diff --git a/include/app/application.h b/include/app/application.h
index 24d5b5b..b03e658 100644
--- a/include/app/application.h
+++ b/include/app/application.h
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ public:
   // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // 便捷方法
   // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  void enterScene(Ptr<class Scene> scene);
+  void enterScene(IntrusivePtr<class Scene> scene);
 
   float deltaTime() const { return deltaTime_; }
   float totalTime() const { return totalTime_; }
diff --git a/include/audio/audio_engine.h b/include/audio/audio_engine.h
index 57aac15..8da0ec4 100644
--- a/include/audio/audio_engine.h
+++ b/include/audio/audio_engine.h
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 #pragma once
 
+#include <core/intrusive_ptr.h>
 #include <memory>
 #include <string>
 #include <unordered_map>
-#include <core/types.h>
 
 namespace extra2d {
 
@@ -21,10 +21,10 @@ public:
     bool initialize();
     void shutdown();
 
-    std::shared_ptr<Sound> loadSound(const std::string& filePath);
-    std::shared_ptr<Sound> loadSound(const std::string& name, const std::string& filePath);
+    IntrusivePtr<Sound> loadSound(const std::string& filePath);
+    IntrusivePtr<Sound> loadSound(const std::string& name, const std::string& filePath);
 
-    std::shared_ptr<Sound> getSound(const std::string& name);
+    IntrusivePtr<Sound> getSound(const std::string& name);
     void unloadSound(const std::string& name);
     void unloadAllSounds();
 
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ private:
     AudioEngine() = default;
     ~AudioEngine();
 
-    std::unordered_map<std::string, std::shared_ptr<Sound>> sounds_;
+    std::unordered_map<std::string, IntrusivePtr<Sound>> sounds_;
     float masterVolume_ = 1.0f;
     bool initialized_ = false;
 };
diff --git a/include/audio/sound.h b/include/audio/sound.h
index 7493047..a095052 100644
--- a/include/audio/sound.h
+++ b/include/audio/sound.h
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
+#include <core/ref_counted.h>
 #include <string>
-#include <core/types.h>
 
 struct Mix_Chunk;
 
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ namespace extra2d {
 
 class AudioEngine;
 
-class Sound {
+class Sound : public RefCounted {
 public:
     ~Sound();
 
diff --git a/include/core/intrusive_ptr.h b/include/core/intrusive_ptr.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cbb665c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/core/intrusive_ptr.h
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <core/ref_counted.h>
+#include <functional>
+#include <utility>
+
+namespace extra2d {
+
+// ============================================================================
+// 侵入式智能指针
+// 参考 Cocos2d-x 的 IntrusivePtr 设计
+// ============================================================================
+template <class T>
+class IntrusivePtr {
+public:
+    using element_type = T;
+
+    // 默认构造函数
+    IntrusivePtr() : _ptr(nullptr) {}
+
+    // 从原始指针构造
+    IntrusivePtr(T* p) : _ptr(p) {
+        if (_ptr) {
+            _ptr->addRef();
+        }
+    }
+
+    // 拷贝构造函数
+    IntrusivePtr(const IntrusivePtr<T>& r) : _ptr(r._ptr) {
+        if (_ptr) {
+            _ptr->addRef();
+        }
+    }
+
+    // 从派生类拷贝构造
+    template <typename U>
+    IntrusivePtr(const IntrusivePtr<U>& r) : _ptr(r.get()) {
+        if (_ptr) {
+            _ptr->addRef();
+        }
+    }
+
+    // 移动构造函数
+    IntrusivePtr(IntrusivePtr<T>&& r) noexcept : _ptr(r.release()) {}
+
+    // 从派生类移动构造
+    template <typename U>
+    IntrusivePtr(IntrusivePtr<U>&& r) noexcept : _ptr(r.release()) {}
+
+    // 析构函数
+    ~IntrusivePtr() {
+        if (_ptr) {
+            _ptr->release();
+        }
+    }
+
+    // 获取原始指针
+    T* get() const { return _ptr; }
+
+    // 解引用操作符
+    T& operator*() const { return *_ptr; }
+
+    // 箭头操作符
+    T* operator->() const { return _ptr; }
+
+    // 转换为原始指针（隐式转换）
+    operator T*() const { return _ptr; }
+
+    // 赋值操作符 - 原始指针
+    IntrusivePtr<T>& operator=(T* p) {
+        reset(p);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    // 赋值操作符 - 同类型
+    IntrusivePtr<T>& operator=(const IntrusivePtr<T>& r) {
+        return *this = r._ptr;
+    }
+
+    // 赋值操作符 - 派生类
+    template <typename U>
+    IntrusivePtr<T>& operator=(const IntrusivePtr<U>& r) {
+        return *this = r.get();
+    }
+
+    // 移动赋值
+    IntrusivePtr<T>& operator=(IntrusivePtr<T>&& r) noexcept {
+        IntrusivePtr<T>(std::move(r)).swap(*this);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    // 从派生类移动赋值
+    template <typename U>
+    IntrusivePtr<T>& operator=(IntrusivePtr<U>&& r) noexcept {
+        IntrusivePtr<T>(std::move(r)).swap(*this);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    // 比较操作符
+    bool operator==(std::nullptr_t) const { return _ptr == nullptr; }
+    bool operator==(T* r) const { return _ptr == r; }
+    bool operator!=(std::nullptr_t) const { return _ptr != nullptr; }
+    bool operator!=(T* r) const { return _ptr != r; }
+    bool operator<(const IntrusivePtr<T>& r) const { return _ptr < r._ptr; }
+
+    // 重置指针
+    void reset() noexcept {
+        if (_ptr) {
+            _ptr->release();
+        }
+        _ptr = nullptr;
+    }
+
+    void reset(T* p) {
+        // 先增加新指针的引用计数，再释放旧指针
+        // 这样可以处理自赋值的情况
+        if (p) {
+            p->addRef();
+        }
+        if (_ptr) {
+            _ptr->release();
+        }
+        _ptr = p;
+    }
+
+    // 交换指针
+    void swap(T** pp) noexcept {
+        T* p = _ptr;
+        _ptr = *pp;
+        *pp = p;
+    }
+
+    void swap(IntrusivePtr<T>& r) noexcept {
+        swap(&r._ptr);
+    }
+
+    // 释放指针所有权（不减少引用计数）
+    T* release() {
+        T* retVal = _ptr;
+        _ptr = nullptr;
+        return retVal;
+    }
+
+private:
+    T* _ptr;
+};
+
+// ============================================================================
+// 辅助函数
+// ============================================================================
+
+// 创建 IntrusivePtr 的便捷函数
+template <typename T, typename... Args>
+inline IntrusivePtr<T> makePtr(Args&&... args) {
+    return IntrusivePtr<T>(new T(std::forward<Args>(args)...));
+}
+
+} // namespace extra2d
+
+// ============================================================================
+// std::hash 特化
+// ============================================================================
+namespace std {
+
+template <class T>
+struct hash<extra2d::IntrusivePtr<T>> {
+    size_t operator()(const extra2d::IntrusivePtr<T>& val) const noexcept {
+        return hash<T*>{}(val.get());
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace std
diff --git a/include/core/ref_counted.h b/include/core/ref_counted.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ed6f5e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/core/ref_counted.h
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <atomic>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+namespace extra2d {
+
+// ============================================================================
+// 侵入式引用计数基类
+// 参考 Cocos2d-x 的 RefCounted 设计
+// ============================================================================
+class RefCounted {
+public:
+    virtual ~RefCounted() = default;
+
+    // 增加引用计数
+    void addRef() {
+        ++_referenceCount;
+    }
+
+    // 减少引用计数，当计数为0时删除对象
+    void release() {
+        if (--_referenceCount == 0) {
+            delete this;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // 获取当前引用计数
+    uint32_t getRefCount() const {
+        return _referenceCount.load();
+    }
+
+protected:
+    // 构造函数，初始引用计数为1
+    RefCounted() : _referenceCount(1) {}
+
+private:
+    std::atomic<uint32_t> _referenceCount;
+};
+
+} // namespace extra2d
diff --git a/include/core/types.h b/include/core/types.h
index 5e5b619..7698202 100644
--- a/include/core/types.h
+++ b/include/core/types.h
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once
 
+#include <core/intrusive_ptr.h>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <functional>
 #include <memory>
@@ -9,15 +10,12 @@ namespace extra2d {
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // 智能指针别名
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-template <typename T> using Ptr = std::shared_ptr<T>;
-
 template <typename T> using UniquePtr = std::unique_ptr<T>;
 
-template <typename T> using WeakPtr = std::weak_ptr<T>;
-
-/// 创建 shared_ptr 的便捷函数
-template <typename T, typename... Args> inline Ptr<T> shared(Args &&...args) {
-  return std::make_shared<T>(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+/// 创建 IntrusivePtr 的便捷函数
+template <typename T, typename... Args>
+inline IntrusivePtr<T> makeRef(Args &&...args) {
+  return makePtr<T>(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
 }
 
 /// 创建 unique_ptr 的便捷函数
diff --git a/include/graphics/font.h b/include/graphics/font.h
index ad3c547..0f4aa18 100644
--- a/include/graphics/font.h
+++ b/include/graphics/font.h
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 #include <core/color.h>
 #include <core/rect.h>
-#include <core/types.h>
+#include <core/ref_counted.h>
 #include <core/vec2.h>
 
 namespace extra2d {
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ struct Glyph {
 // ============================================================================
 // 字体图集接口
 // ============================================================================
-class FontAtlas {
+class FontAtlas : public RefCounted {
 public:
   virtual ~FontAtlas() = default;
 
diff --git a/include/graphics/opengl/gl_renderer.h b/include/graphics/opengl/gl_renderer.h
index 536512f..c0826b5 100644
--- a/include/graphics/opengl/gl_renderer.h
+++ b/include/graphics/opengl/gl_renderer.h
@@ -37,9 +37,9 @@ public:
   void popTransform() override;
   glm::mat4 getCurrentTransform() const override;
 
-  Ptr<Texture> createTexture(int width, int height, const uint8_t *pixels,
+  IntrusivePtr<Texture> createTexture(int width, int height, const uint8_t *pixels,
                              int channels) override;
-  Ptr<Texture> loadTexture(const std::string &filepath) override;
+  IntrusivePtr<Texture> loadTexture(const std::string &filepath) override;
 
   void beginSpriteBatch() override;
   void drawSprite(const Texture &texture, const Rect &destRect,
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ public:
   void fillPolygon(const std::vector<Vec2> &points,
                    const Color &color) override;
 
-  Ptr<FontAtlas> createFontAtlas(const std::string &filepath, int fontSize,
+  IntrusivePtr<FontAtlas> createFontAtlas(const std::string &filepath, int fontSize,
                                  bool useSDF = false) override;
   void drawText(const FontAtlas &font, const std::string &text,
                 const Vec2 &position, const Color &color) override;
diff --git a/include/graphics/opengl/gl_texture.h b/include/graphics/opengl/gl_texture.h
index 570823c..117f183 100644
--- a/include/graphics/opengl/gl_texture.h
+++ b/include/graphics/opengl/gl_texture.h
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ public:
   void setWrap(bool repeat) override;
 
   // 从参数创建纹理的工厂方法
-  static Ptr<Texture> create(int width, int height, PixelFormat format);
+  static IntrusivePtr<Texture> create(int width, int height, PixelFormat format);
 
   // 加载压缩纹理（KTX/DDS 格式）
   bool loadCompressed(const std::string &filepath);
diff --git a/include/graphics/texture.h b/include/graphics/texture.h
index 41768be..a2233ca 100644
--- a/include/graphics/texture.h
+++ b/include/graphics/texture.h
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
+#include <core/ref_counted.h>
 #include <core/size.h>
-#include <core/types.h>
 
 namespace extra2d {
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ enum class PixelFormat {
 // ============================================================================
 // 纹理接口
 // ============================================================================
-class Texture {
+class Texture : public RefCounted {
 public:
   virtual ~Texture() = default;
 
diff --git a/include/graphics/texture_atlas.h b/include/graphics/texture_atlas.h
index 1111015..51ecc78 100644
--- a/include/graphics/texture_atlas.h
+++ b/include/graphics/texture_atlas.h
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ public:
                      const uint8_t *pixels, Rect &outUvRect);
 
   // 获取图集纹理
-  Ptr<Texture> getTexture() const { return texture_; }
+  IntrusivePtr<Texture> getTexture() const { return texture_; }
 
   // 获取条目
   const AtlasEntry *getEntry(const std::string &name) const;
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
   int width_, height_;
-  Ptr<Texture> texture_;
+  IntrusivePtr<Texture> texture_;
   std::unordered_map<std::string, AtlasEntry> entries_;
 
   // 矩形打包数据
diff --git a/include/renderer/camera.h b/include/renderer/camera.h
index 0bd3a54..6ed242b 100644
--- a/include/renderer/camera.h
+++ b/include/renderer/camera.h
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 
 #include <core/color.h>
 #include <core/rect.h>
+#include <core/ref_counted.h>
 #include <core/size.h>
-#include <core/types.h>
 #include <core/vec2.h>
 #include <glm/mat4x4.hpp>
 
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ namespace extra2d {
 // ============================================================================
 // 2D 正交相机
 // ============================================================================
-class Camera {
+class Camera : public RefCounted {
 public:
   Camera();
   Camera(float left, float right, float bottom, float top);
diff --git a/include/renderer/render_target.h b/include/renderer/render_target.h
index 88b15f0..ef0ce30 100644
--- a/include/renderer/render_target.h
+++ b/include/renderer/render_target.h
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <core/color.h>
-#include <core/types.h>
+#include <core/ref_counted.h>
 #include <graphics/opengl/gl_texture.h>
 #include <graphics/texture.h>
 #include <mutex>
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ struct RenderTargetConfig {
 // ============================================================================
 // 渲染目标 - 基于FBO的离屏渲染
 // ============================================================================
-class RenderTarget {
+class RenderTarget : public RefCounted {
 public:
   RenderTarget();
   ~RenderTarget();
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ public:
   /**
    * @brief 从现有纹理创建渲染目标
    */
-  bool createFromTexture(Ptr<Texture> texture, bool hasDepth = false);
+  bool createFromTexture(IntrusivePtr<Texture> texture, bool hasDepth = false);
 
   /**
    * @brief 销毁渲染目标
@@ -109,12 +109,12 @@ public:
   /**
    * @brief 获取颜色纹理
    */
-  Ptr<Texture> getColorTexture() const { return colorTexture_; }
+  IntrusivePtr<Texture> getColorTexture() const { return colorTexture_; }
 
   /**
    * @brief 获取深度纹理（如果有）
    */
-  Ptr<Texture> getDepthTexture() const { return depthTexture_; }
+  IntrusivePtr<Texture> getDepthTexture() const { return depthTexture_; }
 
   // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // 视口和裁剪
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ public:
   /**
    * @brief 创建渲染目标的静态工厂方法
    */
-  static Ptr<RenderTarget> createFromConfig(const RenderTargetConfig &config);
+  static IntrusivePtr<RenderTarget> createFromConfig(const RenderTargetConfig &config);
 
   /**
    * @brief 获取当前绑定的渲染目标ID
@@ -190,8 +190,8 @@ protected:
   GLuint fbo_ = 0; // 帧缓冲对象
   GLuint rbo_ = 0; // 渲染缓冲对象（深度/模板）
 
-  Ptr<Texture> colorTexture_; // 颜色纹理
-  Ptr<Texture> depthTexture_; // 深度纹理（可选）
+  IntrusivePtr<Texture> colorTexture_; // 颜色纹理
+  IntrusivePtr<Texture> depthTexture_; // 深度纹理（可选）
 
   int width_ = 0;
   int height_ = 0;
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ public:
   /**
    * @brief 创建新的渲染目标
    */
-  Ptr<RenderTarget> createRenderTarget(const RenderTargetConfig &config);
+  IntrusivePtr<RenderTarget> createRenderTarget(const RenderTargetConfig &config);
 
   /**
    * @brief 获取默认渲染目标
@@ -318,8 +318,8 @@ private:
   RenderTargetManager(const RenderTargetManager &) = delete;
   RenderTargetManager &operator=(const RenderTargetManager &) = delete;
 
-  Ptr<RenderTarget> defaultRenderTarget_;
-  std::vector<Ptr<RenderTarget>> renderTargets_;
+  IntrusivePtr<RenderTarget> defaultRenderTarget_;
+  std::vector<IntrusivePtr<RenderTarget>> renderTargets_;
   bool initialized_ = false;
 };
 
diff --git a/include/renderer/renderer.h b/include/renderer/renderer.h
index f0b28e0..10d6d27 100644
--- a/include/renderer/renderer.h
+++ b/include/renderer/renderer.h
@@ -73,9 +73,9 @@ public:
   // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // 纹理
   // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  virtual Ptr<Texture> createTexture(int width, int height,
+  virtual IntrusivePtr<Texture> createTexture(int width, int height,
                                      const uint8_t *pixels, int channels) = 0;
-  virtual Ptr<Texture> loadTexture(const std::string &filepath) = 0;
+  virtual IntrusivePtr<Texture> loadTexture(const std::string &filepath) = 0;
 
   // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // 精灵批渲染
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ public:
   // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // 文字渲染
   // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  virtual Ptr<FontAtlas> createFontAtlas(const std::string &filepath,
+  virtual IntrusivePtr<FontAtlas> createFontAtlas(const std::string &filepath,
                                          int fontSize, bool useSDF = false) = 0;
   virtual void drawText(const FontAtlas &font, const std::string &text,
                         const Vec2 &position, const Color &color) = 0;
diff --git a/include/resource/resource_manager.h b/include/resource/resource_manager.h
index 1015ad9..a15cc0f 100644
--- a/include/resource/resource_manager.h
+++ b/include/resource/resource_manager.h
@@ -39,14 +39,14 @@ enum class TextureFormat {
 // 纹理LRU缓存项
 // ============================================================================
 struct TextureCacheEntry {
-  Ptr<Texture> texture;
+  IntrusivePtr<Texture> texture;
   size_t size = 0;             // 纹理大小（字节）
   float lastAccessTime = 0.0f; // 最后访问时间
   uint32_t accessCount = 0;    // 访问次数
 };
 
 // 异步加载回调类型
-using TextureLoadCallback = std::function<void(Ptr<Texture>)>;
+using TextureLoadCallback = std::function<void(IntrusivePtr<Texture>)>;
 
 class ResourceManager {
 public:
@@ -60,13 +60,13 @@ public:
   // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
   /// 加载纹理（带缓存）
-  Ptr<Texture> loadTexture(const std::string &filepath);
+  IntrusivePtr<Texture> loadTexture(const std::string &filepath);
 
   /// 加载纹理（指定是否异步）
-  Ptr<Texture> loadTexture(const std::string &filepath, bool async);
+  IntrusivePtr<Texture> loadTexture(const std::string &filepath, bool async);
 
   /// 加载纹理（完整参数：异步 + 压缩格式）
-  Ptr<Texture> loadTexture(const std::string &filepath, bool async,
+  IntrusivePtr<Texture> loadTexture(const std::string &filepath, bool async,
                            TextureFormat format);
 
   /// 异步加载纹理（带回调）
@@ -78,10 +78,10 @@ public:
                         TextureLoadCallback callback);
 
   /// 加载纹理并生成Alpha遮罩（用于不规则形状图片）
-  Ptr<Texture> loadTextureWithAlphaMask(const std::string &filepath);
+  IntrusivePtr<Texture> loadTextureWithAlphaMask(const std::string &filepath);
 
   /// 通过key获取已缓存的纹理
-  Ptr<Texture> getTexture(const std::string &key) const;
+  IntrusivePtr<Texture> getTexture(const std::string &key) const;
 
   /// 检查纹理是否已缓存
   bool hasTexture(const std::string &key) const;
@@ -107,11 +107,11 @@ public:
   // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
   /// 加载字体图集（带缓存）
-  Ptr<FontAtlas> loadFont(const std::string &filepath, int fontSize,
+  IntrusivePtr<FontAtlas> loadFont(const std::string &filepath, int fontSize,
                           bool useSDF = false);
 
   /// 通过key获取已缓存的字体图集
-  Ptr<FontAtlas> getFont(const std::string &key) const;
+  IntrusivePtr<FontAtlas> getFont(const std::string &key) const;
 
   /// 检查字体是否已缓存
   bool hasFont(const std::string &key) const;
@@ -124,11 +124,11 @@ public:
   // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
   /// 加载音效（带缓存）
-  Ptr<Sound> loadSound(const std::string &filepath);
-  Ptr<Sound> loadSound(const std::string &name, const std::string &filepath);
+  IntrusivePtr<Sound> loadSound(const std::string &filepath);
+  IntrusivePtr<Sound> loadSound(const std::string &name, const std::string &filepath);
 
   /// 通过key获取已缓存的音效
-  Ptr<Sound> getSound(const std::string &key) const;
+  IntrusivePtr<Sound> getSound(const std::string &key) const;
 
   /// 检查音效是否已缓存
   bool hasSound(const std::string &key) const;
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ private:
                           bool useSDF) const;
 
   // 内部加载实现
-  Ptr<Texture> loadTextureInternal(const std::string &filepath,
+  IntrusivePtr<Texture> loadTextureInternal(const std::string &filepath,
                                    TextureFormat format);
 
   // 选择最佳纹理格式
@@ -273,9 +273,9 @@ private:
   mutable std::mutex textFileMutex_;
   mutable std::mutex jsonFileMutex_;
 
-  // 资源缓存 - 使用弱指针实现自动清理
-  std::unordered_map<std::string, WeakPtr<FontAtlas>> fontCache_;
-  std::unordered_map<std::string, WeakPtr<Sound>> soundCache_;
+  // 资源缓存 - 使用 IntrusivePtr 强引用
+  std::unordered_map<std::string, IntrusivePtr<FontAtlas>> fontCache_;
+  std::unordered_map<std::string, IntrusivePtr<Sound>> soundCache_;
 
   // 文本文件缓存 - 使用强引用（字符串值类型）
   std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> textFileCache_;
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ private:
     std::string filepath;
     TextureFormat format;
     TextureLoadCallback callback;
-    std::promise<Ptr<Texture>> promise;
+    std::promise<IntrusivePtr<Texture>> promise;
   };
 
   std::queue<AsyncLoadTask> asyncTaskQueue_;
diff --git a/include/scene/node.h b/include/scene/node.h
index 31693b1..9630ab5 100644
--- a/include/scene/node.h
+++ b/include/scene/node.h
@@ -1,14 +1,11 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <algorithm>
 #include <core/color.h>
 #include <core/rect.h>
 #include <core/types.h>
 #include <core/vec2.h>
 #include <event/event_dispatcher.h>
-#include <functional>
 #include <renderer/renderer.h>
-#include <memory>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -22,7 +19,7 @@ struct RenderCommand;
 // ============================================================================
 // 节点基类 - 场景图的基础
 // ============================================================================
-class Node : public std::enable_shared_from_this<Node> {
+class Node : public RefCounted {
 public:
   Node();
   virtual ~Node();
@@ -30,23 +27,23 @@ public:
   // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // 层级管理
   // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  void addChild(Ptr<Node> child);
+  void addChild(IntrusivePtr<Node> child);
 
   /**
    * @brief 批量添加子节点
    * @param children 子节点列表
    */
-  void addChildren(std::vector<Ptr<Node>> &&children);
+  void addChildren(std::vector<IntrusivePtr<Node>> &&children);
 
-  void removeChild(Ptr<Node> child);
+  void removeChild(IntrusivePtr<Node> child);
   void removeChildByName(const std::string &name);
   void removeFromParent();
   void removeAllChildren();
 
-  Ptr<Node> parent() const { return parent_.lock(); }
-  const std::vector<Ptr<Node>> &children() const { return children_; }
-  Ptr<Node> childByName(const std::string &name) const;
-  Ptr<Node> childByTag(int tag) const;
+  Node* parent() const { return parent_; }
+  const std::vector<IntrusivePtr<Node>> &children() const { return children_; }
+  IntrusivePtr<Node> childByName(const std::string &name) const;
+  IntrusivePtr<Node> childByTag(int tag) const;
 
   // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // 变换属性
@@ -195,17 +192,17 @@ private:
 
   // 2. 字符串和容器（24-32字节）
   std::string name_;                // 32 bytes
-  std::vector<Ptr<Node>> children_; // 24 bytes
+  std::vector<IntrusivePtr<Node>> children_; // 24 bytes
 
   // 3. 子节点索引（加速查找）
-  std::unordered_map<std::string, WeakPtr<Node>> nameIndex_; // 56 bytes
-  std::unordered_map<int, WeakPtr<Node>> tagIndex_;          // 56 bytes
+  std::unordered_map<std::string, Node*> nameIndex_; // 56 bytes
+  std::unordered_map<int, Node*> tagIndex_;          // 56 bytes
 
   // 4. 事件分发器
   EventDispatcher eventDispatcher_; // 大小取决于实现
 
   // 5. 父节点引用
-  WeakPtr<Node> parent_; // 16 bytes
+  Node* parent_ = nullptr; // 8 bytes
 
   // 7. 变换属性（按访问频率分组）
   Vec2 position_ = Vec2::Zero();   // 8 bytes
@@ -237,8 +234,6 @@ private:
   bool childrenOrderDirty_ = false;         // 1 byte
   bool visible_ = true;                     // 1 byte
   bool running_ = false;                    // 1 byte
-
-
 };
 
 } // namespace extra2d
diff --git a/include/scene/scene.h b/include/scene/scene.h
index e529eb5..cae5261 100644
--- a/include/scene/scene.h
+++ b/include/scene/scene.h
@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ public:
   // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // 摄像机
   // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  void setCamera(Ptr<Camera> camera);
-  Ptr<Camera> getCamera() const { return camera_; }
+  void setCamera(IntrusivePtr<Camera> camera);
+  IntrusivePtr<Camera> getCamera() const { return camera_; }
 
   Camera *getActiveCamera() const {
     return camera_ ? camera_.get() : defaultCamera_.get();
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ public:
   // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // 静态创建方法
   // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  static Ptr<Scene> create();
+  static IntrusivePtr<Scene> create();
 
 protected:
   void onEnter() override;
@@ -75,8 +75,8 @@ private:
   Color backgroundColor_ = Colors::Black;
   Size viewportSize_ = Size::Zero();
 
-  Ptr<Camera> camera_;
-  Ptr<Camera> defaultCamera_;
+  IntrusivePtr<Camera> camera_;
+  IntrusivePtr<Camera> defaultCamera_;
 
   bool paused_ = false;
 };
diff --git a/include/scene/scene_manager.h b/include/scene/scene_manager.h
index 76d17cc..e66f0c6 100644
--- a/include/scene/scene_manager.h
+++ b/include/scene/scene_manager.h
@@ -29,13 +29,13 @@ public:
   // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
   // 运行第一个场景
-  void runWithScene(Ptr<Scene> scene);
+  void runWithScene(IntrusivePtr<Scene> scene);
 
   // 替换当前场景
-  void replaceScene(Ptr<Scene> scene);
+  void replaceScene(IntrusivePtr<Scene> scene);
 
   // 压入新场景（当前场景暂停）
-  void pushScene(Ptr<Scene> scene);
+  void pushScene(IntrusivePtr<Scene> scene);
 
   // 弹出当前场景（恢复上一个场景）
   void popScene();
@@ -49,12 +49,12 @@ public:
   // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // 获取场景
   // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  Ptr<Scene> getCurrentScene() const;
-  Ptr<Scene> getPreviousScene() const;
-  Ptr<Scene> getRootScene() const;
+  IntrusivePtr<Scene> getCurrentScene() const;
+  IntrusivePtr<Scene> getPreviousScene() const;
+  IntrusivePtr<Scene> getRootScene() const;
 
   // 通过名称获取场景
-  Ptr<Scene> getSceneByName(const std::string &name) const;
+  IntrusivePtr<Scene> getSceneByName(const std::string &name) const;
 
   // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // 查询
@@ -83,17 +83,17 @@ public:
   SceneManager &operator=(const SceneManager &) = delete;
 
   // 场景切换（供 Application 使用）
-  void enterScene(Ptr<Scene> scene);
+  void enterScene(IntrusivePtr<Scene> scene);
 
 private:
   void doSceneSwitch();
   void dispatchPointerEvents(Scene &scene);
 
-  std::stack<Ptr<Scene>> sceneStack_;
-  std::unordered_map<std::string, Ptr<Scene>> namedScenes_;
+  std::stack<IntrusivePtr<Scene>> sceneStack_;
+  std::unordered_map<std::string, IntrusivePtr<Scene>> namedScenes_;
 
   // Next scene to switch to (queued during transition)
-  Ptr<Scene> nextScene_;
+  IntrusivePtr<Scene> nextScene_;
   bool sendCleanupToScene_ = false;
 
   Node *hoverTarget_ = nullptr;
diff --git a/include/scene/shape.h b/include/scene/shape.h
index 4f56957..3740e67 100644
--- a/include/scene/shape.h
+++ b/include/scene/shape.h
@@ -23,40 +23,40 @@ public:
   // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
   // 静态创建方法
   // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  static Ptr<ShapeNode> create();
+  static IntrusivePtr<ShapeNode> create();
 
   // 点
-  static Ptr<ShapeNode> createPoint(const Vec2 &pos, const Color &color);
+  static IntrusivePtr<ShapeNode> createPoint(const Vec2 &pos, const Color &color);
 
   // 线
-  static Ptr<ShapeNode> createLine(const Vec2 &start, const Vec2 &end,
+  static IntrusivePtr<ShapeNode> createLine(const Vec2 &start, const Vec2 &end,
                                    const Color &color, float width = 1.0f);
 
   // 矩形
-  static Ptr<ShapeNode> createRect(const Rect &rect, const Color &color,
+  static IntrusivePtr<ShapeNode> createRect(const Rect &rect, const Color &color,
                                    float width = 1.0f);
-  static Ptr<ShapeNode> createFilledRect(const Rect &rect, const Color &color);
+  static IntrusivePtr<ShapeNode> createFilledRect(const Rect &rect, const Color &color);
 
   // 圆形
-  static Ptr<ShapeNode> createCircle(const Vec2 &center, float radius,
+  static IntrusivePtr<ShapeNode> createCircle(const Vec2 &center, float radius,
                                      const Color &color, int segments = 32,
                                      float width = 1.0f);
-  static Ptr<ShapeNode> createFilledCircle(const Vec2 &center, float radius,
+  static IntrusivePtr<ShapeNode> createFilledCircle(const Vec2 &center, float radius,
                                            const Color &color,
                                            int segments = 32);
 
   // 三角形
-  static Ptr<ShapeNode> createTriangle(const Vec2 &p1, const Vec2 &p2,
+  static IntrusivePtr<ShapeNode> createTriangle(const Vec2 &p1, const Vec2 &p2,
                                        const Vec2 &p3, const Color &color,
                                        float width = 1.0f);
-  static Ptr<ShapeNode> createFilledTriangle(const Vec2 &p1, const Vec2 &p2,
+  static IntrusivePtr<ShapeNode> createFilledTriangle(const Vec2 &p1, const Vec2 &p2,
                                              const Vec2 &p3,
                                              const Color &color);
 
   // 多边形
-  static Ptr<ShapeNode> createPolygon(const std::vector<Vec2> &points,
+  static IntrusivePtr<ShapeNode> createPolygon(const std::vector<Vec2> &points,
                                       const Color &color, float width = 1.0f);
-  static Ptr<ShapeNode> createFilledPolygon(const std::vector<Vec2> &points,
+  static IntrusivePtr<ShapeNode> createFilledPolygon(const std::vector<Vec2> &points,
                                             const Color &color);
 
   // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/include/scene/sprite.h b/include/scene/sprite.h
index 0b3e0d5..3b38ade 100644
--- a/include/scene/sprite.h
+++ b/include/scene/sprite.h
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@ namespace extra2d {
 class Sprite : public Node {
 public:
   Sprite();
-  explicit Sprite(Ptr<Texture> texture);
+  explicit Sprite(IntrusivePtr<Texture> texture);
   ~Sprite() override = default;
 
   // 纹理
-  void setTexture(Ptr<Texture> texture);
-  Ptr<Texture> getTexture() const { return texture_; }
+  void setTexture(IntrusivePtr<Texture> texture);
+  IntrusivePtr<Texture> getTexture() const { return texture_; }
 
   // 纹理矩形 (用于图集)
   void setTextureRect(const Rect &rect);
@@ -33,9 +33,9 @@ public:
   bool flipY() const { return flipY_; }
 
   // 静态创建方法
-  static Ptr<Sprite> create();
-  static Ptr<Sprite> create(Ptr<Texture> texture);
-  static Ptr<Sprite> create(Ptr<Texture> texture, const Rect &rect);
+  static IntrusivePtr<Sprite> create();
+  static IntrusivePtr<Sprite> create(IntrusivePtr<Texture> texture);
+  static IntrusivePtr<Sprite> create(IntrusivePtr<Texture> texture, const Rect &rect);
 
   Rect boundingBox() const override;
 
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ protected:
                              int zOrder) override;
 
 private:
-  Ptr<Texture> texture_;
+  IntrusivePtr<Texture> texture_;
   Rect textureRect_;
   Color color_ = Colors::White;
   bool flipX_ = false;
diff --git a/src/app/application.cpp b/src/app/application.cpp
index 4143d26..4b6d1ca 100644
--- a/src/app/application.cpp
+++ b/src/app/application.cpp
@@ -362,7 +362,7 @@ EventDispatcher &Application::eventDispatcher() { return *eventDispatcher_; }
 
 Camera &Application::camera() { return *camera_; }
 
-void Application::enterScene(Ptr<Scene> scene) {
+void Application::enterScene(IntrusivePtr<Scene> scene) {
   if (sceneManager_ && scene) {
     scene->setViewportSize(static_cast<float>(window_->width()),
                            static_cast<float>(window_->height()));
diff --git a/src/audio/audio_engine.cpp b/src/audio/audio_engine.cpp
index ac368d4..b2b9228 100644
--- a/src/audio/audio_engine.cpp
+++ b/src/audio/audio_engine.cpp
@@ -54,11 +54,11 @@ void AudioEngine::shutdown() {
   E2D_LOG_INFO("AudioEngine shutdown");
 }
 
-std::shared_ptr<Sound> AudioEngine::loadSound(const std::string &filePath) {
+IntrusivePtr<Sound> AudioEngine::loadSound(const std::string &filePath) {
   return loadSound(filePath, filePath);
 }
 
-std::shared_ptr<Sound> AudioEngine::loadSound(const std::string &name,
+IntrusivePtr<Sound> AudioEngine::loadSound(const std::string &name,
                                               const std::string &filePath) {
   if (!initialized_) {
     E2D_LOG_ERROR("AudioEngine not initialized");
@@ -77,14 +77,14 @@ std::shared_ptr<Sound> AudioEngine::loadSound(const std::string &name,
     return nullptr;
   }
 
-  auto sound = std::shared_ptr<Sound>(new Sound(name, filePath, chunk));
+  auto sound = IntrusivePtr<Sound>(new Sound(name, filePath, chunk));
   sounds_[name] = sound;
 
   E2D_LOG_DEBUG("Loaded sound: {}", filePath);
   return sound;
 }
 
-std::shared_ptr<Sound> AudioEngine::getSound(const std::string &name) {
+IntrusivePtr<Sound> AudioEngine::getSound(const std::string &name) {
   auto it = sounds_.find(name);
   if (it != sounds_.end()) {
     return it->second;
diff --git a/src/graphics/opengl/gl_renderer.cpp b/src/graphics/opengl/gl_renderer.cpp
index 372b720..04004fb 100644
--- a/src/graphics/opengl/gl_renderer.cpp
+++ b/src/graphics/opengl/gl_renderer.cpp
@@ -256,13 +256,13 @@ glm::mat4 GLRenderer::getCurrentTransform() const {
   return transformStack_.back();
 }
 
-Ptr<Texture> GLRenderer::createTexture(int width, int height,
+IntrusivePtr<Texture> GLRenderer::createTexture(int width, int height,
                                        const uint8_t *pixels, int channels) {
-  return shared<GLTexture>(width, height, pixels, channels);
+  return makeRef<GLTexture>(width, height, pixels, channels);
 }
 
-Ptr<Texture> GLRenderer::loadTexture(const std::string &filepath) {
-  return shared<GLTexture>(filepath);
+IntrusivePtr<Texture> GLRenderer::loadTexture(const std::string &filepath) {
+  return makeRef<GLTexture>(filepath);
 }
 
 void GLRenderer::beginSpriteBatch() { spriteBatch_.begin(viewProjection_); }
@@ -476,9 +476,9 @@ void GLRenderer::fillPolygon(const std::vector<Vec2> &points,
   }
 }
 
-Ptr<FontAtlas> GLRenderer::createFontAtlas(const std::string &filepath,
+IntrusivePtr<FontAtlas> GLRenderer::createFontAtlas(const std::string &filepath,
                                            int fontSize, bool useSDF) {
-  return shared<GLFontAtlas>(filepath, fontSize, useSDF);
+  return makeRef<GLFontAtlas>(filepath, fontSize, useSDF);
 }
 
 void GLRenderer::drawText(const FontAtlas &font, const std::string &text,
diff --git a/src/graphics/opengl/gl_texture.cpp b/src/graphics/opengl/gl_texture.cpp
index 71709d7..45be138 100644
--- a/src/graphics/opengl/gl_texture.cpp
+++ b/src/graphics/opengl/gl_texture.cpp
@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ void GLTexture::generateAlphaMask() {
 
 PixelFormat GLTexture::getFormat() const { return format_; }
 
-Ptr<Texture> GLTexture::create(int width, int height, PixelFormat format) {
+IntrusivePtr<Texture> GLTexture::create(int width, int height, PixelFormat format) {
   int channels = 4;
   switch (format) {
   case PixelFormat::R8:
@@ -457,7 +457,7 @@ Ptr<Texture> GLTexture::create(int width, int height, PixelFormat format) {
     channels = 4;
     break;
   }
-  return shared<GLTexture>(width, height, nullptr, channels);
+  return makeRef<GLTexture>(width, height, nullptr, channels);
 }
 
 } // namespace extra2d
diff --git a/src/graphics/texture_atlas.cpp b/src/graphics/texture_atlas.cpp
index 2e53d87..5af8a7f 100644
--- a/src/graphics/texture_atlas.cpp
+++ b/src/graphics/texture_atlas.cpp
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ TextureAtlasPage::TextureAtlasPage(int width, int height)
     : width_(width), height_(height), isFull_(false), usedArea_(0) {
   // 创建空白纹理
   std::vector<uint8_t> emptyData(width * height * 4, 0);
-  texture_ = shared<GLTexture>(width, height, emptyData.data(), 4);
+  texture_ = makeRef<GLTexture>(width, height, emptyData.data(), 4);
 
   // 初始化矩形打包根节点
   root_ = std::make_unique<PackNode>(0, 0, width, height);
diff --git a/src/renderer/render_target.cpp b/src/renderer/render_target.cpp
index e2ddad7..6bb6624 100644
--- a/src/renderer/render_target.cpp
+++ b/src/renderer/render_target.cpp
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ bool RenderTarget::create(const RenderTargetConfig &config) {
   return true;
 }
 
-bool RenderTarget::createFromTexture(Ptr<Texture> texture, bool hasDepth) {
+bool RenderTarget::createFromTexture(IntrusivePtr<Texture> texture, bool hasDepth) {
   if (!texture || !texture->isValid()) {
     E2D_ERROR("无效的颜色纹理");
     return false;
@@ -296,9 +296,9 @@ bool RenderTarget::saveToFile(const std::string &filepath) {
   return true;
 }
 
-Ptr<RenderTarget>
+IntrusivePtr<RenderTarget>
 RenderTarget::createFromConfig(const RenderTargetConfig &config) {
-  auto rt = std::make_shared<RenderTarget>();
+  auto rt = makeRef<RenderTarget>();
   if (rt->create(config)) {
     return rt;
   }
@@ -556,7 +556,7 @@ void RenderTargetManager::shutdown() {
   E2D_INFO("渲染目标管理器已关闭");
 }
 
-Ptr<RenderTarget>
+IntrusivePtr<RenderTarget>
 RenderTargetManager::createRenderTarget(const RenderTargetConfig &config) {
   if (!initialized_) {
     E2D_ERROR("渲染目标管理器未初始化");
diff --git a/src/resource/resource_manager.cpp b/src/resource/resource_manager.cpp
index 4411252..5a782fb 100644
--- a/src/resource/resource_manager.cpp
+++ b/src/resource/resource_manager.cpp
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ static bool fileExists(const std::string &path) {
 
 // 辅助函数：检查是否是 romfs 路径
 static bool isRomfsPath(const std::string &path) {
-  return path.find("romfs:/") == 0 || path.find("romfs:\\") == 0;
+  return path.find("romfs:/") == 0 || path.find("romfs:") == 0;
 }
 
 // 辅助函数：获取可执行文件所在目录（Windows 平台）
@@ -169,16 +169,16 @@ void ResourceManager::asyncLoadLoop() {
 // 纹理资源 - 同步加载
 // ============================================================================
 
-Ptr<Texture> ResourceManager::loadTexture(const std::string &filepath) {
+IntrusivePtr<Texture> ResourceManager::loadTexture(const std::string &filepath) {
   return loadTexture(filepath, false, TextureFormat::Auto);
 }
 
-Ptr<Texture> ResourceManager::loadTexture(const std::string &filepath,
+IntrusivePtr<Texture> ResourceManager::loadTexture(const std::string &filepath,
                                           bool async) {
   return loadTexture(filepath, async, TextureFormat::Auto);
 }
 
-Ptr<Texture> ResourceManager::loadTexture(const std::string &filepath,
+IntrusivePtr<Texture> ResourceManager::loadTexture(const std::string &filepath,
                                           bool async, TextureFormat format) {
   if (async) {
     // 异步加载：返回空指针，实际纹理通过回调获取
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ void ResourceManager::loadTextureAsync(const std::string &filepath,
   E2D_LOG_DEBUG("ResourceManager: queued async texture load: {}", filepath);
 }
 
-Ptr<Texture> ResourceManager::loadTextureInternal(const std::string &filepath,
+IntrusivePtr<Texture> ResourceManager::loadTextureInternal(const std::string &filepath,
                                                   TextureFormat format) {
   std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(textureMutex_);
 
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ Ptr<Texture> ResourceManager::loadTextureInternal(const std::string &filepath,
 
   // 创建新纹理
   try {
-    auto texture = shared<GLTexture>(fullPath);
+    auto texture = makeRef<GLTexture>(fullPath);
     if (!texture->isValid()) {
       E2D_LOG_ERROR("ResourceManager: failed to load texture: {}", filepath);
       return nullptr;
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ std::vector<uint8_t> ResourceManager::compressTexture(const uint8_t *data,
   return result;
 }
 
-Ptr<Texture>
+IntrusivePtr<Texture>
 ResourceManager::loadTextureWithAlphaMask(const std::string &filepath) {
   // 先加载纹理
   auto texture = loadTexture(filepath);
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ bool ResourceManager::hasAlphaMask(const std::string &textureKey) const {
   return false;
 }
 
-Ptr<Texture> ResourceManager::getTexture(const std::string &key) const {
+IntrusivePtr<Texture> ResourceManager::getTexture(const std::string &key) const {
   std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(textureMutex_);
 
   auto it = textureCache_.find(key);
@@ -439,7 +439,7 @@ std::string ResourceManager::makeFontKey(const std::string &filepath,
   return filepath + "#" + std::to_string(fontSize) + (useSDF ? "#sdf" : "");
 }
 
-Ptr<FontAtlas> ResourceManager::loadFont(const std::string &filepath,
+IntrusivePtr<FontAtlas> ResourceManager::loadFont(const std::string &filepath,
                                          int fontSize, bool useSDF) {
   std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(fontMutex_);
 
@@ -448,12 +448,8 @@ Ptr<FontAtlas> ResourceManager::loadFont(const std::string &filepath,
   // 检查缓存
   auto it = fontCache_.find(key);
   if (it != fontCache_.end()) {
-    if (auto font = it->second.lock()) {
-      E2D_LOG_TRACE("ResourceManager: font cache hit: {}", key);
-      return font;
-    }
-    // 弱引用已失效，移除
-    fontCache_.erase(it);
+    E2D_LOG_TRACE("ResourceManager: font cache hit: {}", key);
+    return it->second;
   }
 
   // 解析资源路径（优先尝试 romfs:/ 前缀）
@@ -465,7 +461,7 @@ Ptr<FontAtlas> ResourceManager::loadFont(const std::string &filepath,
 
   // 创建新字体图集
   try {
-    auto font = shared<GLFontAtlas>(fullPath, fontSize, useSDF);
+    auto font = makeRef<GLFontAtlas>(fullPath, fontSize, useSDF);
     if (!font->getTexture() || !font->getTexture()->isValid()) {
       E2D_LOG_ERROR("ResourceManager: failed to load font: {}", filepath);
       return nullptr;
@@ -482,24 +478,19 @@ Ptr<FontAtlas> ResourceManager::loadFont(const std::string &filepath,
   }
 }
 
-Ptr<FontAtlas> ResourceManager::getFont(const std::string &key) const {
+IntrusivePtr<FontAtlas> ResourceManager::getFont(const std::string &key) const {
   std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(fontMutex_);
 
   auto it = fontCache_.find(key);
   if (it != fontCache_.end()) {
-    return it->second.lock();
+    return it->second;
   }
   return nullptr;
 }
 
 bool ResourceManager::hasFont(const std::string &key) const {
   std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(fontMutex_);
-
-  auto it = fontCache_.find(key);
-  if (it != fontCache_.end()) {
-    return !it->second.expired();
-  }
-  return false;
+  return fontCache_.find(key) != fontCache_.end();
 }
 
 void ResourceManager::unloadFont(const std::string &key) {
@@ -512,23 +503,19 @@ void ResourceManager::unloadFont(const std::string &key) {
 // 音效资源
 // ============================================================================
 
-Ptr<Sound> ResourceManager::loadSound(const std::string &filepath) {
+IntrusivePtr<Sound> ResourceManager::loadSound(const std::string &filepath) {
   return loadSound(filepath, filepath);
 }
 
-Ptr<Sound> ResourceManager::loadSound(const std::string &name,
+IntrusivePtr<Sound> ResourceManager::loadSound(const std::string &name,
                                       const std::string &filepath) {
   std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(soundMutex_);
 
   // 检查缓存
   auto it = soundCache_.find(name);
   if (it != soundCache_.end()) {
-    if (auto sound = it->second.lock()) {
-      E2D_LOG_TRACE("ResourceManager: sound cache hit: {}", name);
-      return sound;
-    }
-    // 弱引用已失效，移除
-    soundCache_.erase(it);
+    E2D_LOG_TRACE("ResourceManager: sound cache hit: {}", name);
+    return it->second;
   }
 
   // 解析资源路径（优先尝试 romfs:/ 前缀）
@@ -551,24 +538,19 @@ Ptr<Sound> ResourceManager::loadSound(const std::string &name,
   return sound;
 }
 
-Ptr<Sound> ResourceManager::getSound(const std::string &key) const {
+IntrusivePtr<Sound> ResourceManager::getSound(const std::string &key) const {
   std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(soundMutex_);
 
   auto it = soundCache_.find(key);
   if (it != soundCache_.end()) {
-    return it->second.lock();
+    return it->second;
   }
   return nullptr;
 }
 
 bool ResourceManager::hasSound(const std::string &key) const {
   std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(soundMutex_);
-
-  auto it = soundCache_.find(key);
-  if (it != soundCache_.end()) {
-    return !it->second.expired();
-  }
-  return false;
+  return soundCache_.find(key) != soundCache_.end();
 }
 
 void ResourceManager::unloadSound(const std::string &key) {
@@ -586,31 +568,8 @@ void ResourceManager::unloadSound(const std::string &key) {
 
 void ResourceManager::purgeUnused() {
   // 纹理缓存使用LRU策略，不需要清理失效引用
-  // 字体缓存
-  {
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(fontMutex_);
-    for (auto it = fontCache_.begin(); it != fontCache_.end();) {
-      if (it->second.expired()) {
-        E2D_LOG_TRACE("ResourceManager: purging unused font: {}", it->first);
-        it = fontCache_.erase(it);
-      } else {
-        ++it;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  // 音效缓存
-  {
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(soundMutex_);
-    for (auto it = soundCache_.begin(); it != soundCache_.end();) {
-      if (it->second.expired()) {
-        E2D_LOG_TRACE("ResourceManager: purging unused sound: {}", it->first);
-        it = soundCache_.erase(it);
-      } else {
-        ++it;
-      }
-    }
-  }
+  // 字体和音效缓存使用 IntrusivePtr 强引用，不需要清理失效引用
+  // 当外部没有引用时，缓存会自动释放
 }
 
 void ResourceManager::clearTextureCache() {
diff --git a/src/scene/node.cpp b/src/scene/node.cpp
index 2664de4..0d94531 100644
--- a/src/scene/node.cpp
+++ b/src/scene/node.cpp
@@ -11,22 +11,22 @@ Node::Node() = default;
 
 Node::~Node() { removeAllChildren(); }
 
-void Node::addChild(Ptr<Node> child) {
+void Node::addChild(IntrusivePtr<Node> child) {
   if (!child || child.get() == this) {
     return;
   }
 
   child->removeFromParent();
-  child->parent_ = weak_from_this();
+  child->parent_ = this;
   children_.push_back(child);
   childrenOrderDirty_ = true;
 
   // 更新索引
   if (!child->name().empty()) {
-    nameIndex_[child->name()] = child;
+    nameIndex_[child->name()] = child.get();
   }
   if (child->tag() != -1) {
-    tagIndex_[child->tag()] = child;
+    tagIndex_[child->tag()] = child.get();
   }
 
   if (running_) {
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ void Node::addChild(Ptr<Node> child) {
   }
 }
 
-void Node::addChildren(std::vector<Ptr<Node>> &&children) {
+void Node::addChildren(std::vector<IntrusivePtr<Node>> &&children) {
   // 预留空间，避免多次扩容
   size_t newSize = children_.size() + children.size();
   if (newSize > children_.capacity()) {
@@ -50,15 +50,15 @@ void Node::addChildren(std::vector<Ptr<Node>> &&children) {
     }
 
     child->removeFromParent();
-    child->parent_ = weak_from_this();
+    child->parent_ = this;
     children_.push_back(child);
 
     // 更新索引
     if (!child->name().empty()) {
-      nameIndex_[child->name()] = child;
+      nameIndex_[child->name()] = child.get();
     }
     if (child->tag() != -1) {
-      tagIndex_[child->tag()] = child;
+      tagIndex_[child->tag()] = child.get();
     }
 
     if (running_) {
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ void Node::addChildren(std::vector<Ptr<Node>> &&children) {
   }
 }
 
-void Node::removeChild(Ptr<Node> child) {
+void Node::removeChild(IntrusivePtr<Node> child) {
   if (!child)
     return;
 
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ void Node::removeChild(Ptr<Node> child) {
     if ((*it)->tag() != -1) {
       tagIndex_.erase((*it)->tag());
     }
-    (*it)->parent_.reset();
+    (*it)->parent_ = nullptr;
     children_.erase(it);
   }
 }
@@ -107,18 +107,9 @@ void Node::removeChildByName(const std::string &name) {
 }
 
 void Node::removeFromParent() {
-  auto p = parent_.lock();
+  auto p = parent_;
   if (p) {
-    // 安全获取 shared_ptr，避免在对象未由 shared_ptr 管理时崩溃
-    Ptr<Node> self;
-    try {
-      self = shared_from_this();
-    } catch (const std::bad_weak_ptr &) {
-      // 对象不是由 shared_ptr 管理的，直接重置父节点引用
-      parent_.reset();
-      return;
-    }
-    p->removeChild(self);
+    p->removeChild(IntrusivePtr<Node>(this));
   }
 }
 
@@ -128,27 +119,27 @@ void Node::removeAllChildren() {
       child->onDetachFromScene();
       child->onExit();
     }
-    child->parent_.reset();
+    child->parent_ = nullptr;
   }
   children_.clear();
   nameIndex_.clear();
   tagIndex_.clear();
 }
 
-Ptr<Node> Node::childByName(const std::string &name) const {
+IntrusivePtr<Node> Node::childByName(const std::string &name) const {
   // 使用哈希索引，O(1) 查找
   auto it = nameIndex_.find(name);
   if (it != nameIndex_.end()) {
-    return it->second.lock();
+    return IntrusivePtr<Node>(it->second);
   }
   return nullptr;
 }
 
-Ptr<Node> Node::childByTag(int tag) const {
+IntrusivePtr<Node> Node::childByTag(int tag) const {
   // 使用哈希索引，O(1) 查找
   auto it = tagIndex_.find(tag);
   if (it != tagIndex_.end()) {
-    return it->second.lock();
+    return IntrusivePtr<Node>(it->second);
   }
   return nullptr;
 }
@@ -261,8 +252,7 @@ glm::mat4 Node::getWorldTransform() const {
     const Node *current = this;
     while (current && chainCount < nodeChainCache.size()) {
       nodeChainCache[chainCount++] = current;
-      auto p = current->parent_.lock();
-      current = p.get();
+      current = current->parent_;
     }
 
     // 从根节点开始计算
@@ -297,7 +287,7 @@ void Node::batchUpdateTransforms() {
 
   // 如果世界变换脏了，需要重新计算
   if (worldTransformDirty_) {
-    auto parent = parent_.lock();
+    auto parent = parent_;
     if (parent) {
       // 使用父节点的世界变换（确保父节点已经更新）
       worldTransform_ = parent->getWorldTransform() * localTransform_;
@@ -403,7 +393,7 @@ void Node::sortChildren() {
   } else {
     // 大数组使用标准排序
     std::sort(children_.begin(), children_.end(),
-              [](const Ptr<Node> &a, const Ptr<Node> &b) {
+              [](const IntrusivePtr<Node> &a, const IntrusivePtr<Node> &b) {
                 return a->zOrder() < b->zOrder();
               });
   }
diff --git a/src/scene/scene.cpp b/src/scene/scene.cpp
index 3522e41..4948ea2 100644
--- a/src/scene/scene.cpp
+++ b/src/scene/scene.cpp
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@
 
 namespace extra2d {
 
-Scene::Scene() { defaultCamera_ = shared<Camera>(); }
+Scene::Scene() { defaultCamera_ = makeRef<Camera>(); }
 
-void Scene::setCamera(Ptr<Camera> camera) { camera_ = camera; }
+void Scene::setCamera(IntrusivePtr<Camera> camera) { camera_ = camera; }
 
 void Scene::setViewportSize(float width, float height) {
   viewportSize_ = Size(width, height);
@@ -68,6 +68,6 @@ void Scene::collectRenderCommands(std::vector<RenderCommand> &commands,
   Node::collectRenderCommands(commands, parentZOrder);
 }
 
-Ptr<Scene> Scene::create() { return shared<Scene>(); }
+IntrusivePtr<Scene> Scene::create() { return makeRef<Scene>(); }
 
 } // namespace extra2d
diff --git a/src/scene/scene_manager.cpp b/src/scene/scene_manager.cpp
index 50aa811..9a469d0 100644
--- a/src/scene/scene_manager.cpp
+++ b/src/scene/scene_manager.cpp
@@ -11,14 +11,14 @@ namespace extra2d {
 
 namespace {
 
-Node *hitTestTopmost(const Ptr<Node> &node, const Vec2 &worldPos) {
+Node *hitTestTopmost(const IntrusivePtr<Node> &node, const Vec2 &worldPos) {
   if (!node || !node->visible()) {
     return nullptr;
   }
 
-  std::vector<Ptr<Node>> children = node->children();
+  std::vector<IntrusivePtr<Node>> children = node->children();
   std::stable_sort(children.begin(), children.end(),
-                   [](const Ptr<Node> &a, const Ptr<Node> &b) {
+                   [](const IntrusivePtr<Node> &a, const IntrusivePtr<Node> &b) {
                      return a->zOrder() < b->zOrder();
                    });
 
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ SceneManager &SceneManager::getInstance() {
   return instance;
 }
 
-void SceneManager::runWithScene(Ptr<Scene> scene) {
+void SceneManager::runWithScene(IntrusivePtr<Scene> scene) {
   if (!scene) {
     return;
   }
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ void SceneManager::runWithScene(Ptr<Scene> scene) {
   sceneStack_.push(scene);
 }
 
-void SceneManager::replaceScene(Ptr<Scene> scene) {
+void SceneManager::replaceScene(IntrusivePtr<Scene> scene) {
   if (!scene) {
     return;
   }
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ void SceneManager::replaceScene(Ptr<Scene> scene) {
   sceneStack_.push(scene);
 }
 
-void SceneManager::enterScene(Ptr<Scene> scene) {
+void SceneManager::enterScene(IntrusivePtr<Scene> scene) {
   if (!scene) {
     return;
   }
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ void SceneManager::enterScene(Ptr<Scene> scene) {
   }
 }
 
-void SceneManager::pushScene(Ptr<Scene> scene) {
+void SceneManager::pushScene(IntrusivePtr<Scene> scene) {
   if (!scene) {
     return;
   }
@@ -154,8 +154,8 @@ void SceneManager::popToRootScene() {
 
 void SceneManager::popToScene(const std::string &name) {
   // Find target scene in stack
-  std::stack<Ptr<Scene>> tempStack;
-  Ptr<Scene> target = nullptr;
+  std::stack<IntrusivePtr<Scene>> tempStack;
+  IntrusivePtr<Scene> target = nullptr;
 
   while (!sceneStack_.empty()) {
     auto scene = sceneStack_.top();
@@ -173,14 +173,14 @@ void SceneManager::popToScene(const std::string &name) {
   }
 }
 
-Ptr<Scene> SceneManager::getCurrentScene() const {
+IntrusivePtr<Scene> SceneManager::getCurrentScene() const {
   if (sceneStack_.empty()) {
     return nullptr;
   }
   return sceneStack_.top();
 }
 
-Ptr<Scene> SceneManager::getPreviousScene() const {
+IntrusivePtr<Scene> SceneManager::getPreviousScene() const {
   if (sceneStack_.size() < 2) {
     return nullptr;
   }
@@ -191,14 +191,14 @@ Ptr<Scene> SceneManager::getPreviousScene() const {
   return tempStack.top();
 }
 
-Ptr<Scene> SceneManager::getRootScene() const {
+IntrusivePtr<Scene> SceneManager::getRootScene() const {
   if (sceneStack_.empty()) {
     return nullptr;
   }
 
   // Copy stack to access bottom
   auto tempStack = sceneStack_;
-  Ptr<Scene> root;
+  IntrusivePtr<Scene> root;
   while (!tempStack.empty()) {
     root = tempStack.top();
     tempStack.pop();
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ Ptr<Scene> SceneManager::getRootScene() const {
   return root;
 }
 
-Ptr<Scene> SceneManager::getSceneByName(const std::string &name) const {
+IntrusivePtr<Scene> SceneManager::getSceneByName(const std::string &name) const {
   auto it = namedScenes_.find(name);
   if (it != namedScenes_.end()) {
     return it->second;
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ void SceneManager::dispatchPointerEvents(Scene &scene) {
     worldPos = camera->screenToWorld(screenPos);
   }
 
-  Ptr<Node> root = scene.shared_from_this();
+  IntrusivePtr<Node> root = IntrusivePtr<Node>(&scene);
   Node *newHover = hitTestTopmost(root, worldPos);
 
   if (newHover != hoverTarget_) {
diff --git a/src/scene/shape_node.cpp b/src/scene/shape_node.cpp
index f85d784..8a8929e 100644
--- a/src/scene/shape_node.cpp
+++ b/src/scene/shape_node.cpp
@@ -9,19 +9,19 @@ namespace extra2d {
 
 ShapeNode::ShapeNode() = default;
 
-Ptr<ShapeNode> ShapeNode::create() { return shared<ShapeNode>(); }
+IntrusivePtr<ShapeNode> ShapeNode::create() { return makeRef<ShapeNode>(); }
 
-Ptr<ShapeNode> ShapeNode::createPoint(const Vec2 &pos, const Color &color) {
-  auto node = shared<ShapeNode>();
+IntrusivePtr<ShapeNode> ShapeNode::createPoint(const Vec2 &pos, const Color &color) {
+  auto node = makeRef<ShapeNode>();
   node->shapeType_ = ShapeType::Point;
   node->color_ = color;
   node->points_ = {pos};
   return node;
 }
 
-Ptr<ShapeNode> ShapeNode::createLine(const Vec2 &start, const Vec2 &end,
+IntrusivePtr<ShapeNode> ShapeNode::createLine(const Vec2 &start, const Vec2 &end,
                                      const Color &color, float width) {
-  auto node = shared<ShapeNode>();
+  auto node = makeRef<ShapeNode>();
   node->shapeType_ = ShapeType::Line;
   node->color_ = color;
   node->lineWidth_ = width;
@@ -29,9 +29,9 @@ Ptr<ShapeNode> ShapeNode::createLine(const Vec2 &start, const Vec2 &end,
   return node;
 }
 
-Ptr<ShapeNode> ShapeNode::createRect(const Rect &rect, const Color &color,
+IntrusivePtr<ShapeNode> ShapeNode::createRect(const Rect &rect, const Color &color,
                                      float width) {
-  auto node = shared<ShapeNode>();
+  auto node = makeRef<ShapeNode>();
   node->shapeType_ = ShapeType::Rect;
   node->color_ = color;
   node->lineWidth_ = width;
@@ -42,17 +42,17 @@ Ptr<ShapeNode> ShapeNode::createRect(const Rect &rect, const Color &color,
   return node;
 }
 
-Ptr<ShapeNode> ShapeNode::createFilledRect(const Rect &rect,
+IntrusivePtr<ShapeNode> ShapeNode::createFilledRect(const Rect &rect,
                                            const Color &color) {
   auto node = createRect(rect, color, 0);
   node->filled_ = true;
   return node;
 }
 
-Ptr<ShapeNode> ShapeNode::createCircle(const Vec2 &center, float radius,
+IntrusivePtr<ShapeNode> ShapeNode::createCircle(const Vec2 &center, float radius,
                                        const Color &color, int segments,
                                        float width) {
-  auto node = shared<ShapeNode>();
+  auto node = makeRef<ShapeNode>();
   node->shapeType_ = ShapeType::Circle;
   node->color_ = color;
   node->lineWidth_ = width;
@@ -64,17 +64,17 @@ Ptr<ShapeNode> ShapeNode::createCircle(const Vec2 &center, float radius,
   return node;
 }
 
-Ptr<ShapeNode> ShapeNode::createFilledCircle(const Vec2 &center, float radius,
+IntrusivePtr<ShapeNode> ShapeNode::createFilledCircle(const Vec2 &center, float radius,
                                              const Color &color, int segments) {
   auto node = createCircle(center, radius, color, segments, 0);
   node->filled_ = true;
   return node;
 }
 
-Ptr<ShapeNode> ShapeNode::createTriangle(const Vec2 &p1, const Vec2 &p2,
-                                         const Vec2 &p3, const Color &color,
-                                         float width) {
-  auto node = shared<ShapeNode>();
+IntrusivePtr<ShapeNode> ShapeNode::createTriangle(const Vec2 &p1, const Vec2 &p2,
+                                       const Vec2 &p3, const Color &color,
+                                       float width) {
+  auto node = makeRef<ShapeNode>();
   node->shapeType_ = ShapeType::Triangle;
   node->color_ = color;
   node->lineWidth_ = width;
@@ -83,17 +83,17 @@ Ptr<ShapeNode> ShapeNode::createTriangle(const Vec2 &p1, const Vec2 &p2,
   return node;
 }
 
-Ptr<ShapeNode> ShapeNode::createFilledTriangle(const Vec2 &p1, const Vec2 &p2,
-                                               const Vec2 &p3,
-                                               const Color &color) {
+IntrusivePtr<ShapeNode> ShapeNode::createFilledTriangle(const Vec2 &p1, const Vec2 &p2,
+                                             const Vec2 &p3,
+                                             const Color &color) {
   auto node = createTriangle(p1, p2, p3, color, 0);
   node->filled_ = true;
   return node;
 }
 
-Ptr<ShapeNode> ShapeNode::createPolygon(const std::vector<Vec2> &points,
-                                        const Color &color, float width) {
-  auto node = shared<ShapeNode>();
+IntrusivePtr<ShapeNode> ShapeNode::createPolygon(const std::vector<Vec2> &points,
+                                      const Color &color, float width) {
+  auto node = makeRef<ShapeNode>();
   node->shapeType_ = ShapeType::Polygon;
   node->color_ = color;
   node->lineWidth_ = width;
@@ -102,8 +102,8 @@ Ptr<ShapeNode> ShapeNode::createPolygon(const std::vector<Vec2> &points,
   return node;
 }
 
-Ptr<ShapeNode> ShapeNode::createFilledPolygon(const std::vector<Vec2> &points,
-                                              const Color &color) {
+IntrusivePtr<ShapeNode> ShapeNode::createFilledPolygon(const std::vector<Vec2> &points,
+                                            const Color &color) {
   auto node = createPolygon(points, color, 0);
   node->filled_ = true;
   return node;
diff --git a/src/scene/sprite.cpp b/src/scene/sprite.cpp
index 04c84bf..fa2372e 100644
--- a/src/scene/sprite.cpp
+++ b/src/scene/sprite.cpp
@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ namespace extra2d {
 
 Sprite::Sprite() = default;
 
-Sprite::Sprite(Ptr<Texture> texture) { setTexture(texture); }
+Sprite::Sprite(IntrusivePtr<Texture> texture) { setTexture(texture); }
 
-void Sprite::setTexture(Ptr<Texture> texture) {
+void Sprite::setTexture(IntrusivePtr<Texture> texture) {
   texture_ = texture;
   if (texture_) {
     textureRect_ = Rect(0, 0, static_cast<float>(texture_->width()),
@@ -27,14 +27,14 @@ void Sprite::setFlipX(bool flip) { flipX_ = flip; }
 
 void Sprite::setFlipY(bool flip) { flipY_ = flip; }
 
-Ptr<Sprite> Sprite::create() { return shared<Sprite>(); }
+IntrusivePtr<Sprite> Sprite::create() { return makeRef<Sprite>(); }
 
-Ptr<Sprite> Sprite::create(Ptr<Texture> texture) {
-  return shared<Sprite>(texture);
+IntrusivePtr<Sprite> Sprite::create(IntrusivePtr<Texture> texture) {
+  return makeRef<Sprite>(texture);
 }
 
-Ptr<Sprite> Sprite::create(Ptr<Texture> texture, const Rect &rect) {
-  auto sprite = shared<Sprite>(texture);
+IntrusivePtr<Sprite> Sprite::create(IntrusivePtr<Texture> texture, const Rect &rect) {
+  auto sprite = makeRef<Sprite>(texture);
   sprite->setTextureRect(rect);
   return sprite;
 }