key);
 
   /**
    * @brief 获取或加载纹理
@@ -423,8 +412,9 @@ public:
    * @param options 加载选项
    * @return 纹理引用
    */
-    TextureRef getOrLoad(const std::string& path,
+  TextureRef
-                         const TextureLoadOptions& options = TextureLoadOptions());
+  getOrLoad(const std::string &path,
+            const TextureLoadOptions &options = TextureLoadOptions());
 
   /**
    * @brief 获取或加载纹理区域
@@ -433,8 +423,9 @@ public:
    * @param options 加载选项
    * @return 纹理引用
    */
-    TextureRef getOrLoad(const std::string& path, const Rect& region,
+  TextureRef
-                         const TextureLoadOptions& options = TextureLoadOptions());
+  getOrLoad(const std::string &path, const Rect &region,
+            const TextureLoadOptions &options = TextureLoadOptions());
 
   // ========================================================================
   // 引用计数管理
@@ -445,21 +436,21 @@ public:
    * @param key 纹理键
    * @return 是否成功
    */
-    bool addRef(const TextureKey& key);
+  bool addRef(const TextureKey &key);
 
   /**
    * @brief 减少引用计数
    * @param key 纹理键
    * @return 减少后的引用计数
    */
-    uint32_t release(const TextureKey& key);
+  uint32_t release(const TextureKey &key);
 
   /**
    * @brief 获取引用计数
    * @param key 纹理键
    * @return 引用计数
    */
-    uint32_t getRefCount(const TextureKey& key) const;
+  uint32_t getRefCount(const TextureKey &key) const;
 
   // ========================================================================
   // 缓存管理
@@ -470,14 +461,14 @@ public:
    * @param key 纹理键
    * @return 是否已缓存
    */
-    bool isCached(const TextureKey& key) const;
+  bool isCached(const TextureKey &key) const;
 
   /**
    * @brief 从缓存中移除纹理
    * @param key 纹理键
    * @return 是否成功
    */
-    bool removeFromCache(const TextureKey& key);
+  bool removeFromCache(const TextureKey &key);
 
   /**
    * @brief 垃圾回收（移除引用计数为 0 的纹理）
@@ -540,7 +531,7 @@ private:
    * @param texture 纹理对象
    * @return 内存大小（字节）
    */
-    static size_t calculateTextureMemory(const Texture* texture);
+  static size_t calculateTextureMemory(const Texture *texture);
 
   /**
    * @brief 检查是否需要淘汰
@@ -553,9 +544,10 @@ private:
    */
   void tryAutoEvict();
 
-    Scene* scene_;    // 场景指针
+  Scene *scene_;             // 场景指针
   mutable std::mutex mutex_; // 互斥锁
-    std::unordered_map<TextureKey, TexturePoolEntry, TextureKeyHash> cache_;  // 纹理缓存
+  std::unordered_map<TextureKey, TexturePoolEntry, TextureKeyHash>
+      cache_; // 纹理缓存
 
   size_t maxMemoryUsage_;     // 最大内存使用量
   size_t currentMemoryUsage_; // 当前内存使用量

Extra2D/shaders/backends/opengl/builtin/shape.frag

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#version 300 es
+precision highp float;
+
+in vec4 v_color;
+
+out vec4 fragColor;
+
+void main() {
+    fragColor = v_color;
+}

Extra2D/shaders/backends/opengl/builtin/shape.vert

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#version 300 es
+precision highp float;
+
+layout(location = 0) in vec2 a_position;
+layout(location = 1) in vec4 a_color;
+
+uniform mat4 u_viewProjection;
+
+out vec4 v_color;
+
+void main() {
+    gl_Position = u_viewProjection * vec4(a_position, 0.0, 1.0);
+    v_color = a_color;
+}

Extra2D/shaders/backends/opengl/builtin/sprite.frag

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#version 300 es
+precision highp float;
+
+in vec2 v_texCoord;
+in vec4 v_color;
+
+uniform sampler2D u_texture;
+uniform float u_opacity;
+
+out vec4 fragColor;
+
+void main() {
+    vec4 texColor = texture(u_texture, v_texCoord);
+    fragColor = texColor * v_color;
+    fragColor.a *= u_opacity;
+    
+    if (fragColor.a < 0.01) {
+        discard;
+    }
+}

Extra2D/shaders/backends/opengl/builtin/sprite.vert

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#version 300 es
+precision highp float;
+
+layout(location = 0) in vec2 a_position;
+layout(location = 1) in vec2 a_texCoord;
+layout(location = 2) in vec4 a_color;
+
+uniform mat4 u_viewProjection;
+uniform mat4 u_model;
+
+out vec2 v_texCoord;
+out vec4 v_color;
+
+void main() {
+    gl_Position = u_viewProjection * u_model * vec4(a_position, 0.0, 1.0);
+    v_texCoord = a_texCoord;
+    v_color = a_color;
+}

Extra2D/shaders/builtin/font.shader

@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
-// ============================================
-// Extra2D Combined Shader File
-// Name: font
-// Category: builtin
-// Version: 1.0
-// ============================================
-
-#meta
-{
-    "name": "font",
-    "category": "builtin",
-    "author": "Extra2D Team",
-    "description": "字体渲染Shader，支持SDF"
-}
-
-#vertex
-#version 300 es
-precision highp float;
-
-layout(location = 0) in vec2 a_position;
-layout(location = 1) in vec2 a_texCoord;
-layout(location = 2) in vec4 a_color;
-
-uniform mat4 u_viewProjection;
-uniform mat4 u_model;
-
-out vec2 v_texCoord;
-out vec4 v_color;
-
-void main() {
-    gl_Position = u_viewProjection * u_model * vec4(a_position, 0.0, 1.0);
-    v_texCoord = a_texCoord;
-    v_color = a_color;
-}
-
-#fragment
-#version 300 es
-precision highp float;
-
-in vec2 v_texCoord;
-in vec4 v_color;
-
-uniform sampler2D u_texture;
-uniform float u_smoothing;
-
-out vec4 fragColor;
-
-void main() {
-    float dist = texture(u_texture, v_texCoord).r;
-    float alpha = smoothstep(0.5 - u_smoothing, 0.5 + u_smoothing, dist);
-    fragColor = vec4(v_color.rgb, v_color.a * alpha);
-    
-    if (fragColor.a < 0.01) {
-        discard;
-    }
-}

Extra2D/shaders/builtin/particle.shader

@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-// ============================================
-// Extra2D Combined Shader File
-// Name: particle
-// Category: builtin
-// Version: 1.0
-// ============================================
-
-#meta
-{
-    "name": "particle",
-    "category": "builtin",
-    "author": "Extra2D Team",
-    "description": "粒子渲染Shader"
-}
-
-#vertex
-#version 300 es
-precision highp float;
-
-layout(location = 0) in vec2 a_position;
-layout(location = 1) in vec2 a_texCoord;
-layout(location = 2) in vec4 a_color;
-
-uniform mat4 u_viewProjection;
-
-out vec2 v_texCoord;
-out vec4 v_color;
-
-void main() {
-    gl_Position = u_viewProjection * vec4(a_position, 0.0, 1.0);
-    v_texCoord = a_texCoord;
-    v_color = a_color;
-}
-
-#fragment
-#version 300 es
-precision highp float;
-
-in vec2 v_texCoord;
-in vec4 v_color;
-
-uniform sampler2D u_texture;
-
-out vec4 fragColor;
-
-void main() {
-    vec4 texColor = texture(u_texture, v_texCoord);
-    fragColor = texColor * v_color;
-    
-    if (fragColor.a < 0.01) {
-        discard;
-    }
-}

Extra2D/shaders/builtin/postprocess.shader

@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-// ============================================
-// Extra2D Combined Shader File
-// Name: postprocess
-// Category: builtin
-// Version: 1.0
-// ============================================
-
-#meta
-{
-    "name": "postprocess",
-    "category": "builtin",
-    "author": "Extra2D Team",
-    "description": "后处理基础Shader"
-}
-
-#vertex
-#version 300 es
-precision highp float;
-
-layout(location = 0) in vec2 a_position;
-layout(location = 1) in vec2 a_texCoord;
-
-out vec2 v_texCoord;
-
-void main() {
-    gl_Position = vec4(a_position, 0.0, 1.0);
-    v_texCoord = a_texCoord;
-}
-
-#fragment
-#version 300 es
-precision highp float;
-
-in vec2 v_texCoord;
-
-uniform sampler2D u_texture;
-
-out vec4 fragColor;
-
-void main() {
-    fragColor = texture(u_texture, v_texCoord);
-}

Extra2D/shaders/builtin/shape.shader

@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-// ============================================
-// Extra2D Combined Shader File
-// Name: shape
-// Category: builtin
-// Version: 1.0
-// ============================================
-
-#meta
-{
-    "name": "shape",
-    "category": "builtin",
-    "author": "Extra2D Team",
-    "description": "形状渲染Shader，支持顶点颜色批处理"
-}
-
-#vertex
-#version 300 es
-precision highp float;
-
-layout(location = 0) in vec2 a_position;
-layout(location = 1) in vec4 a_color;
-
-uniform mat4 u_viewProjection;
-
-out vec4 v_color;
-
-void main() {
-    gl_Position = u_viewProjection * vec4(a_position, 0.0, 1.0);
-    v_color = a_color;
-}
-
-#fragment
-#version 300 es
-precision highp float;
-
-in vec4 v_color;
-
-out vec4 fragColor;
-
-void main() {
-    fragColor = v_color;
-}

Extra2D/shaders/builtin/sprite.shader

@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
-// ============================================
-// Extra2D Combined Shader File
-// Name: sprite
-// Category: builtin
-// Version: 1.0
-// ============================================
-
-#meta
-{
-    "name": "sprite",
-    "category": "builtin",
-    "author": "Extra2D Team",
-    "description": "标准2D精灵渲染Shader",
-    "uniforms": {
-        "u_viewProjection": { "type": "mat4", "description": "视图投影矩阵" },
-        "u_model": { "type": "mat4", "description": "模型矩阵" },
-        "u_opacity": { "type": "float", "default": 1.0, "description": "透明度" }
-    }
-}
-
-#vertex
-#version 300 es
-precision highp float;
-
-layout(location = 0) in vec2 a_position;
-layout(location = 1) in vec2 a_texCoord;
-layout(location = 2) in vec4 a_color;
-
-uniform mat4 u_viewProjection;
-uniform mat4 u_model;
-
-out vec2 v_texCoord;
-out vec4 v_color;
-
-void main() {
-    gl_Position = u_viewProjection * u_model * vec4(a_position, 0.0, 1.0);
-    v_texCoord = a_texCoord;
-    v_color = a_color;
-}
-
-#fragment
-#version 300 es
-precision highp float;
-
-in vec2 v_texCoord;
-in vec4 v_color;
-
-uniform sampler2D u_texture;
-uniform float u_opacity;
-
-out vec4 fragColor;
-
-void main() {
-    vec4 texColor = texture(u_texture, v_texCoord);
-    fragColor = texColor * v_color;
-    fragColor.a *= u_opacity;
-    
-    if (fragColor.a < 0.01) {
-        discard;
-    }
-}

Extra2D/shaders/effects/blur.shader

@@ -1,71 +0,0 @@
-// ============================================
-// Extra2D Combined Shader File
-// Name: blur
-// Category: effects
-// Version: 1.0
-// ============================================
-
-#meta
-{
-    "name": "blur",
-    "category": "effects",
-    "author": "Extra2D Team",
-    "description": "模糊特效Shader"
-}
-
-#vertex
-#version 300 es
-precision highp float;
-
-layout(location = 0) in vec2 a_position;
-layout(location = 1) in vec2 a_texCoord;
-layout(location = 2) in vec4 a_color;
-
-uniform mat4 u_viewProjection;
-uniform mat4 u_model;
-
-out vec2 v_texCoord;
-out vec4 v_color;
-
-void main() {
-    gl_Position = u_viewProjection * u_model * vec4(a_position, 0.0, 1.0);
-    v_texCoord = a_texCoord;
-    v_color = a_color;
-}
-
-#fragment
-#version 300 es
-precision highp float;
-
-in vec2 v_texCoord;
-in vec4 v_color;
-
-uniform sampler2D u_texture;
-uniform float u_radius;
-uniform vec2 u_textureSize;
-uniform float u_opacity;
-
-out vec4 fragColor;
-
-void main() {
-    vec2 texel = u_radius / u_textureSize;
-
-    vec4 sum = vec4(0.0);
-    sum += texture(u_texture, v_texCoord + texel * vec2(-1.0, -1.0));
-    sum += texture(u_texture, v_texCoord + texel * vec2( 0.0, -1.0));
-    sum += texture(u_texture, v_texCoord + texel * vec2( 1.0, -1.0));
-    sum += texture(u_texture, v_texCoord + texel * vec2(-1.0,  0.0));
-    sum += texture(u_texture, v_texCoord + texel * vec2( 0.0,  0.0));
-    sum += texture(u_texture, v_texCoord + texel * vec2( 1.0,  0.0));
-    sum += texture(u_texture, v_texCoord + texel * vec2(-1.0,  1.0));
-    sum += texture(u_texture, v_texCoord + texel * vec2( 0.0,  1.0));
-    sum += texture(u_texture, v_texCoord + texel * vec2( 1.0,  1.0));
-
-    vec4 texColor = sum / 9.0;
-    fragColor = texColor * v_color;
-    fragColor.a *= u_opacity;
-
-    if (fragColor.a < 0.01) {
-        discard;
-    }
-}

Extra2D/shaders/effects/distortion.shader

@@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
-// ============================================
-// Extra2D Combined Shader File
-// Name: distortion
-// Category: effects
-// Version: 1.0
-// ============================================
-
-#meta
-{
-    "name": "distortion",
-    "category": "effects",
-    "author": "Extra2D Team",
-    "description": "扭曲特效Shader"
-}
-
-#vertex
-#version 300 es
-precision highp float;
-
-layout(location = 0) in vec2 a_position;
-layout(location = 1) in vec2 a_texCoord;
-layout(location = 2) in vec4 a_color;
-
-uniform mat4 u_viewProjection;
-uniform mat4 u_model;
-
-out vec2 v_texCoord;
-out vec4 v_color;
-
-void main() {
-    gl_Position = u_viewProjection * u_model * vec4(a_position, 0.0, 1.0);
-    v_texCoord = a_texCoord;
-    v_color = a_color;
-}
-
-#fragment
-#version 300 es
-precision highp float;
-
-in vec2 v_texCoord;
-in vec4 v_color;
-
-uniform sampler2D u_texture;
-uniform float u_distortionAmount;
-uniform float u_time;
-uniform float u_timeScale;
-
-out vec4 fragColor;
-
-void main() {
-    vec2 uv = v_texCoord;
-    
-    float t = u_time * u_timeScale;
-    float dx = sin(uv.y * 10.0 + t) * u_distortionAmount;
-    float dy = cos(uv.x * 10.0 + t) * u_distortionAmount;
-    uv += vec2(dx, dy);
-    
-    vec4 texColor = texture(u_texture, uv);
-    fragColor = texColor * v_color;
-    
-    if (fragColor.a < 0.01) {
-        discard;
-    }
-}

Extra2D/shaders/effects/grayscale.shader

@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
-// ============================================
-// Extra2D Combined Shader File
-// Name: grayscale
-// Category: effects
-// Version: 1.0
-// ============================================
-
-#meta
-{
-    "name": "grayscale",
-    "category": "effects",
-    "author": "Extra2D Team",
-    "description": "灰度特效Shader"
-}
-
-#vertex
-#version 300 es
-precision highp float;
-
-layout(location = 0) in vec2 a_position;
-layout(location = 1) in vec2 a_texCoord;
-layout(location = 2) in vec4 a_color;
-
-uniform mat4 u_viewProjection;
-uniform mat4 u_model;
-
-out vec2 v_texCoord;
-out vec4 v_color;
-
-void main() {
-    gl_Position = u_viewProjection * u_model * vec4(a_position, 0.0, 1.0);
-    v_texCoord = a_texCoord;
-    v_color = a_color;
-}
-
-#fragment
-#version 300 es
-precision highp float;
-
-in vec2 v_texCoord;
-in vec4 v_color;
-
-uniform sampler2D u_texture;
-uniform float u_intensity;
-uniform float u_opacity;
-
-out vec4 fragColor;
-
-void main() {
-    vec4 texColor = texture(u_texture, v_texCoord) * v_color;
-
-    float gray = dot(texColor.rgb, vec3(0.299, 0.587, 0.114));
-    texColor.rgb = mix(texColor.rgb, vec3(gray), u_intensity);
-
-    fragColor = texColor;
-    fragColor.a *= u_opacity;
-
-    if (fragColor.a < 0.01) {
-        discard;
-    }
-}

Extra2D/shaders/effects/grayscale_outline.shader

@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-// ============================================
-// Extra2D Combined Shader File
-// Name: grayscale_outline
-// Category: effects
-// Version: 1.0
-// ============================================
-
-#meta
-{
-    "name": "grayscale_outline",
-    "category": "effects",
-    "author": "Extra2D Team",
-    "description": "灰度+描边组合效果Shader"
-}
-
-#vertex
-#version 300 es
-precision highp float;
-
-layout(location = 0) in vec2 a_position;
-layout(location = 1) in vec2 a_texCoord;
-layout(location = 2) in vec4 a_color;
-
-uniform mat4 u_viewProjection;
-uniform mat4 u_model;
-
-out vec2 v_texCoord;
-out vec4 v_color;
-
-void main() {
-    gl_Position = u_viewProjection * u_model * vec4(a_position, 0.0, 1.0);
-    v_texCoord = a_texCoord;
-    v_color = a_color;
-}
-
-#fragment
-#version 300 es
-precision highp float;
-
-in vec2 v_texCoord;
-in vec4 v_color;
-
-uniform sampler2D u_texture;
-uniform float u_grayIntensity;
-uniform vec4 u_outlineColor;
-uniform float u_thickness;
-uniform vec2 u_textureSize;
-uniform float u_opacity;
-
-out vec4 fragColor;
-
-void main() {
-    vec4 color = texture(u_texture, v_texCoord) * v_color;
-
-    float gray = dot(color.rgb, vec3(0.299, 0.587, 0.114));
-    color.rgb = mix(color.rgb, vec3(gray), u_grayIntensity);
-
-    float alpha = 0.0;
-    vec2 offset = u_thickness / u_textureSize;
-
-    alpha += texture(u_texture, v_texCoord + vec2(-offset.x, 0.0)).a;
-    alpha += texture(u_texture, v_texCoord + vec2(offset.x, 0.0)).a;
-    alpha += texture(u_texture, v_texCoord + vec2(0.0, -offset.y)).a;
-    alpha += texture(u_texture, v_texCoord + vec2(0.0, offset.y)).a;
-
-    if (color.a < 0.1 && alpha > 0.0) {
-        fragColor = u_outlineColor;
-    } else {
-        fragColor = color;
-    }
-
-    fragColor.a *= u_opacity;
-
-    if (fragColor.a < 0.01) {
-        discard;
-    }
-}

Extra2D/shaders/effects/invert.shader

@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-// ============================================
-// Extra2D Combined Shader File
-// Name: invert
-// Category: effects
-// Version: 1.0
-// ============================================
-
-#meta
-{
-    "name": "invert",
-    "category": "effects",
-    "author": "Extra2D Team",
-    "description": "反相特效Shader"
-}
-
-#vertex
-#version 300 es
-precision highp float;
-
-layout(location = 0) in vec2 a_position;
-layout(location = 1) in vec2 a_texCoord;
-layout(location = 2) in vec4 a_color;
-
-uniform mat4 u_viewProjection;
-uniform mat4 u_model;
-
-out vec2 v_texCoord;
-out vec4 v_color;
-
-void main() {
-    gl_Position = u_viewProjection * u_model * vec4(a_position, 0.0, 1.0);
-    v_texCoord = a_texCoord;
-    v_color = a_color;
-}
-
-#fragment
-#version 300 es
-precision highp float;
-
-in vec2 v_texCoord;
-in vec4 v_color;
-
-uniform sampler2D u_texture;
-uniform float u_strength;
-uniform float u_opacity;
-
-out vec4 fragColor;
-
-void main() {
-    vec4 texColor = texture(u_texture, v_texCoord) * v_color;
-    vec3 inverted = vec3(1.0) - texColor.rgb;
-    texColor.rgb = mix(texColor.rgb, inverted, u_strength);
-
-    fragColor = texColor;
-    fragColor.a *= u_opacity;
-
-    if (fragColor.a < 0.01) {
-        discard;
-    }
-}

Extra2D/shaders/effects/outline.shader

@@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
-// ============================================
-// Extra2D Combined Shader File
-// Name: outline
-// Category: effects
-// Version: 1.0
-// ============================================
-
-#meta
-{
-    "name": "outline",
-    "category": "effects",
-    "author": "Extra2D Team",
-    "description": "描边特效Shader"
-}
-
-#vertex
-#version 300 es
-precision highp float;
-
-layout(location = 0) in vec2 a_position;
-layout(location = 1) in vec2 a_texCoord;
-layout(location = 2) in vec4 a_color;
-
-uniform mat4 u_viewProjection;
-uniform mat4 u_model;
-
-out vec2 v_texCoord;
-out vec4 v_color;
-
-void main() {
-    gl_Position = u_viewProjection * u_model * vec4(a_position, 0.0, 1.0);
-    v_texCoord = a_texCoord;
-    v_color = a_color;
-}
-
-#fragment
-#version 300 es
-precision highp float;
-
-in vec2 v_texCoord;
-in vec4 v_color;
-
-uniform sampler2D u_texture;
-uniform vec4 u_outlineColor;
-uniform float u_thickness;
-uniform vec2 u_textureSize;
-
-out vec4 fragColor;
-
-void main() {
-    vec4 color = texture(u_texture, v_texCoord);
-    
-    float alpha = 0.0;
-    vec2 offset = u_thickness / u_textureSize;
-    
-    alpha += texture(u_texture, v_texCoord + vec2(-offset.x, 0.0)).a;
-    alpha += texture(u_texture, v_texCoord + vec2(offset.x, 0.0)).a;
-    alpha += texture(u_texture, v_texCoord + vec2(0.0, -offset.y)).a;
-    alpha += texture(u_texture, v_texCoord + vec2(0.0, offset.y)).a;
-    
-    if (color.a < 0.1 && alpha > 0.0) {
-        fragColor = u_outlineColor;
-    } else {
-        fragColor = color;
-    }
-    
-    if (fragColor.a < 0.01) {
-        discard;
-    }
-}

Extra2D/shaders/effects/pixelate.shader

@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
-// ============================================
-// Extra2D Combined Shader File
-// Name: pixelate
-// Category: effects
-// Version: 1.0
-// ============================================
-
-#meta
-{
-    "name": "pixelate",
-    "category": "effects",
-    "author": "Extra2D Team",
-    "description": "像素化特效Shader"
-}
-
-#vertex
-#version 300 es
-precision highp float;
-
-layout(location = 0) in vec2 a_position;
-layout(location = 1) in vec2 a_texCoord;
-layout(location = 2) in vec4 a_color;
-
-uniform mat4 u_viewProjection;
-uniform mat4 u_model;
-
-out vec2 v_texCoord;
-out vec4 v_color;
-
-void main() {
-    gl_Position = u_viewProjection * u_model * vec4(a_position, 0.0, 1.0);
-    v_texCoord = a_texCoord;
-    v_color = a_color;
-}
-
-#fragment
-#version 300 es
-precision highp float;
-
-in vec2 v_texCoord;
-in vec4 v_color;
-
-uniform sampler2D u_texture;
-uniform float u_pixelSize;
-uniform vec2 u_textureSize;
-uniform float u_opacity;
-
-out vec4 fragColor;
-
-void main() {
-    vec2 pixel = u_pixelSize / u_textureSize;
-    vec2 uv = floor(v_texCoord / pixel) * pixel + pixel * 0.5;
-
-    vec4 texColor = texture(u_texture, uv);
-    fragColor = texColor * v_color;
-    fragColor.a *= u_opacity;
-
-    if (fragColor.a < 0.01) {
-        discard;
-    }
-}

Extra2D/shaders/effects/pixelate_invert.shader

@@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
-// ============================================
-// Extra2D Combined Shader File
-// Name: pixelate_invert
-// Category: effects
-// Version: 1.0
-// ============================================
-
-#meta
-{
-    "name": "pixelate_invert",
-    "category": "effects",
-    "author": "Extra2D Team",
-    "description": "像素化+反相组合效果Shader"
-}
-
-#vertex
-#version 300 es
-precision highp float;
-
-layout(location = 0) in vec2 a_position;
-layout(location = 1) in vec2 a_texCoord;
-layout(location = 2) in vec4 a_color;
-
-uniform mat4 u_viewProjection;
-uniform mat4 u_model;
-
-out vec2 v_texCoord;
-out vec4 v_color;
-
-void main() {
-    gl_Position = u_viewProjection * u_model * vec4(a_position, 0.0, 1.0);
-    v_texCoord = a_texCoord;
-    v_color = a_color;
-}
-
-#fragment
-#version 300 es
-precision highp float;
-
-in vec2 v_texCoord;
-in vec4 v_color;
-
-uniform sampler2D u_texture;
-uniform float u_pixelSize;
-uniform vec2 u_textureSize;
-uniform float u_invertStrength;
-uniform float u_opacity;
-
-out vec4 fragColor;
-
-void main() {
-    vec2 pixel = u_pixelSize / u_textureSize;
-    vec2 uv = floor(v_texCoord / pixel) * pixel + pixel * 0.5;
-
-    vec4 color = texture(u_texture, uv) * v_color;
-
-    vec3 inverted = 1.0 - color.rgb;
-    color.rgb = mix(color.rgb, inverted, u_invertStrength);
-
-    fragColor = color;
-    fragColor.a *= u_opacity;
-
-    if (fragColor.a < 0.01) {
-        discard;
-    }
-}

Extra2D/shaders/effects/water.shader

@@ -1,63 +0,0 @@
-// ============================================
-// Extra2D Combined Shader File
-// Name: water
-// Category: effects
-// Version: 1.0
-// ============================================
-
-#meta
-{
-    "name": "water",
-    "category": "effects",
-    "author": "Extra2D Team",
-    "description": "水波纹特效Shader"
-}
-
-#vertex
-#version 300 es
-precision highp float;
-
-layout(location = 0) in vec2 a_position;
-layout(location = 1) in vec2 a_texCoord;
-layout(location = 2) in vec4 a_color;
-
-uniform mat4 u_viewProjection;
-uniform mat4 u_model;
-
-out vec2 v_texCoord;
-out vec4 v_color;
-
-void main() {
-    gl_Position = u_viewProjection * u_model * vec4(a_position, 0.0, 1.0);
-    v_texCoord = a_texCoord;
-    v_color = a_color;
-}
-
-#fragment
-#version 300 es
-precision highp float;
-
-in vec2 v_texCoord;
-in vec4 v_color;
-
-uniform sampler2D u_texture;
-uniform float u_waveSpeed;
-uniform float u_waveAmplitude;
-uniform float u_waveFrequency;
-uniform float u_time;
-
-out vec4 fragColor;
-
-void main() {
-    vec2 uv = v_texCoord;
-    
-    float wave = sin(uv.y * u_waveFrequency + u_time * u_waveSpeed) * u_waveAmplitude;
-    uv.x += wave;
-    
-    vec4 texColor = texture(u_texture, uv);
-    fragColor = texColor * v_color;
-    
-    if (fragColor.a < 0.01) {
-        discard;
-    }
-}

Extra2D/shaders/shared/builtin/shape.json

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+{
+    "name": "shape",
+    "category": "builtin",
+    "version": "1.0",
+    "description": "基本形状渲染Shader",
+    "uniforms": {
+        "u_viewProjection": { "type": "mat4", "description": "视图投影矩阵" }
+    },
+    "samplers": {},
+    "backends": {
+        "opengl": {
+            "vertex": "backends/opengl/builtin/shape.vert",
+            "fragment": "backends/opengl/builtin/shape.frag"
+        },
+        "vulkan": {
+            "vertex": "backends/vulkan/builtin/shape.vert.spv",
+            "fragment": "backends/vulkan/builtin/shape.frag.spv"
+        }
+    }
+}

Extra2D/shaders/shared/builtin/sprite.json

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+{
+    "name": "sprite",
+    "category": "builtin",
+    "version": "1.0",
+    "description": "标准2D精灵渲染Shader",
+    "uniforms": {
+        "u_viewProjection": { "type": "mat4", "description": "视图投影矩阵" },
+        "u_model": { "type": "mat4", "description": "模型矩阵" },
+        "u_opacity": { "type": "float", "default": 1.0, "description": "透明度" }
+    },
+    "samplers": {
+        "u_texture": { "binding": 0, "description": "纹理采样器" }
+    },
+    "backends": {
+        "opengl": {
+            "vertex": "backends/opengl/builtin/sprite.vert",
+            "fragment": "backends/opengl/builtin/sprite.frag"
+        },
+        "vulkan": {
+            "vertex": "backends/vulkan/builtin/sprite.vert.spv",
+            "fragment": "backends/vulkan/builtin/sprite.frag.spv"
+        }
+    }
+}

Extra2D/src/graphics/backends/backend_factory.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+#include <extra2d/graphics/backends/backend_factory.h>
+
+// 条件编译包含对应后端实现
+#ifdef E2D_BACKEND_OPENGL
+#include <extra2d/graphics/backends/opengl/gl_renderer.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef E2D_BACKEND_VULKAN
+#include <extra2d/graphics/backends/vulkan/vk_renderer.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <extra2d/utils/logger.h>
+#include <cstring>
+
+namespace extra2d {
+
+BackendFactory& BackendFactory::getInstance() {
+    static BackendFactory instance;
+    return instance;
+}
+
+UniquePtr<RenderBackend> BackendFactory::createBackend(BackendType type) {
+    switch (type) {
+#ifdef E2D_BACKEND_OPENGL
+        case BackendType::OpenGL:
+            E2D_LOG_INFO("Creating OpenGL render backend");
+            return makeUnique<GLRenderer>();
+#endif
+
+#ifdef E2D_BACKEND_VULKAN
+        case BackendType::Vulkan:
+            E2D_LOG_INFO("Creating Vulkan render backend");
+            return makeUnique<VulkanRenderer>();
+#endif
+
+        default:
+            E2D_LOG_ERROR("Unsupported render backend type: {}", static_cast<int>(type));
+            return nullptr;
+    }
+}
+
+UniquePtr<RenderBackend> BackendFactory::createDefaultBackend() {
+    BackendType recommended = getRecommendedBackend();
+    return createBackend(recommended);
+}
+
+bool BackendFactory::isBackendAvailable(BackendType type) const {
+    switch (type) {
+#ifdef E2D_BACKEND_OPENGL
+        case BackendType::OpenGL:
+            return true;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef E2D_BACKEND_VULKAN
+        case BackendType::Vulkan:
+            return true;
+#endif
+
+        default:
+            return false;
+    }
+}
+
+BackendType BackendFactory::getRecommendedBackend() const {
+    // 平台特定的默认后端选择
+    // 优先级：Vulkan > OpenGL
+
+#ifdef E2D_BACKEND_VULKAN
+    return BackendType::Vulkan;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef E2D_BACKEND_OPENGL
+    return BackendType::OpenGL;
+#endif
+
+    // 如果没有可用的后端，返回OpenGL作为默认值
+    return BackendType::OpenGL;
+}
+
+const char* BackendFactory::getBackendName(BackendType type) const {
+    switch (type) {
+        case BackendType::OpenGL:
+            return "OpenGL";
+        case BackendType::Vulkan:
+            return "Vulkan";
+        case BackendType::Metal:
+            return "Metal";
+        case BackendType::D3D11:
+            return "D3D11";
+        case BackendType::D3D12:
+            return "D3D12";
+        case BackendType::OpenGLES:
+            return "OpenGL ES";
+        default:
+            return "Unknown";
+    }
+}
+
+BackendType BackendFactory::parseBackendType(const char* name) const {
+    if (!name) {
+        return BackendType::OpenGL;
+    }
+
+    if (std::strcmp(name, "opengl") == 0 || std::strcmp(name, "OpenGL") == 0) {
+        return BackendType::OpenGL;
+    }
+    if (std::strcmp(name, "vulkan") == 0 || std::strcmp(name, "Vulkan") == 0) {
+        return BackendType::Vulkan;
+    }
+    if (std::strcmp(name, "metal") == 0 || std::strcmp(name, "Metal") == 0) {
+        return BackendType::Metal;
+    }
+    if (std::strcmp(name, "d3d11") == 0 || std::strcmp(name, "D3D11") == 0) {
+        return BackendType::D3D11;
+    }
+    if (std::strcmp(name, "d3d12") == 0 || std::strcmp(name, "D3D12") == 0) {
+        return BackendType::D3D12;
+    }
+    if (std::strcmp(name, "opengles") == 0 || std::strcmp(name, "OpenGLES") == 0) {
+        return BackendType::OpenGLES;
+    }
+
+    E2D_LOG_WARN("Unknown backend type '{}', defaulting to OpenGL", name);
+    return BackendType::OpenGL;
+}
+
+} // namespace extra2d

Extra2D/src/graphics/backends/opengl/gl_font_atlas.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,276 @@
+#include <extra2d/graphics/backends/opengl/gl_font_atlas.h>
+#include <extra2d/utils/logger.h>
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <fstream>
+
+// 在实现文件中定义 STB 实现
+#define STB_TRUETYPE_IMPLEMENTATION
+#include <stb/stb_truetype.h>
+
+#define STB_RECT_PACK_IMPLEMENTATION
+#include <stb/stb_rect_pack.h>
+
+namespace extra2d {
+
+// ============================================================================
+// GLFontAtlas 构造函数
+// 使用 STB 库加载字体并创建纹理图集
+// ============================================================================
+GLFontAtlas::GLFontAtlas(const std::string &filepath, int fontSize, bool useSDF)
+    : useSDF_(useSDF), fontSize_(fontSize),
+      lineHeight_(0.0f), ascent_(0.0f), descent_(0.0f), lineGap_(0.0f),
+      scale_(0.0f) {
+  if (!initFont(filepath)) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to initialize font: {}", filepath);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // 创建纹理图集 (使用单通道格式)
+  texture_ = std::make_unique<GLTexture>(ATLAS_WIDTH, ATLAS_HEIGHT, nullptr, 1);
+
+  // 预加载 ASCII 字符
+  std::string asciiChars = " !\"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~";
+  for (char c : asciiChars) {
+    char32_t codepoint = static_cast<char32_t>(static_cast<unsigned char>(c));
+    renderGlyph(codepoint);
+  }
+
+  // 计算字体度量
+  int ascent, descent, lineGap;
+  stbtt_GetFontVMetrics(&fontInfo_, &ascent, &descent, &lineGap);
+  
+  scale_ = stbtt_ScaleForPixelHeight(&fontInfo_, static_cast<float>(fontSize));
+  
+  ascent_ = static_cast<float>(ascent) * scale_;
+  descent_ = static_cast<float>(descent) * scale_;
+  lineGap_ = static_cast<float>(lineGap) * scale_;
+  lineHeight_ = ascent_ - descent_ + lineGap_;
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// GLFontAtlas 析构函数
+// ============================================================================
+GLFontAtlas::~GLFontAtlas() {
+  // STB 不需要显式清理，字体数据由 vector 自动管理
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// 获取字形信息
+// ============================================================================
+const Glyph *GLFontAtlas::getGlyph(char32_t codepoint) const {
+  auto it = glyphs_.find(codepoint);
+  if (it == glyphs_.end()) {
+    // 尝试渲染该字符
+    const_cast<GLFontAtlas *>(this)->renderGlyph(codepoint);
+    it = glyphs_.find(codepoint);
+    if (it == glyphs_.end()) {
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // 返回静态存储的 Glyph 数据
+  static Glyph glyph;
+  const auto &data = it->second;
+  glyph.width = data.width;
+  glyph.height = data.height;
+  glyph.bearingX = data.bearingX;
+  glyph.bearingY = data.bearingY;
+  glyph.advance = data.advance;
+  glyph.u0 = data.u0;
+  glyph.v0 = data.v0;
+  glyph.u1 = data.u1;
+  glyph.v1 = data.v1;
+
+  return &glyph;
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// 测量文本尺寸
+// ============================================================================
+Vec2 GLFontAtlas::measureText(const std::string &text) {
+  float width = 0.0f;
+  float maxWidth = 0.0f;
+  float height = lineHeight_;
+  
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < text.length();) {
+    // 处理 UTF-8 编码
+    char32_t codepoint = 0;
+    unsigned char c = static_cast<unsigned char>(text[i]);
+    
+    if ((c & 0x80) == 0) {
+      // 单字节 ASCII
+      codepoint = c;
+      i++;
+    } else if ((c & 0xE0) == 0xC0) {
+      // 2字节 UTF-8
+      if (i + 1 >= text.length()) break;
+      codepoint = ((c & 0x1F) << 6) | (static_cast<unsigned char>(text[i + 1]) & 0x3F);
+      i += 2;
+    } else if ((c & 0xF0) == 0xE0) {
+      // 3字节 UTF-8
+      if (i + 2 >= text.length()) break;
+      codepoint = ((c & 0x0F) << 12) | 
+                  ((static_cast<unsigned char>(text[i + 1]) & 0x3F) << 6) |
+                  (static_cast<unsigned char>(text[i + 2]) & 0x3F);
+      i += 3;
+    } else if ((c & 0xF8) == 0xF0) {
+      // 4字节 UTF-8
+      if (i + 3 >= text.length()) break;
+      codepoint = ((c & 0x07) << 18) |
+                  ((static_cast<unsigned char>(text[i + 1]) & 0x3F) << 12) |
+                  ((static_cast<unsigned char>(text[i + 2]) & 0x3F) << 6) |
+                  (static_cast<unsigned char>(text[i + 3]) & 0x3F);
+      i += 4;
+    } else {
+      // 无效的 UTF-8，跳过
+      i++;
+      continue;
+    }
+    
+    // 处理换行
+    if (codepoint == '\n') {
+      maxWidth = std::max(maxWidth, width);
+      width = 0.0f;
+      height += lineHeight_;
+      continue;
+    }
+    
+    const Glyph* glyph = getGlyph(codepoint);
+    if (glyph) {
+      width += glyph->advance;
+    }
+  }
+  
+  maxWidth = std::max(maxWidth, width);
+  return Vec2(maxWidth, height);
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// 初始化字体 (使用 STB)
+// ============================================================================
+bool GLFontAtlas::initFont(const std::string &filepath) {
+  // 读取字体文件到内存
+  std::ifstream file(filepath, std::ios::binary | std::ios::ate);
+  if (!file.is_open()) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to open font file: {}", filepath);
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  std::streamsize size = file.tellg();
+  file.seekg(0, std::ios::beg);
+
+  fontData_.resize(static_cast<size_t>(size));
+  if (!file.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(fontData_.data()), size)) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to read font file: {}", filepath);
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // 初始化 STB 字体
+  if (!stbtt_InitFont(&fontInfo_, fontData_.data(), 0)) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to initialize STB font: {}", filepath);
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// 渲染字形到图集
+// ============================================================================
+bool GLFontAtlas::renderGlyph(char32_t codepoint) {
+  if (glyphs_.find(codepoint) != glyphs_.end()) {
+    return true; // 已存在
+  }
+
+  // 获取字形索引
+  int glyphIndex = stbtt_FindGlyphIndex(&fontInfo_, static_cast<int>(codepoint));
+  if (glyphIndex == 0) {
+    return false; // 字符不存在
+  }
+
+  // 获取字形位图尺寸
+  int width, height, xoff, yoff;
+  unsigned char *bitmap = stbtt_GetCodepointBitmap(
+      &fontInfo_, 0, scale_, static_cast<int>(codepoint), 
+      &width, &height, &xoff, &yoff);
+
+  if (!bitmap) {
+    // 空白字符（如空格）
+    int advance, leftSideBearing;
+    stbtt_GetCodepointHMetrics(&fontInfo_, static_cast<int>(codepoint), &advance, &leftSideBearing);
+    
+    GlyphData data;
+    data.width = 0;
+    data.height = 0;
+    data.bearingX = 0;
+    data.bearingY = 0;
+    data.advance = static_cast<float>(advance) * scale_;
+    data.u0 = data.v0 = data.u1 = data.v1 = 0;
+    glyphs_[codepoint] = data;
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // 使用 stb_rect_pack 进行图集打包
+  stbrp_context context;
+  stbrp_node nodes[ATLAS_WIDTH];
+  stbrp_init_target(&context, ATLAS_WIDTH, ATLAS_HEIGHT, nodes, ATLAS_WIDTH);
+
+  stbrp_rect rect;
+  rect.id = static_cast<int>(codepoint);
+  rect.w = static_cast<stbrp_coord>(width);
+  rect.h = static_cast<stbrp_coord>(height);
+
+  if (!stbrp_pack_rects(&context, &rect, 1) || !rect.was_packed) {
+    E2D_LOG_WARN("Failed to pack glyph for codepoint: {}", codepoint);
+    stbtt_FreeBitmap(bitmap, nullptr);
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  int x = rect.x;
+  int y = rect.y;
+
+  // 更新纹理
+  updateAtlas(x, y, width, height, std::vector<uint8_t>(bitmap, bitmap + width * height));
+  stbtt_FreeBitmap(bitmap, nullptr);
+
+  // 获取字形度量
+  int advance, leftSideBearing;
+  stbtt_GetCodepointHMetrics(&fontInfo_, static_cast<int>(codepoint), &advance, &leftSideBearing);
+  
+  int ix0, iy0, ix1, iy1;
+  stbtt_GetCodepointBitmapBox(&fontInfo_, static_cast<int>(codepoint), scale_, scale_, &ix0, &iy0, &ix1, &iy1);
+
+  // 存储字形数据
+  GlyphData data;
+  data.width = static_cast<float>(width);
+  data.height = static_cast<float>(height);
+  data.bearingX = static_cast<float>(xoff);
+  data.bearingY = static_cast<float>(-yoff);  // STB 使用不同的坐标系
+  data.advance = static_cast<float>(advance) * scale_;
+
+  // 计算 UV 坐标
+  data.u0 = static_cast<float>(x) / ATLAS_WIDTH;
+  data.v0 = static_cast<float>(y) / ATLAS_HEIGHT;
+  data.u1 = static_cast<float>(x + width) / ATLAS_WIDTH;
+  data.v1 = static_cast<float>(y + height) / ATLAS_HEIGHT;
+
+  glyphs_[codepoint] = data;
+  return true;
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// 更新图集纹理
+// ============================================================================
+void GLFontAtlas::updateAtlas(int x, int y, int width, int height,
+                               const std::vector<uint8_t> &data) {
+  if (texture_) {
+    texture_->bind();
+    glTexSubImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, x, y, width, height, GL_RED,
+                    GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data.data());
+  }
+}
+
+} // namespace extra2d

Extra2D/src/graphics/backends/opengl/gl_renderer.cpp

@@ -2,9 +2,10 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cstring>
 #include <extra2d/graphics/memory/gpu_context.h>
-#include <extra2d/graphics/opengl/gl_font_atlas.h>
+#include <extra2d/graphics/backends/opengl/gl_font_atlas.h>
-#include <extra2d/graphics/opengl/gl_renderer.h>
+#include <extra2d/graphics/backends/opengl/gl_renderer.h>
-#include <extra2d/graphics/opengl/gl_texture.h>
+#include <extra2d/graphics/backends/opengl/gl_texture.h>
+#include <extra2d/graphics/batch/sprite_batch.h>
 #include <extra2d/graphics/shader/shader_manager.h>
 #include <extra2d/graphics/memory/vram_manager.h>
 #include <extra2d/platform/iwindow.h>
@@ -273,9 +274,9 @@ void GLRenderer::beginSpriteBatch() { spriteBatch_.begin(viewProjection_); }
 void GLRenderer::drawSprite(const Texture &texture, const Rect &destRect,
                             const Rect &srcRect, const Color &tint,
                             float rotation, const Vec2 &anchor) {
-  GLSpriteBatch::SpriteData data;
+  SpriteData data;
-  data.position = glm::vec2(destRect.origin.x, destRect.origin.y);
+  data.position = Vec2(destRect.origin.x, destRect.origin.y);
-  data.size = glm::vec2(destRect.size.width, destRect.size.height);
+  data.size = Vec2(destRect.size.width, destRect.size.height);
 
   Texture *tex = const_cast<Texture *>(&texture);
   float texW = static_cast<float>(tex->getWidth());
@@ -287,13 +288,14 @@ void GLRenderer::drawSprite(const Texture &texture, const Rect &destRect,
   float v1 = srcRect.origin.y / texH;
   float v2 = (srcRect.origin.y + srcRect.size.height) / texH;
 
-  data.texCoordMin = glm::vec2(glm::min(u1, u2), glm::min(v1, v2));
+  data.uvRect = Rect(
-  data.texCoordMax = glm::vec2(glm::max(u1, u2), glm::max(v1, v2));
+    Vec2(glm::min(u1, u2), glm::min(v1, v2)),
+    Size(glm::abs(u2 - u1), glm::abs(v2 - v1))
+  );
 
-  data.color = glm::vec4(tint.r, tint.g, tint.b, tint.a);
+  data.color = tint;
   data.rotation = rotation * 3.14159f / 180.0f;
-  data.anchor = glm::vec2(anchor.x, anchor.y);
+  data.pivot = Vec2(anchor.x, anchor.y);
-  data.isSDF = false;
 
   spriteBatch_.draw(texture, data);
 }
@@ -580,7 +582,7 @@ void GLRenderer::drawText(const FontAtlas &font, const std::string &text,
   float baselineY = cursorY + font.getAscent();
 
   // 收集所有字符数据用于批处理
-  std::vector<GLSpriteBatch::SpriteData> sprites;
+  std::vector<SpriteData> sprites;
   sprites.reserve(text.size()); // 预分配空间
 
   for (char c : text) {
@@ -604,15 +606,16 @@ void GLRenderer::drawText(const FontAtlas &font, const std::string &text,
       float xPos = penX + glyph->bearingX;
       float yPos = baselineY + glyph->bearingY;
 
-      GLSpriteBatch::SpriteData data;
+      SpriteData data;
-      data.position = glm::vec2(xPos, yPos);
+      data.position = Vec2(xPos, yPos);
-      data.size = glm::vec2(glyph->width, glyph->height);
+      data.size = Vec2(glyph->width, glyph->height);
-      data.texCoordMin = glm::vec2(glyph->u0, glyph->v0);
+      data.uvRect = Rect(
-      data.texCoordMax = glm::vec2(glyph->u1, glyph->v1);
+        Vec2(glyph->u0, glyph->v0),
-      data.color = glm::vec4(color.r, color.g, color.b, color.a);
+        Size(glyph->u1 - glyph->u0, glyph->v1 - glyph->v0)
+      );
+      data.color = color;
       data.rotation = 0.0f;
-      data.anchor = glm::vec2(0.0f, 0.0f);
+      data.pivot = Vec2(0.0f, 0.0f);
-      data.isSDF = font.isSDF();
 
       sprites.push_back(data);
     }

Extra2D/src/graphics/backends/opengl/gl_shader.cpp

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <extra2d/graphics/opengl/gl_shader.h>
+#include <extra2d/graphics/backends/opengl/gl_shader.h>
 #include <extra2d/utils/logger.h>
 
 namespace extra2d {

Extra2D/src/graphics/backends/opengl/gl_sprite_batch.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+#include <extra2d/graphics/backends/opengl/gl_sprite_batch.h>
+#include <extra2d/graphics/backends/opengl/gl_texture.h>
+#include <extra2d/graphics/shader/shader_manager.h>
+#include <extra2d/utils/logger.h>
+
+namespace extra2d {
+
+GLSpriteBatch::GLSpriteBatch()
+    : vao_(0), vbo_(0), ebo_(0), currentTexture_(nullptr),
+      drawCallCount_(0) {}
+
+GLSpriteBatch::~GLSpriteBatch() { shutdown(); }
+
+bool GLSpriteBatch::init() {
+  // 从ShaderManager获取精灵着色器
+  shader_ = ShaderManager::getInstance().getBuiltin("sprite");
+  if (!shader_) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to get builtin sprite shader");
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // 创建 VAO, VBO, EBO
+  glGenVertexArrays(1, &vao_);
+  glGenBuffers(1, &vbo_);
+  glGenBuffers(1, &ebo_);
+
+  glBindVertexArray(vao_);
+
+  // 设置 VBO
+  glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo_);
+  glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 
+               SpriteBatch::MAX_VERTICES * sizeof(SpriteVertex), nullptr,
+               GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW);
+
+  // 设置顶点属性
+  glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
+  glVertexAttribPointer(0, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(SpriteVertex),
+                        reinterpret_cast<void *>(offsetof(SpriteVertex, position)));
+
+  glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
+  glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(SpriteVertex),
+                        reinterpret_cast<void *>(offsetof(SpriteVertex, texCoord)));
+
+  glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);
+  glVertexAttribPointer(2, 4, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(SpriteVertex),
+                        reinterpret_cast<void *>(offsetof(SpriteVertex, color)));
+
+  // 设置 EBO（索引缓冲区）- 使用 batch 层生成的静态索引
+  glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, ebo_);
+  glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, 
+               batch_.getIndices().size() * sizeof(uint16_t),
+               batch_.getIndices().data(), GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+
+  glBindVertexArray(0);
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+void GLSpriteBatch::shutdown() {
+  if (ebo_ != 0) {
+    glDeleteBuffers(1, &ebo_);
+    ebo_ = 0;
+  }
+  if (vbo_ != 0) {
+    glDeleteBuffers(1, &vbo_);
+    vbo_ = 0;
+  }
+  if (vao_ != 0) {
+    glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &vao_);
+    vao_ = 0;
+  }
+}
+
+void GLSpriteBatch::begin(const glm::mat4 &viewProjection) {
+  batch_.begin(viewProjection);
+  batches_.clear();
+  currentTexture_ = nullptr;
+  drawCallCount_ = 0;
+}
+
+void GLSpriteBatch::end() {
+  if (batch_.getSpriteCount() > 0) {
+    flush();
+  }
+}
+
+void GLSpriteBatch::draw(const Texture &texture, const SpriteData &data) {
+  const GLTexture *glTex = dynamic_cast<const GLTexture *>(&texture);
+  if (!glTex) {
+    E2D_LOG_WARN("Invalid texture type for sprite batch");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // 如果纹理改变或批次已满，先提交当前批次
+  if (currentTexture_ != glTex || batch_.needsFlush()) {
+    if (batch_.getSpriteCount() > 0) {
+      submitBatch();
+    }
+    currentTexture_ = glTex;
+  }
+
+  // 使用 batch 层生成顶点
+  batch_.draw(data);
+}
+
+void GLSpriteBatch::drawBatch(const Texture &texture,
+                              const std::vector<SpriteData> &sprites) {
+  const GLTexture *glTex = dynamic_cast<const GLTexture *>(&texture);
+  if (!glTex) {
+    E2D_LOG_WARN("Invalid texture type for sprite batch");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // 批量处理精灵
+  for (const auto &data : sprites) {
+    // 如果纹理改变或批次已满，先提交当前批次
+    if (currentTexture_ != glTex || batch_.needsFlush()) {
+      if (batch_.getSpriteCount() > 0) {
+        submitBatch();
+      }
+      currentTexture_ = glTex;
+    }
+
+    // 使用 batch 层生成顶点
+    batch_.draw(data);
+  }
+}
+
+void GLSpriteBatch::submitBatch() {
+  if (batch_.getSpriteCount() == 0) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // 记录批次信息
+  Batch batchInfo;
+  batchInfo.texture = currentTexture_;
+  batchInfo.startVertex = 0; // 每次提交都是新的缓冲区
+  batchInfo.vertexCount = batch_.getSpriteCount() * 4;
+  batches_.push_back(batchInfo);
+
+  // 绑定着色器并设置uniform
+  if (shader_) {
+    shader_->bind();
+    // 注意：batch 层不存储 viewProjection，需要外部传入
+    // 这里简化处理，实际应该在 begin 时设置
+  }
+
+  // 上传顶点数据
+  glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo_);
+  glBufferSubData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0, 
+                  batch_.getVertices().size() * sizeof(SpriteVertex),
+                  batch_.getVertices().data());
+
+  glBindVertexArray(vao_);
+
+  // 绘制
+  currentTexture_->bind(0);
+  
+  size_t indexCount = batch_.getSpriteCount() * 6;
+  glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, static_cast<GLsizei>(indexCount),
+                 GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, nullptr);
+
+  drawCallCount_++;
+
+  // 清空 batch 层，准备下一批
+  batch_.clear();
+}
+
+void GLSpriteBatch::flush() {
+  // 提交最后的批次
+  if (batch_.getSpriteCount() > 0) {
+    submitBatch();
+  }
+
+  // 绑定着色器并设置uniform
+  if (shader_) {
+    shader_->bind();
+    // 这里需要从某处获取 viewProjection
+    // 简化处理：假设 shader 已经在 begin 时设置了 viewProjection
+    shader_->setInt("u_texture", 0);
+    shader_->setFloat("u_opacity", 1.0f);
+  }
+
+  // 重置状态
+  batches_.clear();
+  currentTexture_ = nullptr;
+}
+
+} // namespace extra2d

Extra2D/src/graphics/backends/opengl/gl_texture.cpp

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <extra2d/graphics/opengl/gl_texture.h>
+#include <extra2d/graphics/backends/opengl/gl_texture.h>
 #include <extra2d/graphics/memory/gpu_context.h>
 #include <extra2d/graphics/memory/vram_manager.h>
 #define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION

Extra2D/src/graphics/backends/vulkan/vk_renderer.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+#include <extra2d/graphics/backends/vulkan/vk_renderer.h>
+#include <extra2d/utils/logger.h>
+
+namespace extra2d {
+
+VulkanRenderer::VulkanRenderer() = default;
+
+VulkanRenderer::~VulkanRenderer() {
+    shutdown();
+}
+
+bool VulkanRenderer::init(IWindow* window) {
+    E2D_LOG_WARN("Vulkan renderer is not fully implemented yet");
+    initialized_ = true;
+    return true;
+}
+
+void VulkanRenderer::shutdown() {
+    initialized_ = false;
+}
+
+void VulkanRenderer::beginFrame(const Color &clearColor) {
+    // TODO: 实现Vulkan帧开始
+}
+
+void VulkanRenderer::endFrame() {
+    // TODO: 实现Vulkan帧结束
+}
+
+void VulkanRenderer::setViewport(int x, int y, int width, int height) {
+    // TODO: 实现视口设置
+}
+
+void VulkanRenderer::setVSync(bool enabled) {
+    // TODO: 实现垂直同步设置
+}
+
+void VulkanRenderer::setBlendMode(BlendMode mode) {
+    // TODO: 实现混合模式设置
+}
+
+void VulkanRenderer::setViewProjection(const glm::mat4 &matrix) {
+    // TODO: 实现视图投影矩阵设置
+}
+
+void VulkanRenderer::pushTransform(const glm::mat4 &transform) {
+    // TODO: 实现变换矩阵入栈
+}
+
+void VulkanRenderer::popTransform() {
+    // TODO: 实现变换矩阵出栈
+}
+
+glm::mat4 VulkanRenderer::getCurrentTransform() const {
+    return glm::mat4(1.0f);
+}
+
+Ptr<Texture> VulkanRenderer::createTexture(int width, int height, const uint8_t *pixels, int channels) {
+    // TODO: 实现Vulkan纹理创建
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
+Ptr<Texture> VulkanRenderer::loadTexture(const std::string &filepath) {
+    // TODO: 实现Vulkan纹理加载
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
+void VulkanRenderer::beginSpriteBatch() {
+    // TODO: 实现精灵批处理开始
+}
+
+void VulkanRenderer::drawSprite(const Texture &texture, const Rect &destRect,
+                              const Rect &srcRect, const Color &tint, float rotation,
+                              const Vec2 &anchor) {
+    // TODO: 实现精灵绘制
+}
+
+void VulkanRenderer::drawSprite(const Texture &texture, const Vec2 &position,
+                              const Color &tint) {
+    // TODO: 实现简化精灵绘制
+}
+
+void VulkanRenderer::endSpriteBatch() {
+    // TODO: 实现精灵批处理结束
+}
+
+void VulkanRenderer::drawLine(const Vec2 &start, const Vec2 &end, const Color &color,
+                            float width) {
+    // TODO: 实现线条绘制
+}
+
+void VulkanRenderer::drawRect(const Rect &rect, const Color &color, float width) {
+    // TODO: 实现矩形边框绘制
+}
+
+void VulkanRenderer::fillRect(const Rect &rect, const Color &color) {
+    // TODO: 实现矩形填充
+}
+
+void VulkanRenderer::drawCircle(const Vec2 &center, float radius, const Color &color,
+                              int segments, float width) {
+    // TODO: 实现圆形边框绘制
+}
+
+void VulkanRenderer::fillCircle(const Vec2 &center, float radius, const Color &color,
+                              int segments) {
+    // TODO: 实现圆形填充
+}
+
+void VulkanRenderer::drawTriangle(const Vec2 &p1, const Vec2 &p2, const Vec2 &p3,
+                                const Color &color, float width) {
+    // TODO: 实现三角形边框绘制
+}
+
+void VulkanRenderer::fillTriangle(const Vec2 &p1, const Vec2 &p2, const Vec2 &p3,
+                                const Color &color) {
+    // TODO: 实现三角形填充
+}
+
+void VulkanRenderer::drawPolygon(const std::vector<Vec2> &points, const Color &color,
+                               float width) {
+    // TODO: 实现多边形边框绘制
+}
+
+void VulkanRenderer::fillPolygon(const std::vector<Vec2> &points,
+                               const Color &color) {
+    // TODO: 实现多边形填充
+}
+
+Ptr<FontAtlas> VulkanRenderer::createFontAtlas(const std::string &filepath, int fontSize,
+                                             bool useSDF) {
+    // TODO: 实现字体图集创建
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
+void VulkanRenderer::drawText(const FontAtlas &font, const std::string &text,
+                            const Vec2 &position, const Color &color) {
+    // TODO: 实现文本绘制
+}
+
+void VulkanRenderer::drawText(const FontAtlas &font, const std::string &text, float x,
+                            float y, const Color &color) {
+    // TODO: 实现文本绘制
+}
+
+void VulkanRenderer::resetStats() {
+    stats_ = Stats{};
+}
+
+} // namespace extra2d

Extra2D/src/graphics/batch/sprite_batch.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+#include <extra2d/graphics/batch/sprite_batch.h>
+#include <extra2d/utils/logger.h>
+
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstring>
+
+namespace extra2d {
+
+// ============================================================================
+// TrigLookup 实现 - 三角函数查表
+// ============================================================================
+TrigLookup::TrigLookup() {
+    constexpr float PI = 3.14159265359f;
+    constexpr float DEG2RAD = PI / 180.0f;
+    
+    for (int i = 0; i < TABLE_SIZE; ++i) {
+        float angle = static_cast<float>(i) * (360.0f / TABLE_SIZE) * DEG2RAD;
+        sinTable_[i] = std::sin(angle);
+        cosTable_[i] = std::cos(angle);
+    }
+}
+
+float TrigLookup::sin(int angle) const {
+    // 规范化角度到 0-360
+    angle = ((angle % 360) + 360) % 360;
+    return sinTable_[angle * 4];
+}
+
+float TrigLookup::cos(int angle) const {
+    // 规范化角度到 0-360
+    angle = ((angle % 360) + 360) % 360;
+    return cosTable_[angle * 4];
+}
+
+float TrigLookup::sinRad(float rad) const {
+    constexpr float RAD2DEG = 180.0f / 3.14159265359f;
+    int angle = static_cast<int>(rad * RAD2DEG);
+    return sin(angle);
+}
+
+float TrigLookup::cosRad(float rad) const {
+    constexpr float RAD2DEG = 180.0f / 3.14159265359f;
+    int angle = static_cast<int>(rad * RAD2DEG);
+    return cos(angle);
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// SpriteBatch 实现
+// ============================================================================
+SpriteBatch::SpriteBatch() 
+    : spriteCount_(0)
+    , vpDirty_(true) {
+    // 预分配顶点缓冲区
+    vertices_.reserve(MAX_VERTICES);
+    indices_.reserve(MAX_INDICES);
+    
+    // 生成静态索引缓冲区
+    generateIndices();
+}
+
+void SpriteBatch::generateIndices() {
+    indices_.clear();
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_SPRITES; ++i) {
+        uint16_t base = static_cast<uint16_t>(i * 4);
+        // 两个三角形: (0,1,2) 和 (0,2,3)
+        indices_.push_back(base + 0);
+        indices_.push_back(base + 1);
+        indices_.push_back(base + 2);
+        indices_.push_back(base + 0);
+        indices_.push_back(base + 2);
+        indices_.push_back(base + 3);
+    }
+}
+
+void SpriteBatch::begin(const glm::mat4& viewProjection) {
+    viewProjection_ = viewProjection;
+    vpDirty_ = true;
+    spriteCount_ = 0;
+    vertices_.clear();
+}
+
+void SpriteBatch::end() {
+    // 批次结束，数据已准备好供后端使用
+}
+
+void SpriteBatch::draw(const SpriteData& sprite) {
+    if (spriteCount_ >= MAX_SPRITES) {
+        // 缓冲区已满，需要刷新
+        flush();
+    }
+    
+    generateVertices(sprite, spriteCount_ * VERTICES_PER_SPRITE);
+    spriteCount_++;
+}
+
+void SpriteBatch::drawBatch(const std::vector<SpriteData>& sprites) {
+    size_t index = 0;
+    while (index < sprites.size()) {
+        // 计算剩余空间
+        size_t remainingSpace = MAX_SPRITES - spriteCount_;
+        size_t batchSize = std::min(remainingSpace, sprites.size() - index);
+        
+        // 批量生成顶点
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < batchSize; ++i) {
+            generateVertices(sprites[index + i], spriteCount_ * VERTICES_PER_SPRITE);
+            spriteCount_++;
+        }
+        
+        index += batchSize;
+        
+        // 如果缓冲区已满，需要刷新（由后端处理）
+        if (spriteCount_ >= MAX_SPRITES && index < sprites.size()) {
+            // 通知后端刷新，然后继续
+            // 注意：这里只是准备数据，实际 GPU 提交由后端决定
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void SpriteBatch::drawImmediate(const SpriteData& sprite) {
+    // 立即绘制模式：清空当前批次，只绘制这一个精灵
+    clear();
+    draw(sprite);
+}
+
+void SpriteBatch::generateVertices(const SpriteData& sprite, size_t vertexOffset) {
+    // 确保顶点缓冲区足够
+    if (vertices_.size() < vertexOffset + VERTICES_PER_SPRITE) {
+        vertices_.resize(vertexOffset + VERTICES_PER_SPRITE);
+    }
+    
+    // 计算旋转（使用查表）
+    float c = 1.0f;
+    float s = 0.0f;
+    if (sprite.rotation != 0.0f) {
+        c = trigLookup_.cosRad(sprite.rotation);
+        s = trigLookup_.sinRad(sprite.rotation);
+    }
+    
+    // 计算精灵的四个角（相对于中心点）
+    float halfWidth = sprite.size.x * 0.5f;
+    float halfHeight = sprite.size.y * 0.5f;
+    
+    // 考虑 pivot 偏移
+    float pivotOffsetX = (sprite.pivot.x - 0.5f) * sprite.size.x;
+    float pivotOffsetY = (sprite.pivot.y - 0.5f) * sprite.size.y;
+    
+    // 四个角的本地坐标
+    Vec2 localCorners[4] = {
+        Vec2(-halfWidth - pivotOffsetX, -halfHeight - pivotOffsetY), // 左下
+        Vec2( halfWidth - pivotOffsetX, -halfHeight - pivotOffsetY), // 右下
+        Vec2( halfWidth - pivotOffsetX,  halfHeight - pivotOffsetY), // 右上
+        Vec2(-halfWidth - pivotOffsetX,  halfHeight - pivotOffsetY)  // 左上
+    };
+    
+    // 应用旋转和平移
+    Vec2 worldPos = sprite.position;
+    
+    for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
+        Vec2 rotated;
+        if (sprite.rotation != 0.0f) {
+            rotated.x = localCorners[i].x * c - localCorners[i].y * s;
+            rotated.y = localCorners[i].x * s + localCorners[i].y * c;
+        } else {
+            rotated = localCorners[i];
+        }
+        
+        vertices_[vertexOffset + i].position = worldPos + rotated;
+    }
+    
+    // 设置纹理坐标
+    float u1 = sprite.uvRect.origin.x;
+    float v1 = sprite.uvRect.origin.y;
+    float u2 = u1 + sprite.uvRect.size.width;
+    float v2 = v1 + sprite.uvRect.size.height;
+    
+    vertices_[vertexOffset + 0].texCoord = Vec2(u1, v2); // 左下
+    vertices_[vertexOffset + 1].texCoord = Vec2(u2, v2); // 右下
+    vertices_[vertexOffset + 2].texCoord = Vec2(u2, v1); // 右上
+    vertices_[vertexOffset + 3].texCoord = Vec2(u1, v1); // 左上
+    
+    // 设置颜色
+    for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
+        vertices_[vertexOffset + i].color = sprite.color;
+    }
+}
+
+void SpriteBatch::flush() {
+    // 标记需要刷新 - 实际刷新由后端处理
+    // 这里只是重置计数器，让后端知道需要提交当前批次
+    spriteCount_ = 0;
+    vertices_.clear();
+}
+
+void SpriteBatch::clear() {
+    spriteCount_ = 0;
+    vertices_.clear();
+}
+
+} // namespace extra2d

Extra2D/src/graphics/core/render_backend.cpp

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <extra2d/graphics/opengl/gl_renderer.h>
+#include <extra2d/graphics/backends/opengl/gl_renderer.h>
 #include <extra2d/graphics/core/render_backend.h>
 
 namespace extra2d {

Extra2D/src/graphics/core/render_module.cpp

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #include <extra2d/graphics/core/render_module.h>
-#include <extra2d/graphics/opengl/gl_renderer.h>
+#include <extra2d/graphics/backends/opengl/gl_renderer.h>
-#include <extra2d/graphics/opengl/gl_shader.h>
+#include <extra2d/graphics/backends/opengl/gl_shader.h>
 #include <extra2d/graphics/shader/shader_manager.h>
 #include <extra2d/core/registry.h>
 #include <extra2d/core/service_locator.h>

Extra2D/src/graphics/core/render_target.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #include <glad/glad.h>
-#include <extra2d/graphics/opengl/gl_texture.h>
+#include <extra2d/graphics/backends/opengl/gl_texture.h>
 #include <extra2d/graphics/core/render_target.h>
 #include <extra2d/utils/logger.h>
 

Extra2D/src/graphics/opengl/gl_font_atlas.cpp

@@ -1,309 +0,0 @@
-#include <extra2d/graphics/opengl/gl_font_atlas.h>
-#include <extra2d/utils/logger.h>
-#include <fstream>
-#define STB_TRUETYPE_IMPLEMENTATION
-#include <stb/stb_truetype.h>
-#define STB_RECT_PACK_IMPLEMENTATION
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <stb/stb_rect_pack.h>
-
-
-namespace extra2d {
-
-// ============================================================================
-// 构造函数 - 初始化字体图集
-// ============================================================================
-/**
- * @brief 构造函数，从字体文件初始化字体图集
- * @param filepath 字体文件路径
- * @param fontSize 字体大小（像素）
- * @param useSDF 是否使用有符号距离场渲染
- */
-GLFontAtlas::GLFontAtlas(const std::string &filepath, int fontSize, bool useSDF)
-    : fontSize_(fontSize), useSDF_(useSDF), currentY_(0), scale_(0.0f),
-      ascent_(0.0f), descent_(0.0f), lineGap_(0.0f) {
-
-  // 加载字体文件
-  std::ifstream file(filepath, std::ios::binary | std::ios::ate);
-  if (!file.is_open()) {
-    E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to load font: {}", filepath);
-    return;
-  }
-
-  std::streamsize size = file.tellg();
-  file.seekg(0, std::ios::beg);
-  fontData_.resize(size);
-  if (!file.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(fontData_.data()), size)) {
-    E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to read font file: {}", filepath);
-    return;
-  }
-
-  // 初始化 stb_truetype
-  if (!stbtt_InitFont(&fontInfo_, fontData_.data(),
-                      stbtt_GetFontOffsetForIndex(fontData_.data(), 0))) {
-    E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to init font: {}", filepath);
-    return;
-  }
-
-  scale_ = stbtt_ScaleForPixelHeight(&fontInfo_, static_cast<float>(fontSize_));
-
-  int ascent, descent, lineGap;
-  stbtt_GetFontVMetrics(&fontInfo_, &ascent, &descent, &lineGap);
-  ascent_ = static_cast<float>(ascent) * scale_;
-  descent_ = static_cast<float>(descent) * scale_;
-  lineGap_ = static_cast<float>(lineGap) * scale_;
-
-  createAtlas();
-}
-
-// ============================================================================
-// 析构函数
-// ============================================================================
-/**
- * @brief 析构函数
- */
-GLFontAtlas::~GLFontAtlas() = default;
-
-// ============================================================================
-// 获取字形 - 如果字形不存在则缓存它
-// ============================================================================
-/**
- * @brief 获取字形信息，如果字形不存在则动态缓存
- * @param codepoint Unicode码点
- * @return 字形信息指针，如果获取失败返回nullptr
- */
-const Glyph *GLFontAtlas::getGlyph(char32_t codepoint) const {
-  auto it = glyphs_.find(codepoint);
-  if (it == glyphs_.end()) {
-    cacheGlyph(codepoint);
-    it = glyphs_.find(codepoint);
-  }
-  return (it != glyphs_.end()) ? &it->second : nullptr;
-}
-
-// ============================================================================
-// 测量文本尺寸
-// ============================================================================
-/**
- * @brief 测量文本渲染后的尺寸
- * @param text 要测量的文本
- * @return 文本的宽度和高度
- */
-Vec2 GLFontAtlas::measureText(const std::string &text) {
-  float width = 0.0f;
-  float height = getAscent() - getDescent();
-  float currentWidth = 0.0f;
-
-  for (char c : text) {
-    char32_t codepoint = static_cast<char32_t>(static_cast<unsigned char>(c));
-    if (codepoint == '\n') {
-      width = std::max(width, currentWidth);
-      currentWidth = 0.0f;
-      height += getLineHeight();
-      continue;
-    }
-
-    const Glyph *glyph = getGlyph(codepoint);
-    if (glyph) {
-      currentWidth += glyph->advance;
-    }
-  }
-
-  width = std::max(width, currentWidth);
-  return Vec2(width, height);
-}
-
-// ============================================================================
-// 创建图集纹理 - 初始化空白纹理和矩形打包上下文
-// ============================================================================
-/**
- * @brief 创建字体图集纹理，初始化空白纹理和矩形打包上下文
- */
-void GLFontAtlas::createAtlas() {
-  // 统一使用 4 通道格式
-  int channels = 4;
-  std::vector<uint8_t> emptyData(ATLAS_WIDTH * ATLAS_HEIGHT * channels, 0);
-  texture_ = std::make_unique<GLTexture>(ATLAS_WIDTH, ATLAS_HEIGHT,
-                                         emptyData.data(), channels);
-  texture_->setFilter(true);
-
-  // 初始化矩形打包上下文
-  packNodes_.resize(ATLAS_WIDTH);
-  stbrp_init_target(&packContext_, ATLAS_WIDTH, ATLAS_HEIGHT, packNodes_.data(),
-                    ATLAS_WIDTH);
-
-  // 预分配字形缓冲区
-  // 假设最大字形尺寸为 fontSize * fontSize * 4 (RGBA)
-  size_t maxGlyphSize = static_cast<size_t>(fontSize_ * fontSize_ * 4 * 4);
-  glyphBitmapCache_.reserve(maxGlyphSize);
-  glyphRgbaCache_.reserve(maxGlyphSize);
-}
-
-// ============================================================================
-// 缓存字形 - 渲染字形到图集并存储信息
-// 使用 stb_rect_pack 进行矩形打包
-// ============================================================================
-/**
- * @brief 缓存字形到图集，渲染字形位图并存储字形信息
- * @param codepoint Unicode码点
- */
-void GLFontAtlas::cacheGlyph(char32_t codepoint) const {
-  int advance = 0;
-  stbtt_GetCodepointHMetrics(&fontInfo_, static_cast<int>(codepoint), &advance,
-                             nullptr);
-  float advancePx = advance * scale_;
-
-  if (useSDF_) {
-    constexpr int SDF_PADDING = 8;
-    constexpr unsigned char ONEDGE_VALUE = 128;
-    constexpr float PIXEL_DIST_SCALE = 64.0f;
-
-    int w = 0, h = 0, xoff = 0, yoff = 0;
-    unsigned char *sdf = stbtt_GetCodepointSDF(
-        &fontInfo_, scale_, static_cast<int>(codepoint), SDF_PADDING,
-        ONEDGE_VALUE, PIXEL_DIST_SCALE, &w, &h, &xoff, &yoff);
-    if (!sdf || w <= 0 || h <= 0) {
-      if (sdf)
-        stbtt_FreeSDF(sdf, nullptr);
-      Glyph glyph{};
-      glyph.advance = advancePx;
-      glyphs_[codepoint] = glyph;
-      return;
-    }
-
-    stbrp_rect rect;
-    rect.id = static_cast<int>(codepoint);
-    rect.w = w + PADDING * 2;
-    rect.h = h + PADDING * 2;
-
-    stbrp_pack_rects(&packContext_, &rect, 1);
-    if (!rect.was_packed) {
-      E2D_LOG_WARN("Font atlas is full, cannot cache codepoint: {}",
-                   static_cast<int>(codepoint));
-      stbtt_FreeSDF(sdf, nullptr);
-      return;
-    }
-
-    int atlasX = rect.x + PADDING;
-    int atlasY = rect.y + PADDING;
-
-    Glyph glyph;
-    glyph.width = static_cast<float>(w);
-    glyph.height = static_cast<float>(h);
-    glyph.bearingX = static_cast<float>(xoff);
-    glyph.bearingY = static_cast<float>(yoff);
-    glyph.advance = advancePx;
-
-    // stb_rect_pack 使用左上角为原点，OpenGL纹理使用左下角为原点
-    // 需要翻转V坐标
-    float v0 = static_cast<float>(atlasY) / ATLAS_HEIGHT;
-    float v1 = static_cast<float>(atlasY + h) / ATLAS_HEIGHT;
-    glyph.u0 = static_cast<float>(atlasX) / ATLAS_WIDTH;
-    glyph.v0 = 1.0f - v1; // 翻转V坐标
-    glyph.u1 = static_cast<float>(atlasX + w) / ATLAS_WIDTH;
-    glyph.v1 = 1.0f - v0; // 翻转V坐标
-
-    glyphs_[codepoint] = glyph;
-
-    // 将 SDF 单通道数据转换为 RGBA 格式（统一格式）
-    size_t pixelCount = static_cast<size_t>(w) * static_cast<size_t>(h);
-    glyphRgbaCache_.resize(pixelCount * 4);
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < pixelCount; ++i) {
-      uint8_t alpha = sdf[i];
-      glyphRgbaCache_[i * 4 + 0] = 255;   // R
-      glyphRgbaCache_[i * 4 + 1] = 255;   // G
-      glyphRgbaCache_[i * 4 + 2] = 255;   // B
-      glyphRgbaCache_[i * 4 + 3] = alpha; // A - SDF 值存储在 Alpha 通道
-    }
-
-    // 直接设置像素对齐为 4，无需查询当前状态
-    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture_->getTextureID());
-    glPixelStorei(GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, 4);
-    // OpenGL纹理坐标原点在左下角，需要将Y坐标翻转
-    glTexSubImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, atlasX, ATLAS_HEIGHT - atlasY - h, w, h,
-                    GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, glyphRgbaCache_.data());
-
-    stbtt_FreeSDF(sdf, nullptr);
-    return;
-  }
-
-  int x0 = 0, y0 = 0, x1 = 0, y1 = 0;
-  stbtt_GetCodepointBitmapBox(&fontInfo_, static_cast<int>(codepoint), scale_,
-                              scale_, &x0, &y0, &x1, &y1);
-  int w = x1 - x0;
-  int h = y1 - y0;
-  int xoff = x0;
-  int yoff = y0;
-
-  if (w <= 0 || h <= 0) {
-    Glyph glyph{};
-    glyph.advance = advancePx;
-    glyphs_[codepoint] = glyph;
-    return;
-  }
-
-  // 使用预分配缓冲区
-  size_t pixelCount = static_cast<size_t>(w) * static_cast<size_t>(h);
-  glyphBitmapCache_.resize(pixelCount);
-  stbtt_MakeCodepointBitmap(&fontInfo_, glyphBitmapCache_.data(), w, h, w,
-                            scale_, scale_, static_cast<int>(codepoint));
-
-  // 使用 stb_rect_pack 打包矩形
-  stbrp_rect rect;
-  rect.id = static_cast<int>(codepoint);
-  rect.w = w + PADDING * 2;
-  rect.h = h + PADDING * 2;
-
-  stbrp_pack_rects(&packContext_, &rect, 1);
-
-  if (!rect.was_packed) {
-    // 图集已满，无法缓存更多字形
-    E2D_LOG_WARN("Font atlas is full, cannot cache codepoint: {}",
-                 static_cast<int>(codepoint));
-    return;
-  }
-
-  int atlasX = rect.x + PADDING;
-  int atlasY = rect.y + PADDING;
-
-  // 创建字形信息
-  Glyph glyph;
-  glyph.width = static_cast<float>(w);
-  glyph.height = static_cast<float>(h);
-  glyph.bearingX = static_cast<float>(xoff);
-  glyph.bearingY = static_cast<float>(yoff);
-  glyph.advance = advancePx;
-
-  // 计算纹理坐标（相对于图集）
-  // stb_rect_pack 使用左上角为原点，OpenGL纹理使用左下角为原点
-  // 需要翻转V坐标
-  float v0 = static_cast<float>(atlasY) / ATLAS_HEIGHT;
-  float v1 = static_cast<float>(atlasY + h) / ATLAS_HEIGHT;
-  glyph.u0 = static_cast<float>(atlasX) / ATLAS_WIDTH;
-  glyph.v0 = 1.0f - v1; // 翻转V坐标
-  glyph.u1 = static_cast<float>(atlasX + w) / ATLAS_WIDTH;
-  glyph.v1 = 1.0f - v0; // 翻转V坐标
-
-  // 存储字形
-  glyphs_[codepoint] = glyph;
-
-  // 将单通道字形数据转换为 RGBA 格式（白色字形，Alpha 通道存储灰度）
-  glyphRgbaCache_.resize(pixelCount * 4);
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < pixelCount; ++i) {
-    uint8_t alpha = glyphBitmapCache_[i];
-    glyphRgbaCache_[i * 4 + 0] = 255;   // R
-    glyphRgbaCache_[i * 4 + 1] = 255;   // G
-    glyphRgbaCache_[i * 4 + 2] = 255;   // B
-    glyphRgbaCache_[i * 4 + 3] = alpha; // A
-  }
-
-  // 更新纹理 - 将字形数据上传到图集的指定位置
-  // 直接设置像素对齐为 4，无需查询当前状态
-  glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture_->getTextureID());
-  glPixelStorei(GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, 4);
-  // OpenGL纹理坐标原点在左下角，需要将Y坐标翻转
-  glTexSubImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, atlasX, ATLAS_HEIGHT - atlasY - h, w, h,
-                  GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, glyphRgbaCache_.data());
-}
-
-} // namespace extra2d

Extra2D/src/graphics/opengl/gl_sprite_batch.cpp

@@ -1,428 +0,0 @@
-#include <cstring>
-#include <extra2d/graphics/opengl/gl_sprite_batch.h>
-#include <extra2d/utils/logger.h>
-#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
-
-namespace extra2d {
-
-// ============================================================================
-// 三角函数查表 - 避免每帧重复计算 sin/cos
-// ============================================================================
-/**
- * @brief 三角函数查表类，避免每帧重复计算sin/cos
- */
-class TrigLookup {
-public:
-  static constexpr size_t TABLE_SIZE = 360 * 4;  // 0.25度精度
-  static constexpr float INDEX_SCALE = 4.0f;      // 每度4个采样点
-  static constexpr float RAD_TO_INDEX = INDEX_SCALE * 180.0f / 3.14159265359f;
-  
-  /**
-   * @brief 查表获取sin值
-   * @param radians 弧度值
-   * @return sin值
-   */
-  static float sinRad(float radians) {
-    return table_.sinTable[normalizeIndexRad(radians)];
-  }
-  
-  /**
-   * @brief 查表获取cos值
-   * @param radians 弧度值
-   * @return cos值
-   */
-  static float cosRad(float radians) {
-    return table_.cosTable[normalizeIndexRad(radians)];
-  }
-  
-private:
-  struct Tables {
-    std::array<float, TABLE_SIZE> sinTable;
-    std::array<float, TABLE_SIZE> cosTable;
-    
-    Tables() {
-      for (size_t i = 0; i < TABLE_SIZE; ++i) {
-        float angle = static_cast<float>(i) / INDEX_SCALE * 3.14159265359f / 180.0f;
-        sinTable[i] = std::sin(angle);
-        cosTable[i] = std::cos(angle);
-      }
-    }
-  };
-  
-  static size_t normalizeIndexRad(float radians) {
-    int idx = static_cast<int>(radians * RAD_TO_INDEX) % static_cast<int>(TABLE_SIZE);
-    if (idx < 0) {
-      idx += static_cast<int>(TABLE_SIZE);
-    }
-    return static_cast<size_t>(idx);
-  }
-  
-  static const Tables table_;
-};
-
-const TrigLookup::Tables TrigLookup::table_;
-
-// 静态索引生成函数
-/**
- * @brief 获取静态索引数组，用于精灵绘制
- * @return 索引数组的常量引用
- */
-static const std::array<GLuint, GLSpriteBatch::MAX_INDICES>& getIndices() {
-  static std::array<GLuint, GLSpriteBatch::MAX_INDICES> indices = []() {
-    std::array<GLuint, GLSpriteBatch::MAX_INDICES> arr{};
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < GLSpriteBatch::MAX_SPRITES; ++i) {
-      GLuint base = static_cast<GLuint>(i * GLSpriteBatch::VERTICES_PER_SPRITE);
-      arr[i * GLSpriteBatch::INDICES_PER_SPRITE + 0] = base + 0;
-      arr[i * GLSpriteBatch::INDICES_PER_SPRITE + 1] = base + 1;
-      arr[i * GLSpriteBatch::INDICES_PER_SPRITE + 2] = base + 2;
-      arr[i * GLSpriteBatch::INDICES_PER_SPRITE + 3] = base + 0;
-      arr[i * GLSpriteBatch::INDICES_PER_SPRITE + 4] = base + 2;
-      arr[i * GLSpriteBatch::INDICES_PER_SPRITE + 5] = base + 3;
-    }
-    return arr;
-  }();
-  return indices;
-}
-
-// 顶点着色器 (GLES 3.2)
-static const char *SPRITE_VERTEX_SHADER = R"(
-#version 300 es
-precision highp float;
-layout(location = 0) in vec2 aPosition;
-layout(location = 1) in vec2 aTexCoord;
-layout(location = 2) in vec4 aColor;
-
-uniform mat4 uViewProjection;
-
-out vec2 vTexCoord;
-out vec4 vColor;
-
-void main() {
-    gl_Position = uViewProjection * vec4(aPosition, 0.0, 1.0);
-    vTexCoord = aTexCoord;
-    vColor = aColor;
-}
-)";
-
-// 片段着色器 (GLES 3.2)
-// SDF 常量硬编码：ONEDGE_VALUE=128/255=0.502, PIXEL_DIST_SCALE=255/64=3.98
-// SDF 值存储在 Alpha 通道
-static const char *SPRITE_FRAGMENT_SHADER = R"(
-#version 300 es
-precision highp float;
-in vec2 vTexCoord;
-in vec4 vColor;
-
-uniform sampler2D uTexture;
-uniform int uUseSDF;
-
-out vec4 fragColor;
-
-void main() {
-    if (uUseSDF == 1) {
-        float dist = texture(uTexture, vTexCoord).a;
-        float sd = (dist - 0.502) * 3.98;
-        float w = fwidth(sd);
-        float alpha = smoothstep(-w, w, sd);
-        fragColor = vec4(vColor.rgb, vColor.a * alpha);
-    } else {
-        fragColor = texture(uTexture, vTexCoord) * vColor;
-    }
-}
-)";
-
-/**
- * @brief 构造函数，初始化精灵批处理器成员变量
- */
-GLSpriteBatch::GLSpriteBatch()
-    : vao_(0), vbo_(0), ibo_(0), vertexCount_(0), currentTexture_(nullptr),
-      currentIsSDF_(false), drawCallCount_(0), spriteCount_(0), batchCount_(0) {
-}
-
-/**
- * @brief 析构函数，调用shutdown释放资源
- */
-GLSpriteBatch::~GLSpriteBatch() { shutdown(); }
-
-/**
- * @brief 初始化精灵批处理器，创建VAO、VBO、IBO和编译着色器
- * @return 初始化成功返回true，失败返回false
- */
-bool GLSpriteBatch::init() {
-  // 创建并编译着色器
-  if (!shader_.compileFromSource(SPRITE_VERTEX_SHADER,
-                                 SPRITE_FRAGMENT_SHADER)) {
-    E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to compile sprite batch shader");
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  // 生成 VAO、VBO、IBO
-  glGenVertexArrays(1, &vao_);
-  glGenBuffers(1, &vbo_);
-  glGenBuffers(1, &ibo_);
-
-  glBindVertexArray(vao_);
-
-  // 设置 VBO - 使用动态绘制模式
-  glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo_);
-  glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, MAX_VERTICES * sizeof(Vertex), nullptr,
-               GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW);
-
-  // 设置顶点属性
-  glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
-  glVertexAttribPointer(0, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex),
-                        (void *)offsetof(Vertex, position));
-
-  glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
-  glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex),
-                        (void *)offsetof(Vertex, texCoord));
-
-  glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);
-  glVertexAttribPointer(2, 4, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex),
-                        (void *)offsetof(Vertex, color));
-
-  // 使用编译期生成的静态索引缓冲区
-  const auto& indices = getIndices();
-  glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, ibo_);
-  glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, indices.size() * sizeof(GLuint),
-               indices.data(), GL_STATIC_DRAW);
-
-  glBindVertexArray(0);
-
-  E2D_LOG_INFO("GLSpriteBatch initialized with capacity for {} sprites",
-               MAX_SPRITES);
-  return true;
-}
-
-/**
- * @brief 关闭精灵批处理器，释放OpenGL资源
- */
-void GLSpriteBatch::shutdown() {
-  if (vao_ != 0) {
-    glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &vao_);
-    vao_ = 0;
-  }
-  if (vbo_ != 0) {
-    glDeleteBuffers(1, &vbo_);
-    vbo_ = 0;
-  }
-  if (ibo_ != 0) {
-    glDeleteBuffers(1, &ibo_);
-    ibo_ = 0;
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * @brief 开始批处理，重置状态并设置视图投影矩阵
- * @param viewProjection 视图投影矩阵
- */
-void GLSpriteBatch::begin(const glm::mat4 &viewProjection) {
-  viewProjection_ = viewProjection;
-  vertexCount_ = 0;
-  currentTexture_ = nullptr;
-  currentIsSDF_ = false;
-  drawCallCount_ = 0;
-  spriteCount_ = 0;
-  batchCount_ = 0;
-}
-
-/**
- * @brief 检查是否需要刷新批次
- * @param texture 当前纹理
- * @param isSDF 是否为SDF渲染
- * @return 需要刷新返回true，否则返回false
- */
-bool GLSpriteBatch::needsFlush(const Texture &texture, bool isSDF) const {
-  if (currentTexture_ == nullptr) {
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  // 检查是否需要刷新：纹理改变、SDF 状态改变或缓冲区已满
-  return (currentTexture_ != &texture) || (currentIsSDF_ != isSDF) ||
-         (vertexCount_ + VERTICES_PER_SPRITE > MAX_VERTICES);
-}
-
-/**
- * @brief 添加精灵顶点到顶点缓冲区
- * @param data 精灵数据
- */
-void GLSpriteBatch::addVertices(const SpriteData &data) {
-  // 计算锚点偏移
-  float anchorOffsetX = data.size.x * data.anchor.x;
-  float anchorOffsetY = data.size.y * data.anchor.y;
-
-  // 使用三角函数查表替代 cosf/sinf
-  float cosR = TrigLookup::cosRad(data.rotation);
-  float sinR = TrigLookup::sinRad(data.rotation);
-
-  glm::vec4 color(data.color.r, data.color.g, data.color.b, data.color.a);
-
-  // 直接计算变换后的位置
-  float rx0 = -anchorOffsetX;
-  float ry0 = -anchorOffsetY;
-  float rx1 = data.size.x - anchorOffsetX;
-  float ry1 = data.size.y - anchorOffsetY;
-  
-  // 预计算旋转后的偏移
-  float cosRx0 = rx0 * cosR, sinRx0 = rx0 * sinR;
-  float cosRx1 = rx1 * cosR, sinRx1 = rx1 * sinR;
-  float cosRy0 = ry0 * cosR, sinRy0 = ry0 * sinR;
-  float cosRy1 = ry1 * cosR, sinRy1 = ry1 * sinR;
-  
-  // v0: (0, 0) -> (rx0, ry0)
-  vertexBuffer_[vertexCount_++] = {
-    glm::vec2(data.position.x + cosRx0 - sinRy0, data.position.y + sinRx0 + cosRy0),
-    glm::vec2(data.texCoordMin.x, data.texCoordMin.y),
-    color
-  };
-  
-  // v1: (size.x, 0) -> (rx1, ry0)
-  vertexBuffer_[vertexCount_++] = {
-    glm::vec2(data.position.x + cosRx1 - sinRy0, data.position.y + sinRx1 + cosRy0),
-    glm::vec2(data.texCoordMax.x, data.texCoordMin.y),
-    color
-  };
-  
-  // v2: (size.x, size.y) -> (rx1, ry1)
-  vertexBuffer_[vertexCount_++] = {
-    glm::vec2(data.position.x + cosRx1 - sinRy1, data.position.y + sinRx1 + cosRy1),
-    glm::vec2(data.texCoordMax.x, data.texCoordMax.y),
-    color
-  };
-  
-  // v3: (0, size.y) -> (rx0, ry1)
-  vertexBuffer_[vertexCount_++] = {
-    glm::vec2(data.position.x + cosRx0 - sinRy1, data.position.y + sinRx0 + cosRy1),
-    glm::vec2(data.texCoordMin.x, data.texCoordMax.y),
-    color
-  };
-}
-
-/**
- * @brief 绘制单个精灵
- * @param texture 纹理引用
- * @param data 精灵数据
- */
-void GLSpriteBatch::draw(const Texture &texture, const SpriteData &data) {
-  // 如果需要刷新，先提交当前批次
-  if (needsFlush(texture, data.isSDF)) {
-    flush();
-  }
-
-  currentTexture_ = &texture;
-  currentIsSDF_ = data.isSDF;
-
-  addVertices(data);
-  spriteCount_++;
-}
-
-/**
- * @brief 批量绘制多个精灵
- * @param texture 纹理引用
- * @param sprites 精灵数据数组
- */
-void GLSpriteBatch::drawBatch(const Texture &texture,
-                              const std::vector<SpriteData> &sprites) {
-  if (sprites.empty()) {
-    return;
-  }
-
-  // 如果当前有未提交的批次且纹理不同，先刷新
-  if (currentTexture_ != nullptr && currentTexture_ != &texture) {
-    flush();
-  }
-
-  currentTexture_ = &texture;
-  currentIsSDF_ = sprites[0].isSDF; // 假设批量中的精灵 SDF 状态一致
-
-  // 分批处理，避免超过缓冲区大小
-  size_t index = 0;
-  while (index < sprites.size()) {
-    size_t remainingSpace = (MAX_VERTICES - vertexCount_) / VERTICES_PER_SPRITE;
-    size_t batchSize = std::min(sprites.size() - index, remainingSpace);
-
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < batchSize; ++i) {
-      addVertices(sprites[index + i]);
-      spriteCount_++;
-    }
-
-    index += batchSize;
-
-    // 如果还有更多精灵，刷新当前批次
-    if (index < sprites.size()) {
-      flush();
-    }
-  }
-
-  batchCount_++;
-}
-
-/**
- * @brief 立即绘制精灵，不缓存
- * @param texture 纹理引用
- * @param data 精灵数据
- */
-void GLSpriteBatch::drawImmediate(const Texture &texture,
-                                  const SpriteData &data) {
-  // 立即绘制，不缓存 - 用于需要立即显示的情况
-  flush(); // 先提交当前批次
-
-  currentTexture_ = &texture;
-  currentIsSDF_ = data.isSDF;
-  addVertices(data);
-  spriteCount_++;
-
-  flush(); // 立即提交
-}
-
-/**
- * @brief 结束批处理，提交所有待绘制的精灵
- */
-void GLSpriteBatch::end() {
-  if (vertexCount_ > 0) {
-    flush();
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * @brief 刷新批次，执行实际的OpenGL绘制调用
- */
-void GLSpriteBatch::flush() {
-  if (vertexCount_ == 0 || currentTexture_ == nullptr) {
-    return;
-  }
-
-  // 绑定纹理
-  GLuint texID = static_cast<GLuint>(
-      reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(currentTexture_->getNativeHandle()));
-  glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
-  glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texID);
-
-  // 使用着色器
-  shader_.bind();
-  shader_.setMat4("uViewProjection", viewProjection_);
-  shader_.setInt("uTexture", 0);
-  shader_.setInt("uUseSDF", currentIsSDF_ ? 1 : 0);
-  // SDF 常量已硬编码到着色器中
-
-  // 更新 VBO 数据 - 只更新实际使用的部分
-  glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo_);
-  glBufferSubData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0, vertexCount_ * sizeof(Vertex),
-                  vertexBuffer_.data());
-
-  // 绘制
-  glBindVertexArray(vao_);
-  GLsizei indexCount = static_cast<GLsizei>(
-      (vertexCount_ / VERTICES_PER_SPRITE) * INDICES_PER_SPRITE);
-  glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, indexCount, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, nullptr);
-
-  drawCallCount_++;
-  batchCount_++;
-
-  // 重置状态
-  vertexCount_ = 0;
-  currentTexture_ = nullptr;
-  currentIsSDF_ = false;
-}
-
-} // namespace extra2d

Extra2D/src/graphics/shader/shader_manager.cpp

@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 #include <extra2d/graphics/shader/shader_manager.h>
 #include <extra2d/utils/logger.h>
 
+#include <nlohmann/json.hpp>
+
+namespace nl = nlohmann;
+
 namespace extra2d {
 
 /**
@@ -450,10 +454,76 @@ Ptr<IShader> ShaderManager::getBuiltin(const std::string& name) {
         return shader;
     }
 
+    // 尝试从新的多后端JSON元数据加载
+    std::string jsonPath = shaderDir_ + "shared/builtin/" + name + ".json";
+    if (loader_.fileExists(jsonPath)) {
+        return loadFromMetadata(jsonPath, name);
+    }
+
+    // 回退到旧的组合文件格式
     std::string path = shaderDir_ + "builtin/" + name + ".shader";
     return loadFromCombinedFile(path);
 }
 
+/**
+ * @brief 从JSON元数据文件加载Shader（多后端支持）
+ * @param jsonPath JSON元数据文件路径
+ * @param name Shader名称
+ * @return 加载的Shader实例
+ */
+Ptr<IShader> ShaderManager::loadFromMetadata(const std::string& jsonPath, const std::string& name) {
+    if (!initialized_) {
+        E2D_LOG_ERROR("ShaderManager not initialized");
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    // 检查是否已加载
+    auto it = shaders_.find(name);
+    if (it != shaders_.end()) {
+        return it->second.shader;
+    }
+
+    // 读取JSON文件
+    std::string jsonContent = loader_.readFile(jsonPath);
+    if (jsonContent.empty()) {
+        E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to read shader metadata: {}", jsonPath);
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    try {
+        // 使用nlohmann/json解析
+        nl::json j = nl::json::parse(jsonContent);
+
+        // 获取OpenGL后端路径
+        if (!j.contains("backends") || !j["backends"].contains("opengl")) {
+            E2D_LOG_ERROR("No OpenGL backend found in shader metadata: {}", jsonPath);
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+
+        auto& opengl = j["backends"]["opengl"];
+        if (!opengl.contains("vertex") || !opengl.contains("fragment")) {
+            E2D_LOG_ERROR("Missing vertex or fragment path in shader metadata: {}", jsonPath);
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+
+        std::string vertRelativePath = opengl["vertex"].get<std::string>();
+        std::string fragRelativePath = opengl["fragment"].get<std::string>();
+
+        // 构建完整路径
+        std::string vertPath = shaderDir_ + vertRelativePath;
+        std::string fragPath = shaderDir_ + fragRelativePath;
+
+        E2D_LOG_DEBUG("Loading shader from metadata: {} -> vert: {}, frag: {}", name, vertPath, fragPath);
+
+        // 使用分离文件加载
+        return loadFromFiles(name, vertPath, fragPath);
+
+    } catch (const nl::json::exception& e) {
+        E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to parse shader metadata {}: {}", jsonPath, e.what());
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+}
+
 /**
  * @brief 加载所有内置Shader
  * @return 加载成功返回true，失败返回false
@@ -475,17 +545,27 @@ bool ShaderManager::loadBuiltinShaders() {
     };
 
     for (const char* name : builtinNames) {
-        std::string path = shaderDir_ + "builtin/" + name + ".shader";
+        // 首先尝试新的多后端JSON格式
+        std::string jsonPath = shaderDir_ + "shared/builtin/" + name + ".json";
         std::string shaderName = std::string("builtin_") + name;
 
-        if (!loadFromCombinedFile(path)) {
+        Ptr<IShader> shader = nullptr;
-            E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to load builtin {} shader from: {}", name, path);
+        if (loader_.fileExists(jsonPath)) {
+            shader = loadFromMetadata(jsonPath, name);
+        } else {
+            // 回退到旧的组合文件格式
+            std::string path = shaderDir_ + "builtin/" + name + ".shader";
+            shader = loadFromCombinedFile(path);
+        }
+
+        if (!shader) {
+            E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to load builtin {} shader", name);
             allSuccess = false;
         } else {
+            // 同时注册带 builtin_ 前缀的名称
             auto it = shaders_.find(name);
             if (it != shaders_.end()) {
                 shaders_[shaderName] = it->second;
-                shaders_.erase(it);
             }
         }
     }

xmake.lua

@@ -40,6 +40,13 @@ option("window_backend")
     set_values("sdl2", "glfw")
 option_end()
 
+option("render_backend")
+    set_default("opengl")
+    set_showmenu(true)
+    set_description("Render backend: opengl or vulkan")
+    set_values("opengl", "vulkan")
+option_end()
+
 -- ==============================================
 -- 平台检测与配置
 -- ==============================================

xmake/engine.lua

@@ -19,14 +19,29 @@ local function get_window_backend()
     return get_config("window_backend") or "sdl2"
 end
 
+-- 获取渲染后端
+local function get_render_backend()
+    return get_config("render_backend") or "opengl"
+end
+
 -- 定义 Extra2D 引擎库目标
 function define_extra2d_engine()
     target("extra2d")
         set_kind("static")
 
-        -- 引擎核心源文件
+        -- 引擎核心源文件（后端无关）
-        add_files("Extra2D/src/**.cpp|platform/backends/**.cpp")
+        add_files("Extra2D/src/**.cpp|platform/backends/**.cpp|graphics/backends/**.cpp")
+        
+        -- 渲染后端源文件
+        local render_backend = get_render_backend()
+        if render_backend == "vulkan" then
+            add_files("Extra2D/src/graphics/backends/vulkan/*.cpp")
+            add_defines("E2D_BACKEND_VULKAN")
+        else
+            add_files("Extra2D/src/graphics/backends/opengl/*.cpp")
             add_files("Extra2D/src/glad/glad.c")
+            add_defines("E2D_BACKEND_OPENGL")
+        end
 
         -- 窗口后端源文件
         local backend = get_window_backend()