feat(assets): 添加资源热重载和智能卸载功能

实现纹理和着色器的热重载功能，支持文件修改后自动重新加载
添加资源引用计数和LRU缓存机制，支持智能卸载长时间未使用的资源
重构文件监控系统，减少重复代码
扩展AssetStorage功能，增加加载状态管理和访问时间追踪

.claude/settings.local.json

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+  "permissions": {
+    "allow": [
+      "Bash(git diff:*)"
+    ]
+  }
+}

examples/scene_graph_demo/game_scene.cpp

@@ -6,34 +6,34 @@
 // ========================================
 
 PlayerNode::PlayerNode() {
-    setName("Player");
-    setTag(1);
+  setName("Player");
+  setTag(1);
 
-    // 设置玩家尺寸
-    setSize(64.0f, 64.0f);
+  // 设置玩家尺寸
+  setSize(64.0f, 64.0f);
 
-    // 设置锚点为中心点
-    setAnchor(0.5f, 0.5f);
+  // 设置锚点为中心点
+  setAnchor(0.5f, 0.5f);
 
-    // 添加精灵渲染组件
-    auto sprite = makePtr<SpriteRenderer>();
-    sprite->setColor(Color::Blue);
-    addComponent(sprite);
+  // 添加精灵渲染组件
+  auto sprite = makePtr<SpriteRenderer>();
+  sprite->setColor(Color::Blue);
+  addComponent(sprite);
 }
 
 void PlayerNode::onUpdate(float dt) {
-    time_ += dt;
+  time_ += dt;
 
-    // 简单的圆周运动
-    float radius = 200.0f;
-    float x = 640.0f + radius * std::cos(time_ * 0.5f);
-    float y = 360.0f + radius * std::sin(time_ * 0.5f);
+  // 简单的圆周运动
+  float radius = 200.0f;
+  float x = 640.0f + radius * std::cos(time_ * 0.5f);
+  float y = 360.0f + radius * std::sin(time_ * 0.5f);
 
-    setPosition(x, y);
+  setPosition(x, y);
 
-    // 根据移动方向旋转
-    float angle = time_ * 0.5f * 57.2958f + 90.0f;
-    setRotation(angle);
+  // 根据移动方向旋转（顺时针，使用负角度）
+  float angle = -time_ * 0.5f * 57.2958f + 90.0f;
+  setRotation(angle);
 }
 
 // ========================================
@@ -41,23 +41,23 @@ void PlayerNode::onUpdate(float dt) {
 // ========================================
 
 RotatingDecoration::RotatingDecoration() {
-    setName("Decoration");
+  setName("Decoration");
 
-    // 设置尺寸
-    setSize(32.0f, 32.0f);
+  // 设置尺寸
+  setSize(32.0f, 32.0f);
 
-    // 设置锚点为中心
-    setAnchor(0.5f, 0.5f);
+  // 设置锚点为中心
+  setAnchor(0.5f, 0.5f);
 
-    // 添加精灵渲染组件
-    auto sprite = makePtr<SpriteRenderer>();
-    sprite->setColor(Color::Yellow);
-    addComponent(sprite);
+  // 添加精灵渲染组件
+  auto sprite = makePtr<SpriteRenderer>();
+  sprite->setColor(Color::Yellow);
+  addComponent(sprite);
 }
 
 void RotatingDecoration::onUpdate(float dt) {
-    // 自转
-    setRotation(getRotation() + rotationSpeed_ * dt);
+  // 自转（顺时针，使用负角度）
+  setRotation(getRotation() - rotationSpeed_ * dt);
 }
 
 // ========================================
@@ -65,106 +65,104 @@ void RotatingDecoration::onUpdate(float dt) {
 // ========================================
 
 GameScene::GameScene() {
-    // 场景初始化
+  // 场景初始化
 }
 
 void GameScene::onEnter() {
-    Scene::onEnter();
+  Scene::onEnter();
 
-    // 创建相机
-    createCamera();
+  // 创建相机
+  createCamera();
 
-    // 创建玩家
-    createPlayer();
+  // 创建玩家
+  createPlayer();
 
-    // 创建装饰物
-    createDecorations();
+  // 创建装饰物
+  createDecorations();
 }
 
 void GameScene::onExit() {
-    // 清理资源
-    player_.reset();
-    decorations_.clear();
+  // 清理资源
+  player_.reset();
+  decorations_.clear();
 
-    Scene::onExit();
+  Scene::onExit();
 }
 
+
 void GameScene::update(float dt) {
-    Scene::update(dt);
+  Scene::update(dt);
 
-    sceneTime_ += dt;
+  sceneTime_ += dt;
 
-    // 更新玩家
-    if (player_) {
-        player_->onUpdate(dt);
-    }
+  // 更新玩家
+  if (player_) {
+    player_->onUpdate(dt);
+  }
 
-    // 更新装饰物
-    for (auto& decoration : decorations_) {
-        decoration->onUpdate(dt);
-    }
+  // 更新装饰物
+  for (auto &decoration : decorations_) {
+    decoration->onUpdate(dt);
+  }
 }
 
 void GameScene::createPlayer() {
-    player_ = makePtr<PlayerNode>();
-    player_->setPosition(640.0f, 360.0f);
-    addChild(player_);
+  player_ = makePtr<PlayerNode>();
+  player_->setPosition(640.0f, 360.0f);
+  addChild(player_);
 }
 
 void GameScene::createDecorations() {
-    // 创建围绕玩家旋转的装饰物
-    int count = 8;
-    float radius = 150.0f;
+  // 创建围绕玩家旋转的装饰物
+  int count = 8;
+  float radius = 150.0f;
 
-    for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
-        auto decoration = makePtr<RotatingDecoration>();
+  for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+    auto decoration = makePtr<RotatingDecoration>();
 
-        // 计算位置（圆形分布）
-        float angle = (2.0f * 3.14159f * i) / count;
-        float x = 640.0f + radius * std::cos(angle);
-        float y = 360.0f + radius * std::sin(angle);
+    // 计算位置（圆形分布）
+    float angle = (2.0f * 3.14159f * i) / count;
+    float x = 640.0f + radius * std::cos(angle);
+    float y = 360.0f + radius * std::sin(angle);
 
-        decoration->setPosition(x, y);
-        decoration->setRotationSpeed(45.0f + i * 10.0f);
+    decoration->setPosition(x, y);
+    decoration->setRotationSpeed(45.0f + i * 10.0f);
 
-        // 设置不同颜色
-        auto sprite = decoration->getComponent<SpriteRenderer>();
-        if (sprite) {
-            float hue = static_cast<float>(i) / count;
-            // 简单的HSV到RGB转换
-            float r = std::abs(hue * 6.0f - 3.0f) - 1.0f;
-            float g = 2.0f - std::abs(hue * 6.0f - 2.0f);
-            float b = 2.0f - std::abs(hue * 6.0f - 4.0f);
-            sprite->setColor(Color(
-                std::max(0.0f, std::min(1.0f, r)),
-                std::max(0.0f, std::min(1.0f, g)),
-                std::max(0.0f, std::min(1.0f, b)),
-                1.0f
-            ));
-        }
-
-        decorations_.push_back(decoration);
-        addChild(decoration);
+    // 设置不同颜色
+    auto sprite = decoration->getComponent<SpriteRenderer>();
+    if (sprite) {
+      float hue = static_cast<float>(i) / count;
+      // 简单的HSV到RGB转换
+      float r = std::abs(hue * 6.0f - 3.0f) - 1.0f;
+      float g = 2.0f - std::abs(hue * 6.0f - 2.0f);
+      float b = 2.0f - std::abs(hue * 6.0f - 4.0f);
+      sprite->setColor(Color(std::max(0.0f, std::min(1.0f, r)),
+                             std::max(0.0f, std::min(1.0f, g)),
+                             std::max(0.0f, std::min(1.0f, b)), 1.0f));
     }
+
+    decorations_.push_back(decoration);
+    addChild(decoration);
+  }
 }
 
 void GameScene::createCamera() {
-    // 创建相机节点
-    auto cameraNode = makePtr<Node>();
-    cameraNode->setName("MainCamera");
-    // 相机位置在(0, 0)，这样世界坐标直接映射到屏幕
-    cameraNode->setPosition(0.0f, 0.0f);
+  // 创建相机节点
+  auto cameraNode = makePtr<Node>();
+  cameraNode->setName("MainCamera");
+  // 相机位置在(0, 0)，这样世界坐标直接映射到屏幕
+  cameraNode->setPosition(0.0f, 0.0f);
 
-    // 添加相机组件
-    auto camera = makePtr<CameraComponent>();
-    // 使用标准的2D投影：左上角为(0, 0)，右下角为(1280, 720)
-    // Y轴向下：bottom=720, top=0
-    camera->setOrtho(0.0f, 1280.0f, 720.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f);
-    cameraNode->addComponent(camera);
+  // 添加相机组件
+  auto camera = makePtr<CameraComponent>();
+  // 使用标准的2D投影：左上角为(0, 0)，右下角为(1280, 720)
+  // Y轴向下：bottom=720, top=0
+  camera->setOrtho(0.0f, 1280.0f, 720.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f);
+  cameraNode->addComponent(camera);
 
-    // 设置为主相机
-    setMainCamera(camera);
+  // 设置为主相机
+  setMainCamera(camera);
 
-    // 添加相机节点到场景
-    addChild(cameraNode);
+  // 添加相机节点到场景
+  addChild(cameraNode);
 }

examples/scene_graph_demo/romfs/shader/default.frag

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+#version 320 es
+precision highp float;
+
+// 从顶点着色器输入
+in vec2 vTexCoord;
+in vec4 vColor;
+in vec4 vTintColor;
+in float vOpacity;
+
+// 纹理采样器
+uniform sampler2D uTexture;
+
+// 输出颜色
+out vec4 fragColor;
+
+/**
+ * @brief 片段着色器入口
+ *
+ * 采样纹理并与顶点颜色、色调和透明度混合
+ */
+void main() {
+    // 采样纹理
+    vec4 texColor = texture(uTexture, vTexCoord);
+    
+    // 如果纹理采样结果是黑色或透明，使用白色作为默认值
+    if (texColor.rgb == vec3(0.0) || texColor.a < 0.01) {
+        texColor = vec4(1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
+    }
+    
+    // 混合：纹理 * 顶点颜色 * 色调
+    fragColor = texColor * vColor * vTintColor;
+    
+    // 应用透明度
+    fragColor.a *= vOpacity;
+    
+    // Alpha 测试：丢弃几乎透明的像素
+    if (fragColor.a < 0.01) {
+        discard;
+    }
+}

examples/scene_graph_demo/romfs/shader/default.vert

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+#version 320 es
+precision highp float;
+
+// 全局 UBO (binding = 0) - 每帧更新一次
+layout(std140, binding = 0) uniform GlobalUBO {
+    mat4 uViewProjection;
+    vec4 uCameraPosition;
+    float uTime;
+    float uDeltaTime;
+    vec2 uScreenSize;
+};
+
+// 材质 UBO (binding = 1) - 每物体更新
+layout(std140, binding = 1) uniform MaterialUBO {
+    vec4 uColor;
+    vec4 uTintColor;
+    float uOpacity;
+    float uPadding[3];  // std140 对齐填充
+};
+
+// 模型矩阵作为单独的统一变量（每个物体设置）
+uniform mat4 uModelMatrix;
+
+// 顶点属性
+layout(location = 0) in vec2 aPosition;
+layout(location = 1) in vec2 aTexCoord;
+layout(location = 2) in vec4 aColor;
+
+// 输出到片段着色器
+out vec2 vTexCoord;
+out vec4 vColor;
+out vec4 vTintColor;
+out float vOpacity;
+
+/**
+ * @brief 顶点着色器入口
+ *
+ * 计算顶点在裁剪空间中的位置，
+ * 并传递纹理坐标和颜色到片段着色器
+ */
+void main() {
+    gl_Position = uViewProjection * uModelMatrix * vec4(aPosition, 0.0, 1.0);
+    vTexCoord = aTexCoord;
+    // 混合顶点颜色和材质 UBO 中的颜色
+    vColor = aColor * uColor;
+    vTintColor = uTintColor;
+    vOpacity = uOpacity;
+}

examples/scene_graph_demo/xmake.lua

@@ -28,9 +28,25 @@ target("scene_graph_demo")
             local nacptool = path.join(devkitPro, "tools/bin/nacptool.exe")
             local elf2nro = path.join(devkitPro, "tools/bin/elf2nro.exe")
 
+            -- 确保 romfs 目录存在
+            local romfs = path.join(example_dir, "romfs")
+            if not os.isdir(romfs) then
+                os.mkdir(romfs)
+            end
+
+            -- 复制着色器文件到 romfs/shader 目录
+            local shader_source = path.join(example_dir, "../../shader")
+            local shader_target = path.join(romfs, "shader")
+            if os.isdir(shader_source) then
+                if not os.isdir(shader_target) then
+                    os.mkdir(shader_target)
+                end
+                os.cp(path.join(shader_source, "*"), shader_target)
+                print("Copied shaders to romfs: " .. shader_target)
+            end
+
             if os.isfile(nacptool) and os.isfile(elf2nro) then
                 os.vrunv(nacptool, {"--create", "Scene Graph Demo", "Extra2D Team", "1.0.0", nacp_file})
-                local romfs = path.join(example_dir, "romfs")
                 if os.isdir(romfs) then
                     os.vrunv(elf2nro, {elf_file, nro_file, "--nacp=" .. nacp_file, "--romfsdir=" .. romfs})
                 else

include/assets/asset_storage.h

@@ -4,24 +4,42 @@
 #include <types/ptr/intrusive_ptr.h>
 #include <vector>
 #include <cstdint>
+#include <chrono>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <unordered_map>
 
 namespace extra2d {
 
+/**
+ * @brief 资源加载状态
+ */
+enum class AssetLoadState {
+    Unloaded,   ///< 未加载
+    Loading,    ///< 加载中
+    Loaded,     ///< 已加载
+    Failed      ///< 加载失败
+};
+
 /**
  * @brief 密集存储的资源仓库
  * 
  * 使用 Dense Vec 存储，类似 ECS 的组件存储。
  * 提供 O(1) 的插入、删除、访问。
+ * 支持引用统计和 LRU（最近最少使用）缓存策略。
  * 
  * @tparam T 资源类型
  */
 template<typename T>
 class AssetStorage {
 public:
+    using TimePoint = std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point;
+    
     struct Slot {
         Ptr<T> asset;
         typename Handle<T>::Generation generation = 0;
         bool active = false;
+        AssetLoadState loadState = AssetLoadState::Unloaded;
+        TimePoint lastAccessTime;  ///< 最后访问时间（用于 LRU）
     };
     
     AssetStorage() = default;
@@ -37,18 +55,23 @@ public:
      */
     Handle<T> insert(Ptr<T> asset) {
         uint32_t index;
+        auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
         
         if (!freeIndices_.empty()) {
             index = freeIndices_.back();
             freeIndices_.pop_back();
             slots_[index].asset = std::move(asset);
             slots_[index].active = true;
+            slots_[index].loadState = AssetLoadState::Loaded;
+            slots_[index].lastAccessTime = now;
         } else {
             index = static_cast<uint32_t>(slots_.size());
             Slot slot;
             slot.asset = std::move(asset);
             slot.generation = nextGeneration_++;
             slot.active = true;
+            slot.loadState = AssetLoadState::Loaded;
+            slot.lastAccessTime = now;
             slots_.push_back(std::move(slot));
         }
         
@@ -76,7 +99,18 @@ public:
      * @param handle 资源句柄
      * @return 资源指针
      */
-    T* get(Handle<T> handle) const {
+    T* get(Handle<T> handle) {
+        if (!isValid(handle)) return nullptr;
+        updateAccessTime(handle);
+        return slots_[handle.index()].asset.get();
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取资源（返回指针，可能为 nullptr） - 常量版本，不更新访问时间
+     * @param handle 资源句柄
+     * @return 资源指针
+     */
+    const T* get(Handle<T> handle) const {
         if (!isValid(handle)) return nullptr;
         return slots_[handle.index()].asset.get();
     }
@@ -86,6 +120,17 @@ public:
      * @param handle 资源句柄
      * @return 资源智能指针
      */
+    Ptr<T> getPtr(Handle<T> handle) {
+        if (!isValid(handle)) return Ptr<T>();
+        updateAccessTime(handle);
+        return slots_[handle.index()].asset;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取资源（返回智能指针） - 常量版本，不更新访问时间
+     * @param handle 资源句柄
+     * @return 资源智能指针
+     */
     Ptr<T> getPtr(Handle<T> handle) const {
         if (!isValid(handle)) return Ptr<T>();
         return slots_[handle.index()].asset;
@@ -104,6 +149,44 @@ public:
         return slot.active && slot.generation == handle.generation();
     }
     
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取资源加载状态
+     * @param handle 资源句柄
+     * @return 加载状态
+     */
+    AssetLoadState getLoadState(Handle<T> handle) const {
+        if (!isValid(handle)) return AssetLoadState::Unloaded;
+        return slots_[handle.index()].loadState;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * @brief 设置资源加载状态
+     * @param handle 资源句柄
+     * @param state 加载状态
+     */
+    void setLoadState(Handle<T> handle, AssetLoadState state) {
+        if (!isValid(handle)) return;
+        slots_[handle.index()].loadState = state;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * @brief 检查资源是否正在加载
+     * @param handle 资源句柄
+     * @return 是否正在加载
+     */
+    bool isLoading(Handle<T> handle) const {
+        return getLoadState(handle) == AssetLoadState::Loading;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * @brief 检查资源是否已加载
+     * @param handle 资源句柄
+     * @return 是否已加载
+     */
+    bool isLoaded(Handle<T> handle) const {
+        return getLoadState(handle) == AssetLoadState::Loaded;
+    }
+    
     /**
      * @brief 遍历所有资源
      * @param func 回调函数，签名 void(Handle<T>, T*)
@@ -137,6 +220,111 @@ public:
      */
     size_t capacity() const { return slots_.size(); }
     
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取资源引用计数
+     * @param handle 资源句柄
+     * @return 引用计数
+     */
+    uint32_t getRefCount(Handle<T> handle) const {
+        if (!isValid(handle)) return 0;
+        const auto& slot = slots_[handle.index()];
+        return slot.asset ? slot.asset.refCount() : 0;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取资源最后访问时间
+     * @param handle 资源句柄
+     * @return 最后访问时间
+     */
+    TimePoint getLastAccessTime(Handle<T> handle) const {
+        if (!isValid(handle)) return TimePoint();
+        return slots_[handle.index()].lastAccessTime;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * @brief 更新资源访问时间
+     * @param handle 资源句柄
+     */
+    void updateAccessTime(Handle<T> handle) {
+        if (!isValid(handle)) return;
+        slots_[handle.index()].lastAccessTime = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * @brief 查找可以卸载的资源（引用计数为1的资源，只有AssetStorage自己持有引用）
+     * @param maxAgeSeconds 最大空闲时间（秒），默认300秒
+     * @return 可以卸载的资源句柄列表
+     */
+    std::vector<Handle<T>> findUnloadableResources(int maxAgeSeconds = 300) const {
+        std::vector<Handle<T>> result;
+        auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+        
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < slots_.size(); ++i) {
+            const Slot& slot = slots_[i];
+            if (slot.active && slot.asset) {
+                // 引用计数为1表示只有 AssetStorage 自己持有引用
+                if (slot.asset.refCount() == 1) {
+                    auto age = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds>(
+                        now - slot.lastAccessTime).count();
+                    if (age >= maxAgeSeconds) {
+                        result.emplace_back(static_cast<uint32_t>(i), slot.generation);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        
+        // 按访问时间排序，最久未使用的排在前面
+        std::sort(result.begin(), result.end(),
+            [this](const Handle<T>& a, const Handle<T>& b) {
+                return slots_[a.index()].lastAccessTime < slots_[b.index()].lastAccessTime;
+            });
+        
+        return result;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * @brief 卸载指定资源（只有引用计数为1时才会真正卸载）
+     * @param handle 资源句柄
+     * @return 是否成功卸载
+     */
+    bool unloadResource(Handle<T> handle) {
+        if (!isValid(handle)) return false;
+        
+        auto& slot = slots_[handle.index()];
+        if (!slot.asset) return false;
+        
+        // 只有引用计数为1时才可以卸载（只有AssetStorage自己持有）
+        if (slot.asset.refCount() > 1) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        
+        slot.asset.reset();
+        slot.loadState = AssetLoadState::Unloaded;
+        return true;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * @brief 批量卸载可卸载的资源
+     * @param maxCount 最大卸载数量，-1表示全部卸载
+     * @param maxAgeSeconds 最大空闲时间（秒）
+     * @return 实际卸载的资源数量
+     */
+    size_t unloadOldResources(int maxCount = -1, int maxAgeSeconds = 300) {
+        auto unloadable = findUnloadableResources(maxAgeSeconds);
+        size_t unloaded = 0;
+        
+        for (const auto& handle : unloadable) {
+            if (maxCount >= 0 && unloaded >= static_cast<size_t>(maxCount)) {
+                break;
+            }
+            if (unloadResource(handle)) {
+                ++unloaded;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        return unloaded;
+    }
+    
 private:
     std::vector<Slot> slots_;
     std::vector<uint32_t> freeIndices_;

include/assets/assets_module.h

@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <assets/asset_loader.h>
 #include <assets/asset_storage.h>
+#include <assets/asset_loader.h>
 #include <assets/handle.h>
 #include <atomic>
-#include <chrono>
 #include <condition_variable>
 #include <event/events.h>
 #include <filesystem>
@@ -34,7 +33,8 @@ namespace extra2d {
  * - Handle<T>: 轻量级句柄
  */
 class AssetsModule : public Module {
-  E2D_REGISTER_MODULE(AssetsModule, "Assets", 2)
+  // 优先级为 3，在 FileModule (优先级 2) 之后初始化
+  E2D_REGISTER_MODULE(AssetsModule, "Assets", 3)
 
 public:
   AssetsModule();
@@ -103,11 +103,52 @@ public:
    */
   template <typename T> bool isValid(Handle<T> handle) const;
 
+  /**
+   * @brief 检查资源是否正在加载
+   */
+  template <typename T> bool isLoading(Handle<T> handle) const;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 检查资源是否已加载
+   */
+  template <typename T> bool isLoaded(Handle<T> handle) const;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 获取资源加载状态
+   */
+  template <typename T> AssetLoadState getLoadState(Handle<T> handle) const;
+
   /**
    * @brief 移除资源
    */
   template <typename T> void remove(Handle<T> handle);
 
+  //===========================================================================
+  // 资源引用统计与智能卸载
+  //===========================================================================
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 获取资源引用计数
+   */
+  template <typename T> uint32_t getRefCount(Handle<T> handle) const;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 查找可以卸载的资源
+   */
+  template <typename T>
+  std::vector<Handle<T>> findUnloadableResources(int maxAgeSeconds = 300) const;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 卸载指定资源
+   */
+  template <typename T> bool unloadResource(Handle<T> handle);
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 批量卸载可卸载的资源
+   */
+  template <typename T>
+  size_t unloadOldResources(int maxCount = -1, int maxAgeSeconds = 300);
+
   //===========================================================================
   // 批量加载（目录/包）
   //===========================================================================
@@ -215,6 +256,12 @@ private:
   void addFileWatch(const std::string &path, Handle<Texture> handle);
   void addFileWatch(const std::string &path, Handle<Shader> handle);
 
+private:
+  /**
+   * @brief 内部实现：添加文件监控（减少重复代码）
+   */
+  void addFileWatchInternal(const std::string &path, FileWatchInfo &&info);
+
   /**
    * @brief 重新加载纹理
    */
@@ -470,6 +517,75 @@ template <> inline bool AssetsModule::isValid<Mesh>(Handle<Mesh> handle) const {
   return meshes_.isValid(handle);
 }
 
+template <typename T> bool AssetsModule::isLoading(Handle<T> handle) const {
+  return false;
+}
+
+template <>
+inline bool AssetsModule::isLoading<Texture>(Handle<Texture> handle) const {
+  return textures_.isLoading(handle);
+}
+
+template <>
+inline bool AssetsModule::isLoading<Shader>(Handle<Shader> handle) const {
+  return shaders_.isLoading(handle);
+}
+
+template <>
+inline bool AssetsModule::isLoading<Material>(Handle<Material> handle) const {
+  return materials_.isLoading(handle);
+}
+
+template <> inline bool AssetsModule::isLoading<Mesh>(Handle<Mesh> handle) const {
+  return meshes_.isLoading(handle);
+}
+
+template <typename T> bool AssetsModule::isLoaded(Handle<T> handle) const {
+  return false;
+}
+
+template <>
+inline bool AssetsModule::isLoaded<Texture>(Handle<Texture> handle) const {
+  return textures_.isLoaded(handle);
+}
+
+template <>
+inline bool AssetsModule::isLoaded<Shader>(Handle<Shader> handle) const {
+  return shaders_.isLoaded(handle);
+}
+
+template <>
+inline bool AssetsModule::isLoaded<Material>(Handle<Material> handle) const {
+  return materials_.isLoaded(handle);
+}
+
+template <> inline bool AssetsModule::isLoaded<Mesh>(Handle<Mesh> handle) const {
+  return meshes_.isLoaded(handle);
+}
+
+template <typename T> AssetLoadState AssetsModule::getLoadState(Handle<T> handle) const {
+  return AssetLoadState::Unloaded;
+}
+
+template <>
+inline AssetLoadState AssetsModule::getLoadState<Texture>(Handle<Texture> handle) const {
+  return textures_.getLoadState(handle);
+}
+
+template <>
+inline AssetLoadState AssetsModule::getLoadState<Shader>(Handle<Shader> handle) const {
+  return shaders_.getLoadState(handle);
+}
+
+template <>
+inline AssetLoadState AssetsModule::getLoadState<Material>(Handle<Material> handle) const {
+  return materials_.getLoadState(handle);
+}
+
+template <> inline AssetLoadState AssetsModule::getLoadState<Mesh>(Handle<Mesh> handle) const {
+  return meshes_.getLoadState(handle);
+}
+
 template <typename T> void AssetsModule::remove(Handle<T> handle) {}
 
 template <> inline void AssetsModule::remove<Texture>(Handle<Texture> handle) {
@@ -489,6 +605,108 @@ template <> inline void AssetsModule::remove<Mesh>(Handle<Mesh> handle) {
   meshes_.remove(handle);
 }
 
+template <typename T> uint32_t AssetsModule::getRefCount(Handle<T> handle) const {
+  return 0;
+}
+
+template <>
+inline uint32_t AssetsModule::getRefCount<Texture>(Handle<Texture> handle) const {
+  return textures_.getRefCount(handle);
+}
+
+template <>
+inline uint32_t AssetsModule::getRefCount<Shader>(Handle<Shader> handle) const {
+  return shaders_.getRefCount(handle);
+}
+
+template <>
+inline uint32_t AssetsModule::getRefCount<Material>(Handle<Material> handle) const {
+  return materials_.getRefCount(handle);
+}
+
+template <>
+inline uint32_t AssetsModule::getRefCount<Mesh>(Handle<Mesh> handle) const {
+  return meshes_.getRefCount(handle);
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+std::vector<Handle<T>> AssetsModule::findUnloadableResources(int maxAgeSeconds) const {
+  return {};
+}
+
+template <>
+inline std::vector<Handle<Texture>>
+AssetsModule::findUnloadableResources<Texture>(int maxAgeSeconds) const {
+  return textures_.findUnloadableResources(maxAgeSeconds);
+}
+
+template <>
+inline std::vector<Handle<Shader>>
+AssetsModule::findUnloadableResources<Shader>(int maxAgeSeconds) const {
+  return shaders_.findUnloadableResources(maxAgeSeconds);
+}
+
+template <>
+inline std::vector<Handle<Material>>
+AssetsModule::findUnloadableResources<Material>(int maxAgeSeconds) const {
+  return materials_.findUnloadableResources(maxAgeSeconds);
+}
+
+template <>
+inline std::vector<Handle<Mesh>>
+AssetsModule::findUnloadableResources<Mesh>(int maxAgeSeconds) const {
+  return meshes_.findUnloadableResources(maxAgeSeconds);
+}
+
+template <typename T> bool AssetsModule::unloadResource(Handle<T> handle) {
+  return false;
+}
+
+template <>
+inline bool AssetsModule::unloadResource<Texture>(Handle<Texture> handle) {
+  return textures_.unloadResource(handle);
+}
+
+template <>
+inline bool AssetsModule::unloadResource<Shader>(Handle<Shader> handle) {
+  return shaders_.unloadResource(handle);
+}
+
+template <>
+inline bool AssetsModule::unloadResource<Material>(Handle<Material> handle) {
+  return materials_.unloadResource(handle);
+}
+
+template <>
+inline bool AssetsModule::unloadResource<Mesh>(Handle<Mesh> handle) {
+  return meshes_.unloadResource(handle);
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+size_t AssetsModule::unloadOldResources(int maxCount, int maxAgeSeconds) {
+  return 0;
+}
+
+template <>
+inline size_t AssetsModule::unloadOldResources<Texture>(int maxCount, int maxAgeSeconds) {
+  return textures_.unloadOldResources(maxCount, maxAgeSeconds);
+}
+
+template <>
+inline size_t AssetsModule::unloadOldResources<Shader>(int maxCount, int maxAgeSeconds) {
+  return shaders_.unloadOldResources(maxCount, maxAgeSeconds);
+}
+
+template <>
+inline size_t AssetsModule::unloadOldResources<Material>(int maxCount, int maxAgeSeconds) {
+  return materials_.unloadOldResources(maxCount, maxAgeSeconds);
+}
+
+template <>
+inline size_t AssetsModule::unloadOldResources<Mesh>(int maxCount, int maxAgeSeconds) {
+  return meshes_.unloadOldResources(maxCount, maxAgeSeconds);
+}
+
 template <typename T>
 std::vector<Handle<T>> AssetsModule::loadDir(const std::string &directory,
                                              const std::string &pattern,
@@ -509,6 +727,10 @@ template <>
 void AssetsModule::loadAsync<Texture>(
     const std::string &path, std::function<void(Handle<Texture>)> callback);
 
+template <>
+void AssetsModule::loadAsync<Shader>(
+    const std::string &path, std::function<void(Handle<Shader>)> callback);
+
 template <typename T>
 void AssetsModule::registerLoader(std::unique_ptr<AssetLoader<T>> loader) {}
 

include/module/module_registry.h

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #include <module/module.h>
 #include <string>
 #include <typeindex>
+#include <unordered_map>
 #include <vector>
 
 namespace extra2d {
@@ -67,9 +68,35 @@ public:
     return registrations_;
   }
 
+  /**
+   * @brief 存储模块实例
+   * @param module 模块实例指针
+   */
+  void storeModuleInstance(Module* module);
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 获取模块实例
+   * @tparam T 模块类型
+   * @return 模块实例指针，未找到返回 nullptr
+   */
+  template <typename T>
+  T* getModule() {
+    auto it = instances_.find(std::type_index(typeid(T)));
+    if (it != instances_.end()) {
+      return static_cast<T*>(it->second);
+    }
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 清除所有存储的模块实例
+   */
+  void clearInstances();
+
 private:
   ModuleRegistry() = default;
   std::vector<ModuleInfo> registrations_;
+  std::unordered_map<std::type_index, Module*> instances_;
 };
 
 /**
@@ -108,4 +135,14 @@ public:                                                                        \
 #define E2D_REGISTER_MODULE_SIMPLE(ClassName)                                  \
   E2D_REGISTER_MODULE(ClassName, #ClassName, 100)
 
+/**
+ * @brief 获取模块实例的辅助函数
+ * @tparam T 模块类型
+ * @return 模块实例指针
+ */
+template <typename T>
+T* getModule() {
+  return ModuleRegistry::instance().getModule<T>();
+}
+
 } // namespace extra2d

include/platform/file_module.h

@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 
 #include <module/module.h>
 #include <module/module_registry.h>
-#include <types/base/types.h>
 #include <string>
+#include <types/base/types.h>
 #include <vector>
 
 namespace extra2d {
@@ -12,23 +12,23 @@ namespace extra2d {
  * @brief 文件信息
  */
 struct FileInfo {
-    std::string path;
-    std::string name;
-    bool isDir = false;
-    int64 size = 0;
+  std::string path;
+  std::string name;
+  bool isDir = false;
+  int64 size = 0;
 };
 
 /**
  * @brief 文件读取结果
  */
 struct FileData {
-    bool ok = false;
-    std::vector<uint8> data;
-    std::string error;
+  bool ok = false;
+  std::vector<uint8> data;
+  std::string error;
 
-    operator bool() const { return ok; }
-    const uint8* ptr() const { return data.data(); }
-    size_t size() const { return data.size(); }
+  operator bool() const { return ok; }
+  const uint8 *ptr() const { return data.data(); }
+  size_t size() const { return data.size(); }
 };
 
 /**
@@ -38,123 +38,142 @@ struct FileData {
  * 非单例设计，通过 Context 管理生命周期
  */
 class FileModule : public Module {
-    // 自动注册到模块系统，优先级为 20（系统模块）
-    E2D_REGISTER_MODULE(FileModule, "File", 20)
+  // 优先级为 2，系统级模块，在 TimerModule (优先级 4) 之前初始化
+  E2D_REGISTER_MODULE(FileModule, "File", 2)
 
 public:
-    FileModule();
-    ~FileModule() override;
+  FileModule();
+  ~FileModule() override;
 
-    // 禁止拷贝
-    FileModule(const FileModule&) = delete;
-    FileModule& operator=(const FileModule&) = delete;
+  // 禁止拷贝
+  FileModule(const FileModule &) = delete;
+  FileModule &operator=(const FileModule &) = delete;
 
-    // 允许移动
-    FileModule(FileModule&&) noexcept;
-    FileModule& operator=(FileModule&&) noexcept;
+  // 允许移动
+  FileModule(FileModule &&) noexcept;
+  FileModule &operator=(FileModule &&) noexcept;
 
-    // Module 接口实现
-    bool init() override;
-    void shutdown() override;
+  // Module 接口实现
+  bool init() override;
+  void shutdown() override;
 
-    /**
-     * @brief 检查文件是否存在
-     */
-    bool exists(const std::string& path) const;
+  /**
+   * @brief 检查文件是否存在
+   */
+  bool exists(const std::string &path) const;
 
-    /**
-     * @brief 检查是否为目录
-     */
-    bool isDir(const std::string& path) const;
+  /**
+   * @brief 检查是否为目录
+   */
+  bool isDir(const std::string &path) const;
 
-    /**
-     * @brief 读取整个文件到内存
-     */
-    FileData read(const std::string& path) const;
+  /**
+   * @brief 读取整个文件到内存
+   */
+  FileData read(const std::string &path) const;
 
-    /**
-     * @brief 读取文件为字符串
-     */
-    std::string readString(const std::string& path) const;
+  /**
+   * @brief 读取文件为字符串
+   */
+  std::string readString(const std::string &path) const;
 
-    /**
-     * @brief 写入数据到文件
-     */
-    bool write(const std::string& path, const void* data, size_t size) const;
+  /**
+   * @brief 写入数据到文件
+   */
+  bool write(const std::string &path, const void *data, size_t size) const;
 
-    /**
-     * @brief 写入字符串到文件
-     */
-    bool writeString(const std::string& path, const std::string& content) const;
+  /**
+   * @brief 写入字符串到文件
+   */
+  bool writeString(const std::string &path, const std::string &content) const;
 
-    /**
-     * @brief 追加数据到文件
-     */
-    bool append(const std::string& path, const void* data, size_t size) const;
+  /**
+   * @brief 追加数据到文件
+   */
+  bool append(const std::string &path, const void *data, size_t size) const;
 
-    /**
-     * @brief 删除文件
-     */
-    bool remove(const std::string& path) const;
+  /**
+   * @brief 删除文件
+   */
+  bool remove(const std::string &path) const;
 
-    /**
-     * @brief 创建目录
-     */
-    bool mkdir(const std::string& path) const;
+  /**
+   * @brief 创建目录
+   */
+  bool mkdir(const std::string &path) const;
 
-    /**
-     * @brief 列出目录内容
-     */
-    std::vector<FileInfo> listDir(const std::string& path) const;
+  /**
+   * @brief 列出目录内容
+   */
+  std::vector<FileInfo> listDir(const std::string &path) const;
 
-    /**
-     * @brief 获取文件大小
-     */
-    int64 fileSize(const std::string& path) const;
+  /**
+   * @brief 获取文件大小
+   */
+  int64 fileSize(const std::string &path) const;
 
-    /**
-     * @brief 获取文件扩展名
-     */
-    std::string ext(const std::string& path) const;
+  /**
+   * @brief 获取文件扩展名
+   */
+  std::string ext(const std::string &path) const;
 
-    /**
-     * @brief 获取文件名（不含路径）
-     */
-    std::string fileName(const std::string& path) const;
+  /**
+   * @brief 获取文件名（不含路径）
+   */
+  std::string fileName(const std::string &path) const;
 
-    /**
-     * @brief 获取文件所在目录
-     */
-    std::string dirName(const std::string& path) const;
+  /**
+   * @brief 获取文件所在目录
+   */
+  std::string dirName(const std::string &path) const;
 
-    /**
-     * @brief 连接路径
-     */
-    std::string join(const std::string& a, const std::string& b) const;
+  /**
+   * @brief 连接路径
+   */
+  std::string join(const std::string &a, const std::string &b) const;
 
-    /**
-     * @brief 获取可写目录（用于存档等）
-     */
-    std::string writableDir() const;
+  /**
+   * @brief 获取可写目录（用于存档等）
+   */
+  std::string writableDir() const;
 
-    /**
-     * @brief 设置资源根目录
-     */
-    void setAssetRoot(const std::string& root) { assetRoot_ = root; }
+  /**
+   * @brief 设置资源根目录
+   */
+  void setAssetRoot(const std::string &root) { assetRoot_ = root; }
 
-    /**
-     * @brief 获取资源根目录
-     */
-    const std::string& assetRoot() const { return assetRoot_; }
+  /**
+   * @brief 获取资源根目录
+   */
+  const std::string &assetRoot() const { return assetRoot_; }
 
-    /**
-     * @brief 获取资源完整路径
-     */
-    std::string assetPath(const std::string& relPath) const;
+  /**
+   * @brief 获取资源完整路径
+   */
+  std::string assetPath(const std::string &relPath) const;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 检查路径是否为 RomFS 路径
+   * @param path 文件路径
+   * @return 是否以 "romfs:/" 开头
+   */
+  bool isRomfsPath(const std::string &path) const;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 设置 RomFS 资源根目录（用于 Switch 平台）
+   * @param root RomFS 根目录，默认为 "romfs:/"
+   */
+  void setRomfsRoot(const std::string &root) { romfsRoot_ = root; }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 获取 RomFS 资源根目录
+   */
+  const std::string &romfsRoot() const { return romfsRoot_; }
 
 private:
-    std::string assetRoot_;
-    std::string writableDir_;
+  std::string assetRoot_;
+  std::string writableDir_;
+  std::string romfsRoot_ = "romfs:/";
 };
 
 } // namespace extra2d

include/platform/input_module.h

@@ -172,20 +172,18 @@ using TouchCb = std::function<void(const TouchPoint &)>;
  * 使用新的 Module 基类，支持自动注册
  */
 class InputModule : public Module {
-  // 自动注册到模块系统，优先级为 10
-  E2D_REGISTER_MODULE(InputModule, "Input", 10)
+  // 优先级为 7，在 TimerModule (优先级 6) 之后初始化
+  E2D_REGISTER_MODULE(InputModule, "Input", 7)
 
 public:
   InputModule();
   ~InputModule() override;
 
-  // 禁止拷贝
+  // 禁止拷贝和移动
   InputModule(const InputModule &) = delete;
   InputModule &operator=(const InputModule &) = delete;
-
-  // 允许移动
-  InputModule(InputModule &&) noexcept;
-  InputModule &operator=(InputModule &&) noexcept;
+  InputModule(InputModule &&) = delete;
+  InputModule &operator=(InputModule &&) = delete;
 
   // Module 接口实现
   bool init() override;

include/platform/window_module.h

@@ -33,13 +33,11 @@ public:
   WindowModule();
   ~WindowModule() override;
 
-  // 禁止拷贝
+  // 禁止拷贝和移动
   WindowModule(const WindowModule &) = delete;
   WindowModule &operator=(const WindowModule &) = delete;
-
-  // 允许移动
-  WindowModule(WindowModule &&) noexcept;
-  WindowModule &operator=(WindowModule &&) noexcept;
+  WindowModule(WindowModule &&) = delete;
+  WindowModule &operator=(WindowModule &&) = delete;
 
   // Module 接口实现
   bool init() override;
@@ -121,28 +119,6 @@ public:
    */
   bool shouldClose() const { return shouldClose_; }
 
-  /**
-   * @brief 创建 OpenGL ES 上下文
-   * @return 是否成功
-   */
-  bool createGLContext();
-
-  /**
-   * @brief 销毁 OpenGL ES 上下文
-   */
-  void destroyGLContext();
-
-  /**
-   * @brief 交换缓冲区（呈现渲染结果）
-   */
-  void swapBuffers();
-
-  /**
-   * @brief 获取 OpenGL ES 上下文句柄
-   * @return SDL_GLContext 句柄
-   */
-  void* getGLContext() const;
-
 private:
   void handleWindowEvent(const SDL_WindowEvent &evt);
 
@@ -162,7 +138,6 @@ private:
   void onRenderPresent();
 
   SDL_Window *window_ = nullptr;
-  SDL_GLContext glContext_ = nullptr;
   bool shouldClose_ = false;
 
   CloseCb onClose_;

include/renderer/command_queue.h

@@ -0,0 +1,424 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <array>
+#include <memory>
+#include <renderer/rhi/rhi.h>
+#include <renderer/rhi/rhi_command_list.h>
+#include <renderer/uniform_buffer.h>
+#include <types/math/color.h>
+#include <types/math/transform.h>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace extra2d {
+
+// 前向声明
+class CommandQueue;
+class Material;
+class Mesh;
+class UniformBufferManager;
+template <typename T> class Ptr;
+
+/**
+ * @brief 绘制命令键
+ *
+ * 64位排序键，用于高效排序绘制命令
+ * 布局：| 材质ID (32位) | 深度 (16位) | 层 (8位) | 标志 (8位) |
+ */
+struct DrawKey {
+  uint64_t value;
+
+  DrawKey() : value(0) {}
+  explicit DrawKey(uint64_t v) : value(v) {}
+
+  // 构建排序键
+  static DrawKey make(uint32_t materialId, uint16_t depth, uint8_t layer,
+                      uint8_t flags = 0) {
+    DrawKey key;
+    key.value = (static_cast<uint64_t>(materialId) << 32) |
+                (static_cast<uint64_t>(depth) << 16) |
+                (static_cast<uint64_t>(layer) << 8) |
+                static_cast<uint64_t>(flags);
+    return key;
+  }
+
+  uint32_t getMaterialId() const { return static_cast<uint32_t>(value >> 32); }
+  uint16_t getDepth() const {
+    return static_cast<uint16_t>((value >> 16) & 0xFFFF);
+  }
+  uint8_t getLayer() const { return static_cast<uint8_t>((value >> 8) & 0xFF); }
+  uint8_t getFlags() const { return static_cast<uint8_t>(value & 0xFF); }
+
+  bool operator<(const DrawKey &other) const { return value < other.value; }
+  bool operator>(const DrawKey &other) const { return value > other.value; }
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 绘制命令
+ *
+ * 封装一次绘制调用的所有信息
+ */
+struct DrawCommand {
+  DrawKey key;                           // 排序键
+  PipelineHandle pipeline;               // 管线状态
+  BufferHandle vertexBuffer;             // 顶点缓冲区
+  BufferHandle indexBuffer;              // 索引缓冲区（可选）
+  uint32_t vertexCount;                  // 顶点数量
+  uint32_t indexCount;                   // 索引数量
+  std::array<TextureHandle, 8> textures; // 纹理数组
+  uint32_t textureCount;                 // 纹理数量
+  BufferHandle materialUBO;              // 材质 UBO
+  uint32_t materialUBOSize;              // 材质 UBO 大小
+  uint32_t materialUBOOffset;            // 材质 UBO 在全局缓冲区中的偏移
+
+  // 变换和颜色数据（用于设置 shader uniform）
+  Mat4 modelMatrix;                      // 模型矩阵
+  Color color;                           // 颜色
+
+  DrawCommand()
+      : vertexCount(0), indexCount(0), textureCount(0),
+        materialUBOSize(0), materialUBOOffset(0),
+        modelMatrix(glm::identity<Mat4>()), color(Color::White) {}
+
+  // 检查是否使用索引绘制
+  bool isIndexed() const { return indexCount > 0; }
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 命令批次
+ *
+ * 合并具有相同管线和纹理的绘制命令
+ */
+struct CommandBatch {
+  PipelineHandle pipeline;               // 共享管线
+  std::array<TextureHandle, 8> textures; // 共享纹理
+  uint32_t textureCount;
+  uint32_t startIndex; // 批次起始命令索引
+  uint32_t count;      // 批次命令数量
+
+  CommandBatch() : textureCount(0), startIndex(0), count(0) {}
+
+  // 检查是否与命令兼容
+  bool isCompatibleWith(const DrawCommand &cmd) const {
+    if (pipeline != cmd.pipeline)
+      return false;
+    if (textureCount != cmd.textureCount)
+      return false;
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < textureCount; ++i) {
+      if (textures[i] != cmd.textures[i])
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 命令排序器
+ *
+ * 对绘制命令进行排序以优化渲染性能
+ * 排序优先级：材质（管线）> 深度 > 层
+ * 使用对象池复用命令内存，减少每帧分配
+ */
+class CommandSorter {
+public:
+  /**
+   * @brief 默认构造函数
+   */
+  CommandSorter();
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 析构函数
+   */
+  ~CommandSorter();
+
+  // 禁止拷贝
+  CommandSorter(const CommandSorter&) = delete;
+  CommandSorter& operator=(const CommandSorter&) = delete;
+
+  // 允许移动
+  CommandSorter(CommandSorter&&) noexcept;
+  CommandSorter& operator=(CommandSorter&&) noexcept;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 添加绘制命令
+   * @param cmd 绘制命令
+   * @return 命令索引
+   */
+  uint32_t addCommand(const DrawCommand &cmd);
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 排序所有命令
+   */
+  void sort();
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 获取排序后的命令
+   * @param index 命令索引
+   * @return 命令引用
+   */
+  const DrawCommand &getCommand(uint32_t index) const {
+    return commands_[sortedIndices_[index]];
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 获取命令数量
+   * @return 命令数量
+   */
+  uint32_t getCount() const { return commandCount_; }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 清空所有命令（保留内存）
+   */
+  void clear();
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 预分配命令缓冲区
+   * @param capacity 预分配的容量
+   */
+  void reserve(uint32_t capacity);
+
+private:
+  std::vector<DrawCommand> commands_;       // 命令缓冲区（复用）
+  std::vector<uint32_t> sortedIndices_;     // 排序索引缓冲区（复用）
+  uint32_t commandCount_ = 0;               // 当前命令数量
+  static constexpr uint32_t INITIAL_CAPACITY = 1024; // 初始容量
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 命令批处理器
+ *
+ * 将连续的兼容命令合并为批次
+ * 减少状态切换开销
+ */
+class CommandBatcher {
+public:
+  /**
+   * @brief 处理命令列表，生成批次
+   * @param sorter 已排序的命令排序器
+   */
+  void process(const CommandSorter &sorter);
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 获取批次数量
+   * @return 批次数量
+   */
+  uint32_t getBatchCount() const {
+    return static_cast<uint32_t>(batches_.size());
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 获取批次
+   * @param index 批次索引
+   * @return 批次引用
+   */
+  const CommandBatch &getBatch(uint32_t index) const { return batches_[index]; }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 获取批次中的命令
+   * @param batchIndex 批次索引
+   * @param cmdIndex 命令在批次中的索引
+   * @return 命令引用
+   */
+  const DrawCommand &getCommand(uint32_t batchIndex, uint32_t cmdIndex) const;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 清空所有批次
+   */
+  void clear();
+
+private:
+  std::vector<CommandBatch> batches_;
+  const CommandSorter *sorter_ = nullptr;
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 命令队列
+ *
+ * 管理一帧的所有渲染命令
+ * 提供提交、排序、批处理和执行功能
+ */
+class CommandQueue {
+public:
+  /**
+   * @brief 默认构造函数
+   */
+  CommandQueue();
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 析构函数
+   */
+  ~CommandQueue();
+
+  // 禁止拷贝
+  CommandQueue(const CommandQueue&) = delete;
+  CommandQueue& operator=(const CommandQueue&) = delete;
+
+  // 允许移动
+  CommandQueue(CommandQueue&&) noexcept;
+  CommandQueue& operator=(CommandQueue&&) noexcept;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 初始化命令队列
+   * @return 初始化是否成功
+   */
+  bool initialize();
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 关闭命令队列
+   */
+  void shutdown();
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 开始一帧的录制
+   */
+  void beginFrame();
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 结束一帧的录制
+   */
+  void endFrame();
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 提交绘制命令
+   * @param material 材质
+   * @param mesh 网格
+   * @param transform 变换
+   * @param color 颜色
+   */
+  void submitDraw(Ptr<Material> material, Ptr<Mesh> mesh,
+                  const struct Transform &transform, const Color &color);
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 提交清除命令
+   * @param color 清除颜色
+   * @param flags 清除标志
+   */
+  void submitClear(const Color &color, uint32_t flags);
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 设置视口
+   * @param x 视口 X
+   * @param y 视口 Y
+   * @param width 视口宽度
+   * @param height 视口高度
+   */
+  void setViewport(int32_t x, int32_t y, int32_t width, int32_t height);
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 执行所有命令
+   *
+   * 排序、批处理并执行所有提交的命令
+   * @param frameIndex 当前帧索引（用于双缓冲）
+   */
+  void execute(uint32_t frameIndex);
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 更新全局 UBO 数据
+   * @param viewProjection 视图投影矩阵
+   * @param deltaTime 帧时间
+   * @param screenWidth 屏幕宽度
+   * @param screenHeight 屏幕高度
+   * @param frameIndex 当前帧索引（用于双缓冲）
+   */
+  void updateGlobalUBO(const Mat4& viewProjection, float deltaTime,
+                       uint32_t screenWidth, uint32_t screenHeight, uint32_t frameIndex);
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 获取当前命令数量
+   * @return 命令数量
+   */
+  uint32_t getCommandCount() const { return sorter_.getCount(); }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 获取命令列表
+   * @return 命令列表指针
+   */
+  RHICommandList* getCommandList() const { return commandList_.get(); }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 获取渲染统计信息
+   * @return 渲染统计
+   */
+  const RenderStats& getStats() const { return stats_; }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 重置统计信息
+   */
+  void resetStats() { stats_ = {}; }
+
+private:
+  CommandSorter sorter_;
+  CommandBatcher batcher_;
+  RHIContext *context_ = nullptr;
+  std::unique_ptr<RHICommandList> commandList_;
+
+  // UBO 管理器
+  std::unique_ptr<UniformBufferManager> uboManager_;
+
+  // 渲染统计
+  RenderStats stats_;
+
+  // 全局 UBO 数据 - 必须与着色器中的 std140 布局完全匹配
+  // layout(std140, binding = 0) uniform GlobalUBO {
+  //     mat4 uViewProjection;    // 64 bytes, offset 0
+  //     vec4 uCameraPosition;    // 16 bytes, offset 64
+  //     float uTime;             // 4 bytes, offset 80
+  //     float uDeltaTime;        // 4 bytes, offset 84
+  //     vec2 uScreenSize;        // 8 bytes, offset 88
+  // }; // 总大小: 96 bytes (std140 对齐)
+  struct alignas(16) GlobalUBOData {
+    float viewProjection[16];  // 64 bytes, offset 0
+    float cameraPosition[4];   // 16 bytes, offset 64
+    float time;                // 4 bytes, offset 80
+    float deltaTime;           // 4 bytes, offset 84
+    float screenSize[2];       // 8 bytes, offset 88
+  } globalUBOData_;
+
+  // 材质 UBO 数据缓冲区
+  std::vector<uint8_t> materialUBOData_;
+
+  // 当前材质 ID 计数器
+  uint32_t nextMaterialId_ = 1;
+
+  // 材质到 ID 的映射
+  std::unordered_map<Material *, uint32_t> materialIds_;
+
+  // 当前材质 UBO 缓冲区
+  UniformBuffer* currentMaterialUBO_ = nullptr;
+  uint32_t materialUBOBufferOffset_ = 0;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 获取或创建材质 ID
+   * @param material 材质指针
+   * @return 材质 ID
+   */
+  uint32_t getMaterialId(Material *material);
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 执行单个批次
+   * @param batchIndex 批次索引
+   * @param batch 命令批次
+   * @param frameIndex 当前帧索引（用于双缓冲）
+   */
+  void executeBatch(uint32_t batchIndex, const CommandBatch &batch, uint32_t frameIndex);
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 分配材质 UBO 空间（使用 CPU 缓冲区）
+   * @param size 需要的空间大小
+   * @return 分配的 UBO 指针（nullptr 表示使用 CPU 缓冲区）和偏移量
+   */
+  std::pair<UniformBuffer*, uint32_t> allocateMaterialUBO(uint32_t size);
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 将材质 UBO CPU 缓冲区数据刷新到 GPU
+   */
+  void flushMaterialUBOToGPU();
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 获取当前材质 UBO
+   * @return 当前材质 UBO 指针
+   */
+  UniformBuffer* getCurrentMaterialUBO() const;
+};
+
+} // namespace extra2d

include/renderer/instance_buffer.h

@@ -0,0 +1,321 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <renderer/rhi/rhi.h>
+#include <renderer/rhi/rhi_types.h>
+#include <types/math/vec2.h>
+#include <types/math/color.h>
+#include <types/math/mat4.h>
+#include <vector>
+#include <memory>
+
+namespace extra2d {
+
+/**
+ * @brief 实例数据
+ *
+ * 单个实例的属性数据，用于实例化渲染
+ * 布局遵循 std140 对齐规则
+ * 
+ * 优化说明：
+ * - 旋转使用预计算的 cos/sin 值，避免在着色器中进行三角函数计算
+ * - 属性布局优化，便于GPU访问
+ */
+struct InstanceData {
+    // 第一组 16 字节 - 变换数据
+    Vec2 position;      // 位置偏移 (8 bytes)
+    float rotationCos;  // 旋转角度余弦值 (4 bytes) - 预计算避免着色器三角函数
+    float rotationSin;  // 旋转角度正弦值 (4 bytes) - 预计算避免着色器三角函数
+    
+    // 第二组 16 字节 - 缩放和预留
+    Vec2 scale;         // 缩放 (8 bytes)
+    float padding1[2];  // 填充到 16 字节对齐 (8 bytes)
+    
+    // 第三组 16 字节 - 颜色
+    Color color;        // 颜色 (16 bytes) - r, g, b, a
+    
+    // 第四组 16 字节 - UV坐标
+    float uvX;          // UV 起始 X (4 bytes)
+    float uvY;          // UV 起始 Y (4 bytes)
+    float uvWidth;      // UV 宽度 (4 bytes)
+    float uvHeight;     // UV 高度 (4 bytes)
+
+    InstanceData()
+        : position(0.0f, 0.0f)
+        , rotationCos(1.0f)  // cos(0) = 1
+        , rotationSin(0.0f)  // sin(0) = 0
+        , scale(1.0f, 1.0f)
+        , padding1{0.0f, 0.0f}
+        , color(Color::White)
+        , uvX(0.0f)
+        , uvY(0.0f)
+        , uvWidth(1.0f)
+        , uvHeight(1.0f) {}
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 设置旋转角度（自动计算cos/sin）
+     * @param angle 旋转角度（弧度）
+     */
+    void setRotation(float angle) {
+        rotationCos = std::cos(angle);
+        rotationSin = std::sin(angle);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取旋转角度（通过atan2计算，仅用于调试）
+     * @return 旋转角度（弧度）
+     */
+    float getRotation() const {
+        return std::atan2(rotationSin, rotationCos);
+    }
+};
+
+static_assert(sizeof(InstanceData) == 64, "InstanceData size should be 64 bytes for std140 alignment");
+
+/**
+ * @brief 脏区域标记
+ *
+ * 标记需要更新的实例数据区域，支持部分更新GPU缓冲区
+ */
+struct DirtyRange {
+    uint32_t start;     // 起始实例索引
+    uint32_t count;     // 实例数量
+    
+    DirtyRange(uint32_t s = 0, uint32_t c = 0) : start(s), count(c) {}
+    
+    bool isValid() const { return count > 0; }
+    uint32_t end() const { return start + count; }
+    
+    // 检查是否与另一个区域重叠或相邻
+    bool canMerge(const DirtyRange& other) const {
+        return (start <= other.end() && other.start <= end()) ||
+               (end() + 1 >= other.start && other.end() + 1 >= start);
+    }
+    
+    // 合并两个区域
+    void merge(const DirtyRange& other) {
+        uint32_t newStart = std::min(start, other.start);
+        uint32_t newEnd = std::max(end(), other.end());
+        start = newStart;
+        count = newEnd - newStart;
+    }
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 实例缓冲区
+ *
+ * 管理实例化渲染的实例数据缓冲区
+ * 支持动态更新和双缓冲
+ * 
+ * 优化特性：
+ * - 脏标记系统：只更新变化的实例数据，减少PCIe带宽占用
+ * - 批量更新：合并相邻的脏区域，减少GPU上传次数
+ */
+class InstanceBuffer {
+public:
+    /**
+     * @brief 默认构造函数
+     */
+    InstanceBuffer();
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 析构函数
+     */
+    ~InstanceBuffer();
+
+    // 禁止拷贝
+    InstanceBuffer(const InstanceBuffer&) = delete;
+    InstanceBuffer& operator=(const InstanceBuffer&) = delete;
+
+    // 允许移动
+    InstanceBuffer(InstanceBuffer&& other) noexcept;
+    InstanceBuffer& operator=(InstanceBuffer&& other) noexcept;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 初始化实例缓冲区
+     * @param maxInstances 最大实例数量
+     * @return 初始化是否成功
+     */
+    bool initialize(uint32_t maxInstances);
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 关闭缓冲区
+     */
+    void shutdown();
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 更新实例数据（全量更新，标记整个缓冲区为脏）
+     * @param instances 实例数据数组
+     * @param count 实例数量
+     * @return 更新是否成功
+     */
+    bool updateInstances(const InstanceData* instances, uint32_t count);
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 更新部分实例数据（增量更新）
+     * @param instances 实例数据数组
+     * @param start 起始实例索引
+     * @param count 实例数量
+     * @return 更新是否成功
+     */
+    bool updateInstancesRange(const InstanceData* instances, uint32_t start, uint32_t count);
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 添加单个实例
+     * @param instance 实例数据
+     * @return 实例索引
+     */
+    uint32_t addInstance(const InstanceData& instance);
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 标记实例范围为脏（下次updateGPU时更新）
+     * @param start 起始实例索引
+     * @param count 实例数量
+     */
+    void markDirty(uint32_t start, uint32_t count);
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 标记整个缓冲区为脏
+     */
+    void markAllDirty();
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 将脏数据上传到GPU
+     * @return 上传是否成功
+     */
+    bool updateGPU();
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 清除所有实例
+     */
+    void clear();
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取当前实例数量
+     * @return 实例数量
+     */
+    uint32_t getInstanceCount() const { return instanceCount_; }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取最大实例数量
+     * @return 最大实例数量
+     */
+    uint32_t getMaxInstances() const { return maxInstances_; }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取 RHI 缓冲区句柄
+     * @return 缓冲区句柄
+     */
+    BufferHandle getBufferHandle() const { return bufferHandle_; }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取 RHI 缓冲区指针
+     * @return 缓冲区指针
+     */
+    RHIBuffer* getRHIBuffer() const { return bufferHandle_.get(); }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 检查是否有效
+     * @return 是否有效
+     */
+    bool isValid() const { return bufferHandle_.isValid(); }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取脏区域数量
+     * @return 脏区域数量
+     */
+    uint32_t getDirtyRangeCount() const { return static_cast<uint32_t>(dirtyRanges_.size()); }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 检查是否有脏数据
+     * @return 是否有脏数据
+     */
+    bool hasDirtyData() const { return !dirtyRanges_.empty(); }
+
+private:
+    BufferHandle bufferHandle_;             // RHI 缓冲区句柄
+    uint32_t maxInstances_ = 0;             // 最大实例数量
+    uint32_t instanceCount_ = 0;            // 当前实例数量
+    std::vector<InstanceData> cpuBuffer_;   // CPU 端缓冲区
+    std::vector<DirtyRange> dirtyRanges_;   // 脏区域列表
+    
+    // 最大脏区域数量，超过则合并为全量更新
+    static constexpr uint32_t MAX_DIRTY_RANGES = 8;
+    
+    /**
+     * @brief 添加脏区域，自动合并重叠区域
+     * @param range 脏区域
+     */
+    void addDirtyRange(const DirtyRange& range);
+    
+    /**
+     * @brief 合并所有脏区域为一个
+     */
+    void mergeAllDirtyRanges();
+    
+    /**
+     * @brief 清空脏区域列表
+     */
+    void clearDirtyRanges();
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 实例缓冲区管理器
+ *
+ * 管理多个实例缓冲区的分配和回收
+ */
+class InstanceBufferManager {
+public:
+    /**
+     * @brief 默认构造函数
+     */
+    InstanceBufferManager();
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 析构函数
+     */
+    ~InstanceBufferManager();
+
+    // 禁止拷贝
+    InstanceBufferManager(const InstanceBufferManager&) = delete;
+    InstanceBufferManager& operator=(const InstanceBufferManager&) = delete;
+
+    // 允许移动
+    InstanceBufferManager(InstanceBufferManager&& other) noexcept;
+    InstanceBufferManager& operator=(InstanceBufferManager&& other) noexcept;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 初始化管理器
+     * @return 初始化是否成功
+     */
+    bool initialize();
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 关闭管理器
+     */
+    void shutdown();
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取或创建实例缓冲区
+     * @param minSize 最小容量（实例数量）
+     * @return 实例缓冲区指针
+     */
+    InstanceBuffer* acquireBuffer(uint32_t minSize);
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 回收实例缓冲区
+     * @param buffer 缓冲区指针
+     */
+    void releaseBuffer(InstanceBuffer* buffer);
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 重置所有缓冲区
+     */
+    void reset();
+
+private:
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<InstanceBuffer>> bufferPool_;
+    uint32_t currentBufferIndex_ = 0;
+    static constexpr uint32_t DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE = 1024;
+};
+
+} // namespace extra2d

include/renderer/material.h

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 #pragma once
 
+#include <renderer/rhi/rhi.h>
+#include <renderer/shader.h>
+#include <renderer/texture.h>
 #include <types/ptr/ref_counted.h>
 #include <types/ptr/intrusive_ptr.h>
 #include <types/math/vec2.h>
 #include <types/math/color.h>
-#include <renderer/render_types.h>
-#include <renderer/shader.h>
-#include <renderer/uniform_buffer.h>
 #include <string>
 #include <unordered_map>
 #include <vector>
@@ -15,7 +15,37 @@ namespace extra2d {
 
 // 前向声明
 class Material;
-class Texture;
+
+/**
+ * @brief 材质参数类型
+ */
+enum class MaterialParamType : uint8_t {
+    Float,      // 浮点数
+    Vec2,       // 二维向量
+    Vec3,       // 三维向量
+    Vec4,       // 四维向量
+    Color,      // 颜色
+    Mat4,       // 4x4 矩阵
+    Texture     // 纹理
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 获取材质参数类型的大小
+ * @param type 参数类型
+ * @return 参数大小（字节）
+ */
+inline uint32_t getMaterialParamSize(MaterialParamType type) {
+    switch (type) {
+        case MaterialParamType::Float: return sizeof(float);
+        case MaterialParamType::Vec2:  return sizeof(float) * 2;
+        case MaterialParamType::Vec3:  return sizeof(float) * 3;
+        case MaterialParamType::Vec4:  return sizeof(float) * 4;
+        case MaterialParamType::Color: return sizeof(float) * 4;
+        case MaterialParamType::Mat4:  return sizeof(float) * 16;
+        case MaterialParamType::Texture: return sizeof(uint32_t);
+        default: return 0;
+    }
+}
 
 /**
  * @brief 材质参数信息
@@ -30,7 +60,7 @@ struct MaterialParamInfo {
  * @brief 纹理槽位信息
  */
 struct TextureSlot {
-    Handle<Texture> handle;
+    Ptr<Texture> texture;
     uint32_t slot;
     std::string uniformName;
 };
@@ -79,7 +109,9 @@ public:
     bool isFinalized() const { return finalized_; }
 
 private:
-    std::unordered_map<std::string, MaterialParamInfo> params_;
+    // 使用vector保持参数添加顺序，确保与着色器中的声明顺序一致
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, MaterialParamInfo>> params_;
+    std::unordered_map<std::string, size_t> paramIndexMap_;  // 用于快速查找
     uint32_t bufferSize_ = 0;
     bool finalized_ = false;
 };
@@ -87,7 +119,7 @@ private:
 /**
  * @brief 材质类
  * 
- * 作为着色器和纹理的中间层，管理：
+ * 基于 RHI 的材质包装类，管理：
  * - 着色器程序
  * - 材质参数（通过 UBO 上传）
  * - 纹理绑定
@@ -112,10 +144,7 @@ private:
  * material->setFloat("uOpacity", 1.0f);
  * 
  * // 设置纹理
- * material->setTexture("uTexture", textureHandle, 0);
- * 
- * // 注册到渲染器
- * MaterialHandle handle = renderer->registerMaterial(material);
+ * material->setTexture("uTexture", texture, 0);
  * @endcode
  */
 class Material : public RefCounted {
@@ -147,6 +176,12 @@ public:
      */
     Ptr<Shader> getShader() const { return shader_; }
     
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取 RHI 管线句柄
+     * @return RHI 管线句柄
+     */
+    PipelineHandle getPipeline() const;
+    
     // ========================================
     // 参数设置
     // ========================================
@@ -168,7 +203,10 @@ public:
     /**
      * @brief 设置 vec4 参数
      * @param name 参数名称
-     * @param value 值
+     * @param x X 分量
+     * @param y Y 分量
+     * @param z Z 分量
+     * @param w W 分量
      */
     void setVec4(const std::string& name, float x, float y, float z, float w);
     
@@ -193,10 +231,10 @@ public:
     /**
      * @brief 设置纹理
      * @param uniformName 着色器中的采样器 uniform 名称
-     * @param texture 纹理句柄
+     * @param texture 纹理
      * @param slot 纹理槽位（0-15）
      */
-    void setTexture(const std::string& uniformName, Handle<Texture> texture, uint32_t slot);
+    void setTexture(const std::string& uniformName, Ptr<Texture> texture, uint32_t slot);
     
     /**
      * @brief 获取所有纹理槽位
@@ -225,17 +263,11 @@ public:
      */
     uint32_t getDataSize() const { return static_cast<uint32_t>(data_.size()); }
     
-    // ========================================
-    // 应用材质（渲染时调用）
-    // ========================================
-    
     /**
-     * @brief 应用材质
-     * 
-     * 绑定着色器、上传 UBO 数据
-     * @param uboManager UBO 管理器
+     * @brief 获取材质布局
+     * @return 材质布局
      */
-    void apply(UniformBufferManager& uboManager);
+    Ptr<MaterialLayout> getLayout() const { return layout_; }
 
 private:
     Ptr<MaterialLayout> layout_;    // 材质布局

include/renderer/mesh.h

@@ -1,119 +1,113 @@
 #pragma once
 
+#include <renderer/rhi/rhi.h>
 #include <types/math/color.h>
 #include <types/math/rect.h>
 #include <types/math/vec2.h>
 #include <types/ptr/intrusive_ptr.h>
 #include <types/ptr/ref_counted.h>
 
-// 前向声明 OpenGL 类型
-typedef unsigned int GLuint;
-
 namespace extra2d {
 
 /**
  * @brief 顶点结构
  */
 struct Vertex {
-  Vec2 position; // 位置
-  Vec2 texCoord; // 纹理坐标
-  Color color;   // 颜色
+    Vec2 position; // 位置
+    Vec2 texCoord; // 纹理坐标
+    Color color;   // 颜色
 
-  Vertex() = default;
-  Vertex(const Vec2 &pos, const Vec2 &uv, const Color &col)
-      : position(pos), texCoord(uv), color(col) {}
+    Vertex() = default;
+    Vertex(const Vec2& pos, const Vec2& uv, const Color& col)
+        : position(pos), texCoord(uv), color(col) {}
 };
 
 /**
  * @brief 网格类
  *
- * 管理 OpenGL 顶点数组对象和缓冲区
+ * 基于 RHI 的网格包装类，管理顶点缓冲区和索引缓冲区
  * 支持静态和动态顶点数据
  */
 class Mesh : public RefCounted {
 public:
-  /**
-   * @brief 默认构造函数
-   */
-  Mesh();
+    /**
+     * @brief 默认构造函数
+     */
+    Mesh();
 
-  /**
-   * @brief 析构函数
-   */
-  ~Mesh() override;
+    /**
+     * @brief 析构函数
+     */
+    ~Mesh() override;
 
-  /**
-   * @brief 设置顶点数据
-   * @param vertices 顶点数组
-   * @param count 顶点数量
-   */
-  void setVertices(const Vertex *vertices, uint32_t count);
+    /**
+     * @brief 设置顶点数据
+     * @param vertices 顶点数组
+     * @param count 顶点数量
+     */
+    void setVertices(const Vertex* vertices, uint32_t count);
 
-  /**
-   * @brief 设置索引数据
-   * @param indices 索引数组
-   * @param count 索引数量
-   */
-  void setIndices(const uint16_t *indices, uint32_t count);
+    /**
+     * @brief 设置索引数据
+     * @param indices 索引数组
+     * @param count 索引数量
+     */
+    void setIndices(const uint16_t* indices, uint32_t count);
 
-  /**
-   * @brief 更新部分顶点数据
-   * @param vertices 顶点数据
-   * @param count 顶点数量
-   * @param offset 偏移量
-   */
-  void updateVertices(const Vertex *vertices, uint32_t count, uint32_t offset);
+    /**
+     * @brief 更新部分顶点数据
+     * @param vertices 顶点数据
+     * @param count 顶点数量
+     * @param offset 偏移量
+     */
+    void updateVertices(const Vertex* vertices, uint32_t count, uint32_t offset);
 
-  /**
-   * @brief 绑定网格
-   */
-  void bind() const;
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取顶点数量
+     * @return 顶点数量
+     */
+    uint32_t getVertexCount() const { return vertexCount_; }
 
-  /**
-   * @brief 解绑网格
-   */
-  void unbind() const;
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取索引数量
+     * @return 索引数量
+     */
+    uint32_t getIndexCount() const { return indexCount_; }
 
-  /**
-   * @brief 绘制网格
-   */
-  void draw() const;
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取顶点缓冲区句柄
+     * @return 顶点缓冲区句柄
+     */
+    BufferHandle getVertexBuffer() const { return vertexBuffer_; }
 
-  /**
-   * @brief 实例化绘制
-   * @param instanceCount 实例数量
-   */
-  void drawInstanced(uint32_t instanceCount) const;
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取索引缓冲区句柄
+     * @return 索引缓冲区句柄
+     */
+    BufferHandle getIndexBuffer() const { return indexBuffer_; }
 
-  /**
-   * @brief 获取顶点数量
-   * @return 顶点数量
-   */
-  uint32_t getVertexCount() const { return vertexCount_; }
+    /**
+     * @brief 检查是否有索引数据
+     * @return 是否有索引数据
+     */
+    bool hasIndices() const { return indexCount_ > 0; }
 
-  /**
-   * @brief 获取索引数量
-   * @return 索引数量
-   */
-  uint32_t getIndexCount() const { return indexCount_; }
-
-  /**
-   * @brief 创建标准四边形
-   * @param size 四边形大小
-   * @param uv 纹理坐标范围
-   * @return 网格对象
-   */
-  static Ptr<Mesh> createQuad(const Vec2 &size,
-                              const Rect &uv = Rect(0, 0, 1, 1));
+    /**
+     * @brief 创建标准四边形
+     * @param size 四边形大小
+     * @param uv 纹理坐标范围
+     * @return 网格对象
+     */
+    static Ptr<Mesh> createQuad(const Vec2& size,
+                                const Rect& uv = Rect(0, 0, 1, 1));
 
 private:
-  GLuint vao_ = 0;              // 顶点数组对象
-  GLuint vbo_ = 0;              // 顶点缓冲区
-  GLuint ibo_ = 0;              // 索引缓冲区
-  uint32_t vertexCount_ = 0;    // 顶点数量
-  uint32_t indexCount_ = 0;     // 索引数量
-  uint32_t vertexCapacity_ = 0; // 顶点缓冲区容量
-  uint32_t indexCapacity_ = 0;  // 索引缓冲区容量
+    BufferHandle vertexBuffer_;     // 顶点缓冲区句柄
+    BufferHandle indexBuffer_;      // 索引缓冲区句柄
+    uint32_t vertexCount_ = 0;      // 顶点数量
+    uint32_t indexCount_ = 0;       // 索引数量
+    uint32_t vertexCapacity_ = 0;   // 顶点缓冲区容量
+    uint32_t indexCapacity_ = 0;    // 索引缓冲区容量
 };
 
 } // namespace extra2d

include/renderer/render_graph.h

@@ -0,0 +1,366 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <renderer/rhi/rhi.h>
+#include <renderer/command_queue.h>
+#include <types/math/color.h>
+#include <types/math/rect.h>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+#include <functional>
+#include <memory>
+#include <unordered_map>
+
+namespace extra2d {
+
+// 前向声明
+class RenderGraph;
+class RenderPass;
+class RenderGraphBuilder;
+
+/**
+ * @brief 渲染图资源类型
+ */
+enum class RenderGraphResourceType : uint8_t {
+    Texture,        // 纹理
+    Buffer,         // 缓冲区
+    RenderTarget    // 渲染目标
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 渲染图资源句柄
+ */
+struct RenderGraphResourceHandle {
+    uint32_t index = static_cast<uint32_t>(-1);
+    RenderGraphResourceType type = RenderGraphResourceType::Texture;
+
+    bool isValid() const { return index != static_cast<uint32_t>(-1); }
+    static RenderGraphResourceHandle invalid() { return RenderGraphResourceHandle{}; }
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 纹理描述
+ */
+struct RenderGraphTextureDesc {
+    uint32_t width = 0;
+    uint32_t height = 0;
+    TextureFormat format = TextureFormat::RGBA8;
+    TextureUsage usage = TextureUsage::Sampled;
+    bool isRenderTarget = false;
+    std::string name;
+
+    static RenderGraphTextureDesc create2D(uint32_t w, uint32_t h, TextureFormat fmt,
+                                            const std::string& name = "") {
+        RenderGraphTextureDesc desc;
+        desc.width = w;
+        desc.height = h;
+        desc.format = fmt;
+        desc.name = name;
+        return desc;
+    }
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 渲染目标描述
+ */
+struct RenderGraphRenderTargetDesc {
+    RenderGraphResourceHandle colorTarget;
+    RenderGraphResourceHandle depthTarget;
+    Rect clearRect;
+    Color clearColor = Color::Black;
+    float clearDepth = 1.0f;
+    uint8_t clearStencil = 0;
+    bool clearColorFlag = true;
+    bool clearDepthFlag = false;
+    bool clearStencilFlag = false;
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 渲染通道类型
+ */
+enum class RenderPassType : uint8_t {
+    Graphics,       // 图形渲染
+    Compute,        // 计算
+    Copy            // 拷贝/传输
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 渲染通道执行上下文
+ */
+struct RenderPassContext {
+    RHIContext* context = nullptr;
+    CommandQueue* commandQueue = nullptr;
+    RenderGraph* graph = nullptr;
+    float deltaTime = 0.0f;
+    uint32_t frameIndex = 0;
+
+    // 获取纹理句柄
+    TextureHandle getTexture(RenderGraphResourceHandle handle) const;
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 渲染通道基类
+ */
+class RenderPass {
+public:
+    virtual ~RenderPass() = default;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取通道名称
+     */
+    virtual const char* getName() const = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取通道类型
+     */
+    virtual RenderPassType getType() const { return RenderPassType::Graphics; }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 声明资源依赖
+     * @param builder 渲染图构建器
+     */
+    virtual void declareResources(RenderGraphBuilder& builder) {}
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 执行渲染通道
+     * @param ctx 执行上下文
+     */
+    virtual void execute(const RenderPassContext& ctx) = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 设置是否启用
+     */
+    void setEnabled(bool enabled) { enabled_ = enabled; }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 检查是否启用
+     */
+    bool isEnabled() const { return enabled_; }
+
+private:
+    bool enabled_ = true;
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 渲染图构建器
+ * 
+ * 用于声明渲染通道的资源依赖
+ */
+class RenderGraphBuilder {
+public:
+    /**
+     * @brief 创建纹理
+     * @param desc 纹理描述
+     * @return 资源句柄
+     */
+    RenderGraphResourceHandle createTexture(const RenderGraphTextureDesc& desc);
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 读取资源
+     * @param handle 资源句柄
+     */
+    void readResource(RenderGraphResourceHandle handle);
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 写入资源
+     * @param handle 资源句柄
+     */
+    void writeResource(RenderGraphResourceHandle handle);
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 设置渲染目标
+     * @param desc 渲染目标描述
+     */
+    void setRenderTarget(const RenderGraphRenderTargetDesc& desc);
+
+    // 内部使用
+    void setCurrentPass(RenderPass* pass) { currentPass_ = pass; }
+
+private:
+    RenderPass* currentPass_ = nullptr;
+    std::vector<RenderGraphTextureDesc> textureDescs_;
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 渲染图
+ * 
+ * 管理渲染通道的依赖关系和执行顺序
+ * 提供声明式渲染流程定义
+ */
+class RenderGraph {
+public:
+    RenderGraph();
+    ~RenderGraph();
+
+    // 禁止拷贝
+    RenderGraph(const RenderGraph&) = delete;
+    RenderGraph& operator=(const RenderGraph&) = delete;
+
+    // 允许移动
+    RenderGraph(RenderGraph&&) noexcept;
+    RenderGraph& operator=(RenderGraph&&) noexcept;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 初始化渲染图
+     * @return 初始化是否成功
+     */
+    bool initialize();
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 关闭渲染图
+     */
+    void shutdown();
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 添加渲染通道
+     * @param pass 渲染通道（所有权转移）
+     * @return 渲染通道指针
+     */
+    RenderPass* addPass(std::unique_ptr<RenderPass> pass);
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 创建渲染通道（便捷方法）
+     * @param name 通道名称
+     * @param executeFunc 执行函数
+     * @return 渲染通道指针
+     */
+    RenderPass* addLambdaPass(const std::string& name,
+                               std::function<void(const RenderPassContext&)> executeFunc);
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 编译渲染图
+     * 
+     * 分析依赖关系，确定执行顺序，分配资源
+     */
+    bool compile();
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 执行渲染图
+     * @param deltaTime 帧时间
+     * @param viewProjection 视图投影矩阵
+     */
+    void execute(float deltaTime, const Mat4& viewProjection = Mat4(1.0f));
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取纹理资源
+     * @param handle 资源句柄
+     * @return 纹理句柄
+     */
+    TextureHandle getTexture(RenderGraphResourceHandle handle) const;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 设置输出尺寸
+     * @param width 宽度
+     * @param height 高度
+     */
+    void setOutputSize(uint32_t width, uint32_t height);
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取输出宽度
+     */
+    uint32_t getOutputWidth() const { return outputWidth_; }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取输出高度
+     */
+    uint32_t getOutputHeight() const { return outputHeight_; }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取命令队列
+     */
+    CommandQueue* getCommandQueue() { return &commandQueue_; }
+
+private:
+    // 渲染通道列表
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<RenderPass>> passes_;
+
+    // 编译后的执行顺序
+    std::vector<RenderPass*> executionOrder_;
+
+    // 资源管理
+    std::unordered_map<uint32_t, TextureHandle> textures_;
+    uint32_t nextResourceId_ = 1;
+
+    // 构建器
+    RenderGraphBuilder builder_;
+
+    // 命令队列
+    CommandQueue commandQueue_;
+
+    // 输出尺寸
+    uint32_t outputWidth_ = 1280;
+    uint32_t outputHeight_ = 720;
+
+    // 帧计数
+    uint32_t frameIndex_ = 0;
+
+    // 编译状态
+    bool compiled_ = false;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 创建内部资源
+     */
+    void createResources();
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 销毁内部资源
+     */
+    void destroyResources();
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 简单的几何渲染通道
+ * 
+ * 用于常规的 2D 几何渲染
+ */
+class GeometryRenderPass : public RenderPass {
+public:
+    GeometryRenderPass(const std::string& name);
+
+    const char* getName() const override { return name_.c_str(); }
+    void declareResources(RenderGraphBuilder& builder) override;
+    void execute(const RenderPassContext& ctx) override;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 设置颜色目标
+     */
+    void setColorTarget(RenderGraphResourceHandle handle) { colorTarget_ = handle; }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 设置深度目标
+     */
+    void setDepthTarget(RenderGraphResourceHandle handle) { depthTarget_ = handle; }
+
+private:
+    std::string name_;
+    RenderGraphResourceHandle colorTarget_;
+    RenderGraphResourceHandle depthTarget_;
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 后期处理渲染通道
+ */
+class PostProcessRenderPass : public RenderPass {
+public:
+    PostProcessRenderPass(const std::string& name);
+
+    const char* getName() const override { return name_.c_str(); }
+    void declareResources(RenderGraphBuilder& builder) override;
+    void execute(const RenderPassContext& ctx) override;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 设置输入纹理
+     */
+    void setInputTexture(RenderGraphResourceHandle handle) { inputTexture_ = handle; }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 设置输出目标
+     */
+    void setOutputTarget(RenderGraphResourceHandle handle) { outputTarget_ = handle; }
+
+private:
+    std::string name_;
+    RenderGraphResourceHandle inputTexture_;
+    RenderGraphResourceHandle outputTarget_;
+};
+
+} // namespace extra2d

include/renderer/render_types.h

@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 #pragma once
 
+#include <assets/handle.h>
+#include <cstdint>
 #include <types/base/types.h>
-#include <types/math/vec2.h>
 #include <types/math/color.h>
 #include <types/math/transform.h>
-#include <assets/handle.h>
-#include <array>
-#include <cstdint>
+#include <types/math/vec2.h>
 
 namespace extra2d {
 
@@ -15,184 +14,106 @@ class Material;
 class Mesh;
 class Texture;
 
-// 资源句柄类型（使用新的 Handle<T>）
-using MaterialHandle = Handle<Material>;
-using MeshHandle = Handle<Mesh>;
-using TextureHandle = Handle<Texture>;
+// 注意：资源句柄直接使用 Handle<T>，与 RHI 的 TextureHandle 等区分
 
 /**
  * @brief 渲染命令类型
  */
 enum class RenderCommandType : uint8_t {
-    DrawMesh,           // 绘制网格
-    DrawMeshInstanced,  // 实例化绘制
-    SetViewport,        // 设置视口
-    Clear               // 清除缓冲区
+  DrawMesh,    // 绘制网格
+  SetViewport, // 设置视口
+  Clear        // 清除缓冲区
 };
 
-/**
- * @brief 纹理格式
- */
-enum class TextureFormat : uint8_t {
-    RGBA8,      // 32位 RGBA
-    RGB8,       // 24位 RGB
-    RGBA4,      // 16位 RGBA
-    R8,         // 8位 灰度
-    RG8         // 16位 RG
-};
-
-/**
- * @brief 获取纹理格式的像素大小（字节）
- * @param format 纹理格式
- * @return 像素大小
- */
-inline uint32_t getTexturePixelSize(TextureFormat format) {
-    switch (format) {
-        case TextureFormat::RGBA8: return 4;
-        case TextureFormat::RGB8:  return 3;
-        case TextureFormat::RGBA4: return 2;
-        case TextureFormat::R8:    return 1;
-        case TextureFormat::RG8:   return 2;
-        default:                   return 4;
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * @brief 材质参数类型
- */
-enum class MaterialParamType : uint8_t {
-    Float,      // 浮点数
-    Vec2,       // 二维向量
-    Vec3,       // 三维向量
-    Vec4,       // 四维向量
-    Color,      // 颜色
-    Mat4,       // 4x4 矩阵
-    Texture     // 纹理
-};
-
-/**
- * @brief 获取材质参数类型的大小
- * @param type 参数类型
- * @return 参数大小（字节）
- */
-inline uint32_t getMaterialParamSize(MaterialParamType type) {
-    switch (type) {
-        case MaterialParamType::Float: return sizeof(float);
-        case MaterialParamType::Vec2:  return sizeof(float) * 2;
-        case MaterialParamType::Vec3:  return sizeof(float) * 3;
-        case MaterialParamType::Vec4:  return sizeof(float) * 4;
-        case MaterialParamType::Color: return sizeof(float) * 4;
-        case MaterialParamType::Mat4:  return sizeof(float) * 16;
-        case MaterialParamType::Texture: return sizeof(uint32_t) * 2; // Handle size
-        default: return 0;
-    }
-}
-
 /**
  * @brief 渲染命令结构
- * 
+ *
  * 使用值类型设计，避免智能指针开销
  * 通过资源句柄引用实际资源
  */
 struct RenderCommand {
-    RenderCommandType type;     // 命令类型
-    uint32_t sortKey;           // 排序键（材质ID + 层）
-    
-    // 绘制网格命令数据
-    struct DrawMeshData {
-        MeshHandle mesh;            // 网格句柄
-        MaterialHandle material;    // 材质句柄
-        Vec2 pos;                   // 位置
-        Vec2 scale;                 // 缩放
-        float rot;                  // 旋转角度
-        Color color;                // 顶点颜色
-    };
-    
-    // 实例化绘制命令数据
-    struct DrawInstancedData {
-        MeshHandle mesh;            // 网格句柄
-        MaterialHandle material;    // 材质句柄
-        uint32_t instanceCount;     // 实例数量
-        uint32_t instanceOffset;    // 实例数据偏移
-    };
-    
-    // 设置视口命令数据
-    struct ViewportData {
-        int32_t x, y;               // 视口位置
-        int32_t width, height;      // 视口大小
-    };
-    
-    // 清除缓冲区命令数据
-    struct ClearData {
-        Color color;                // 清除颜色
-        uint32_t flags;             // 清除标志（颜色/深度/模板）
-    };
-    
-    union {
-        DrawMeshData drawMesh;
-        DrawInstancedData drawInstanced;
-        ViewportData viewport;
-        ClearData clear;
-    };
-    
-    /**
-     * @brief 默认构造函数
-     */
-    RenderCommand() : type(RenderCommandType::DrawMesh), sortKey(0) {
-        drawMesh.mesh = MeshHandle::invalid();
-        drawMesh.material = MaterialHandle::invalid();
-        drawMesh.pos = Vec2(0.0f, 0.0f);
-        drawMesh.scale = Vec2(1.0f, 1.0f);
-        drawMesh.rot = 0.0f;
-        drawMesh.color = Color::White;
-    }
-    
-    /**
-     * @brief 从 Transform 设置绘制数据
-     */
-    void setTransform(const Transform& t) {
-        drawMesh.pos = t.pos;
-        drawMesh.scale = t.scale;
-        drawMesh.rot = t.rot;
-    }
-    
-    /**
-     * @brief 设置顶点颜色
-     */
-    void setColor(const Color& c) {
-        drawMesh.color = c;
-    }
-    
-    /**
-     * @brief 获取 Transform
-     */
-    Transform getTransform() const {
-        return Transform(drawMesh.pos, drawMesh.scale, drawMesh.rot);
-    }
-    
-    /**
-     * @brief 获取顶点颜色
-     */
-    Color getColor() const {
-        return drawMesh.color;
-    }
+  RenderCommandType type; // 命令类型
+  uint32_t sortKey;       // 排序键（材质ID + 层）
+
+  // 绘制网格命令数据
+  struct DrawMeshData {
+    Handle<Mesh> mesh;         // 网格句柄
+    Handle<Material> material; // 材质句柄
+    Vec2 pos;                  // 位置
+    Vec2 scale;                // 缩放
+    float rot;                 // 旋转角度
+    Color color;               // 顶点颜色
+  };
+
+  // 设置视口命令数据
+  struct ViewportData {
+    int32_t x, y;          // 视口位置
+    int32_t width, height; // 视口大小
+  };
+
+  // 清除缓冲区命令数据
+  struct ClearData {
+    Color color;    // 清除颜色
+    uint32_t flags; // 清除标志（颜色/深度/模板）
+  };
+
+  union {
+    DrawMeshData drawMesh;
+    ViewportData viewport;
+    ClearData clear;
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 默认构造函数
+   */
+  RenderCommand() : type(RenderCommandType::DrawMesh), sortKey(0) {
+    drawMesh.mesh = Handle<Mesh>::invalid();
+    drawMesh.material = Handle<Material>::invalid();
+    drawMesh.pos = Vec2(0.0f, 0.0f);
+    drawMesh.scale = Vec2(1.0f, 1.0f);
+    drawMesh.rot = 0.0f;
+    drawMesh.color = Color::White;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 从 Transform 设置绘制数据
+   */
+  void setTransform(const Transform &t) {
+    drawMesh.pos = t.pos;
+    drawMesh.scale = t.scale;
+    drawMesh.rot = t.rot;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 设置顶点颜色
+   */
+  void setColor(const Color &c) { drawMesh.color = c; }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 获取 Transform
+   */
+  Transform getTransform() const {
+    return Transform(drawMesh.pos, drawMesh.scale, drawMesh.rot);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 获取顶点颜色
+   */
+  Color getColor() const { return drawMesh.color; }
 };
 
 // 清除标志
-constexpr uint32_t CLEAR_COLOR_FLAG   = 1 << 0;
-constexpr uint32_t CLEAR_DEPTH_FLAG   = 1 << 1;
+constexpr uint32_t CLEAR_COLOR_FLAG = 1 << 0;
+constexpr uint32_t CLEAR_DEPTH_FLAG = 1 << 1;
 constexpr uint32_t CLEAR_STENCIL_FLAG = 1 << 2;
-constexpr uint32_t CLEAR_ALL_FLAG     = CLEAR_COLOR_FLAG | CLEAR_DEPTH_FLAG | CLEAR_STENCIL_FLAG;
+constexpr uint32_t CLEAR_ALL_FLAG =
+    CLEAR_COLOR_FLAG | CLEAR_DEPTH_FLAG | CLEAR_STENCIL_FLAG;
 
 // 最大渲染命令数
 constexpr uint32_t MAX_RENDER_COMMANDS = 10000;
 
-// 最大实例数
-constexpr uint32_t MAX_INSTANCES = 256;
-
-// UBO 绑定槽位
-constexpr uint32_t GLOBAL_UBO_BINDING = 0;      // 全局 UBO
-constexpr uint32_t MATERIAL_UBO_BINDING = 1;    // 材质 UBO
-constexpr uint32_t INSTANCE_UBO_BINDING = 2;    // 实例 UBO
+// UBO 绑定槽位（已移至 RHI）
+constexpr uint32_t GLOBAL_UBO_BINDING = 0;   // 全局 UBO
+constexpr uint32_t MATERIAL_UBO_BINDING = 1; // 材质 UBO
 
 } // namespace extra2d

include/renderer/renderer_module.h

@@ -1,17 +1,13 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <array>
 #include <event/events.h>
 #include <module/module.h>
 #include <module/module_registry.h>
-#include <renderer/material.h>
-#include <renderer/mesh.h>
+#include <renderer/command_queue.h>
+#include <renderer/render_graph.h>
 #include <renderer/render_types.h>
-#include <renderer/shader.h>
-#include <renderer/texture.h>
-#include <renderer/uniform_buffer.h>
+#include <renderer/rhi/rhi.h>
 #include <renderer/viewport_adapter.h>
-#include <vector>
 
 namespace extra2d {
 
@@ -21,15 +17,15 @@ class AssetsModule;
 /**
  * @brief 渲染器模块
  *
- * 核心渲染系统模块，负责：
+ * 基于新 RHI 架构的核心渲染系统模块，负责：
  * - 通过事件接收渲染命令
- * - 自动批处理和排序
+ * - 使用 RenderGraph 管理渲染流程
+ * - 使用 CommandQueue 进行命令排序和批处理
  * - 执行实际渲染
- * 
- * 资源管理已迁移到 AssetsModule
  */
 class RendererModule : public Module {
-  E2D_REGISTER_MODULE(RendererModule, "Renderer", 3)
+  // 优先级为 4，在 AssetsModule (优先级 3) 之后初始化
+  E2D_REGISTER_MODULE(RendererModule, "Renderer", 4)
 
 public:
   /**
@@ -42,18 +38,16 @@ public:
    */
   ~RendererModule() override;
 
-  // 禁止拷贝
+  // 禁止拷贝和移动
   RendererModule(const RendererModule &) = delete;
   RendererModule &operator=(const RendererModule &) = delete;
-
-  // 允许移动
-  RendererModule(RendererModule &&) noexcept;
-  RendererModule &operator=(RendererModule &&) noexcept;
+  RendererModule(RendererModule &&) = delete;
+  RendererModule &operator=(RendererModule &&) = delete;
 
   /**
    * @brief 初始化模块
    *
-   * 绑定事件监听器，等待窗口显示事件进行 GL 初始化
+   * 绑定事件监听器，初始化 RenderGraph 和 CommandQueue
    *
    * @return 初始化是否成功
    */
@@ -67,29 +61,7 @@ public:
   void shutdown() override;
 
   //===========================================================================
-  // 默认资源（通过 AssetsModule 获取）
-  //===========================================================================
-
-  /**
-   * @brief 获取默认材质句柄
-   * @return 默认材质句柄
-   */
-  MaterialHandle getDefaultMaterialHandle() const;
-
-  /**
-   * @brief 获取默认四边形网格句柄
-   * @return 默认四边形网格句柄
-   */
-  MeshHandle getDefaultQuadHandle() const;
-
-  /**
-   * @brief 获取默认纹理句柄（1x1 白色纹理）
-   * @return 默认纹理句柄
-   */
-  TextureHandle getDefaultTextureHandle() const;
-
-  //===========================================================================
-  // 渲染状态设置
+  // 渲染接口
   //===========================================================================
 
   /**
@@ -121,6 +93,42 @@ public:
    */
   const ViewportAdapter &getViewportAdapter() const { return viewportAdapter_; }
 
+  /**
+   * @brief 获取渲染图
+   * @return 渲染图指针
+   */
+  RenderGraph *getRenderGraph() { return &renderGraph_; }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 获取命令队列
+   * @return 命令队列指针
+   */
+  CommandQueue *getCommandQueue() { return renderGraph_.getCommandQueue(); }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 获取 RHI 上下文
+   * @return RHI 上下文指针
+   */
+  RHIContext *getRHIContext() const;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 获取默认材质句柄
+   * @return 默认材质句柄
+   */
+  Handle<Material> getDefaultMaterialHandle() const;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 获取默认四边形网格句柄
+   * @return 默认四边形网格句柄
+   */
+  Handle<Mesh> getDefaultQuadHandle() const;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 获取默认纹理句柄（1x1 白色纹理）
+   * @return 默认纹理句柄
+   */
+  Handle<Texture> getDefaultTextureHandle() const;
+
 private:
   //===========================================================================
   // 事件处理器
@@ -129,7 +137,7 @@ private:
   /**
    * @brief 渲染开始事件处理
    *
-   * 清空命令缓冲区，重置统计信息
+   * 开始渲染帧，初始化 RenderGraph
    */
   void onRenderBegin();
 
@@ -148,7 +156,7 @@ private:
   /**
    * @brief 渲染结束事件处理
    *
-   * 排序命令，批处理并执行绘制
+   * 执行 RenderGraph 渲染
    */
   void onRenderEnd();
 
@@ -162,7 +170,7 @@ private:
   /**
    * @brief 窗口显示事件处理
    *
-   * 延迟 GL 初始化到窗口显示时
+   * 延迟初始化到窗口显示时
    */
   void onWindowShow();
 
@@ -170,30 +178,6 @@ private:
   // 渲染执行
   //===========================================================================
 
-  /**
-   * @brief 排序渲染命令
-   *
-   * 根据 sortKey 对命令进行排序以优化绘制顺序
-   */
-  void sortCommands();
-
-  /**
-   * @brief 批处理并绘制
-   *
-   * 将相同材质和网格的命令合并批次绘制
-   */
-  void batchAndDraw();
-
-  /**
-   * @brief 绘制批次
-   * @param start 批次起始索引
-   * @param count 批次命令数量
-   * @param materialHandle 材质句柄
-   * @param meshHandle 网格句柄
-   */
-  void drawBatch(uint32 start, uint32 count, MaterialHandle materialHandle,
-                 MeshHandle meshHandle);
-
   /**
    * @brief 执行单个渲染命令
    * @param cmd 渲染命令
@@ -201,18 +185,11 @@ private:
   void executeCommand(const RenderCommand &cmd);
 
   //===========================================================================
-  // 命令缓冲区
+  // 渲染图和命令队列
   //===========================================================================
 
-  std::array<RenderCommand, MAX_RENDER_COMMANDS>
-      commandBuffer_;       // 预分配命令缓冲区
-  uint32 commandCount_ = 0; // 当前命令数量
-
-  //===========================================================================
-  // UBO 管理器
-  //===========================================================================
-
-  UniformBufferManager uniformManager_;
+  RenderGraph renderGraph_;              // 渲染图
+  CommandQueue *commandQueue_ = nullptr; // 命令队列（指向 renderGraph_ 内部）
 
   //===========================================================================
   // 事件监听器
@@ -229,7 +206,7 @@ private:
   // 状态标志
   //===========================================================================
 
-  bool glInitialized_ = false; // GL 是否已初始化
+  bool initialized_ = false; // 是否已初始化
 
   //===========================================================================
   // 渲染统计
@@ -237,7 +214,6 @@ private:
 
   struct Stats {
     uint32 commandsSubmitted = 0; // 提交的命令数
-    uint32 commandsExecuted = 0;  // 执行的命令数
     uint32 drawCalls = 0;         // 绘制调用次数
     uint32 batches = 0;           // 批次数
   } stats_;
@@ -247,7 +223,7 @@ private:
   //===========================================================================
 
   int32 viewportX_ = 0, viewportY_ = 0;
-  int32 viewportWidth_ = 0, viewportHeight_ = 0;
+  int32 viewportWidth_ = 1280, viewportHeight_ = 720;
 
   //===========================================================================
   // 视口适配器

include/renderer/rhi/opengl/gl_buffer.h

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <glad/glad.h>
+#include <renderer/rhi/rhi.h>
+
+namespace extra2d {
+
+/**
+ * @brief OpenGL 缓冲区实现
+ */
+class GLBuffer : public RHIBuffer {
+public:
+  explicit GLBuffer(const BufferDesc &desc);
+  ~GLBuffer() override;
+
+  bool create();
+  void destroy();
+
+  bool update(const void *data, uint32_t size, uint32_t offset) override;
+  void *map() override;
+  void unmap() override;
+
+  const BufferDesc &getDesc() const { return desc_; }
+  uint32_t getSize() const override { return desc_.size; }
+  BufferType getType() const override { return desc_.type; }
+  bool isValid() const override { return buffer_ != 0; }
+
+  GLuint getGLBuffer() const { return buffer_; }
+
+private:
+  BufferDesc desc_;
+  GLuint buffer_;
+};
+
+} // namespace extra2d

include/renderer/rhi/opengl/gl_command_list.h

@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <glad/glad.h>
+#include <renderer/rhi/rhi.h>
+
+namespace extra2d {
+
+// 前向声明
+class GLPipeline;
+class GLBuffer;
+class GLTexture;
+class GLFramebuffer;
+
+/**
+ * @brief OpenGL 命令列表实现
+ */
+class GLCommandList : public RHICommandList {
+public:
+  GLCommandList();
+  ~GLCommandList() override;
+
+  //===========================================================================
+  // 命令列表生命周期
+  //===========================================================================
+
+  void begin() override;
+  void end() override;
+  void submit() override;
+
+  //===========================================================================
+  // 渲染通道
+  //===========================================================================
+
+  void beginRenderPass(RHIFramebuffer *framebuffer,
+                       ClearFlags clearFlags = ClearFlags::Color,
+                       const Color &clearColor = Color::Black,
+                       float clearDepth = 1.0f,
+                       uint8_t clearStencil = 0) override;
+  void endRenderPass() override;
+
+  //===========================================================================
+  // 状态设置
+  //===========================================================================
+
+  void setViewport(const Viewport &viewport) override;
+  void setScissor(const ScissorRect &scissor) override;
+  void setPipeline(RHIPipeline *pipeline) override;
+
+  //===========================================================================
+  // 资源绑定
+  //===========================================================================
+
+  void setVertexBuffer(uint32_t slot, RHIBuffer *buffer,
+                       uint32_t offset = 0, uint32_t stride = 0) override;
+  void setIndexBuffer(RHIBuffer *buffer, IndexType type,
+                      uint32_t offset = 0) override;
+  void setUniformBuffer(uint32_t slot, RHIBuffer *buffer) override;
+  void setUniformBuffer(uint32_t slot, RHIBuffer *buffer, uint32_t offset, uint32_t size = 0) override;
+  void setTexture(uint32_t slot, RHITexture *texture) override;
+  void setSampler(uint32_t slot, TextureFilter minFilter,
+                  TextureFilter magFilter, TextureWrap wrapS,
+                  TextureWrap wrapT) override;
+
+  //===========================================================================
+  // 绘制命令
+  //===========================================================================
+
+  void draw(uint32_t vertexCount, uint32_t firstVertex = 0,
+            uint32_t instanceCount = 1, uint32_t firstInstance = 0) override;
+
+  void drawIndexed(uint32_t indexCount, uint32_t firstIndex = 0,
+                   int32_t vertexOffset = 0, uint32_t instanceCount = 1,
+                   uint32_t firstInstance = 0) override;
+
+  //===========================================================================
+  // 工具方法
+  //===========================================================================
+
+  void clear(ClearFlags flags, const Color &color = Color::Black,
+             float depth = 1.0f, uint8_t stencil = 0) override;
+
+  bool isRecording() const override;
+
+  // 设置 uniform 变量
+  void setUniform(const char* name, float value) override;
+  void setUniform(const char* name, const Vec2& value) override;
+  void setUniform(const char* name, const Vec3& value) override;
+  void setUniform(const char* name, const Color& value) override;
+  void setUniform(const char* name, const Mat4& value) override;
+
+private:
+  // 状态缓存机制 - 避免冗余的 OpenGL 状态切换
+  struct StateCache {
+    // 管线状态
+    GLPipeline* pipeline = nullptr;
+    GLuint shaderProgram = 0;
+
+    // 视口状态
+    Viewport viewport;
+    bool viewportValid = false;
+
+    // 裁剪状态
+    ScissorRect scissor{0, 0, 0, 0};
+    bool scissorValid = false;
+    bool scissorEnabled = false;
+
+    // 缓冲区状态
+    GLBuffer* vertexBuffers[4] = {nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr}; // 支持最多4个顶点缓冲区槽
+    uint32_t vertexBufferOffsets[4] = {0, 0, 0, 0};
+    GLBuffer* indexBuffer = nullptr;
+
+    // Uniform 缓冲区状态
+    struct UBOBinding {
+      GLBuffer* buffer = nullptr;
+      uint32_t offset = 0;
+      uint32_t size = 0;
+      bool valid = false;
+    };
+    UBOBinding uniformBuffers[4]; // 支持最多4个 UBO 槽
+
+    // 纹理状态
+    struct TextureBinding {
+      GLTexture* texture = nullptr;
+      bool valid = false;
+    };
+    TextureBinding textures[8]; // 支持最多8个纹理槽
+
+    // 帧缓冲状态
+    GLFramebuffer* framebuffer = nullptr;
+
+    // 重置所有状态缓存
+    void reset() {
+      pipeline = nullptr;
+      shaderProgram = 0;
+      viewportValid = false;
+      scissorValid = false;
+      scissorEnabled = false;
+      for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
+        vertexBuffers[i] = nullptr;
+        vertexBufferOffsets[i] = 0;
+        uniformBuffers[i] = {};
+      }
+      indexBuffer = nullptr;
+      for (int i = 0; i < 8; ++i) {
+        textures[i] = {};
+      }
+      framebuffer = nullptr;
+    }
+  };
+
+  bool recording_ = false;
+  StateCache stateCache_;
+
+  // 统计信息（调试用）
+  struct Stats {
+    uint32_t pipelineChanges = 0;
+    uint32_t textureChanges = 0;
+    uint32_t bufferChanges = 0;
+    uint32_t viewportChanges = 0;
+    uint32_t redundantPipelineChanges = 0;
+    uint32_t redundantTextureChanges = 0;
+    uint32_t redundantBufferChanges = 0;
+
+    void reset() {
+      pipelineChanges = 0;
+      textureChanges = 0;
+      bufferChanges = 0;
+      viewportChanges = 0;
+      redundantPipelineChanges = 0;
+      redundantTextureChanges = 0;
+      redundantBufferChanges = 0;
+    }
+  } stats_;
+};
+
+} // namespace extra2d

include/renderer/rhi/opengl/gl_context.h

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <renderer/rhi/rhi.h>
+#include <glad/glad.h>
+#include <memory>
+
+namespace extra2d {
+
+// 前向声明
+class GLDevice;
+class GLFramebuffer;
+
+/**
+ * @brief OpenGL 上下文实现
+ */
+class GLContext : public RHIContext {
+public:
+    explicit GLContext(GLDevice* device);
+    ~GLContext() override;
+
+    bool initialize() override;
+    void shutdown() override;
+
+    void beginFrame() override;
+    void endFrame() override;
+
+    void setViewport(int32_t x, int32_t y, uint32_t width, uint32_t height) override;
+    void bindDefaultFramebuffer() override;
+    RHIFramebuffer* getDefaultFramebuffer() override;
+
+    bool isFeatureSupported(const char* feature) const override;
+
+private:
+    GLDevice* device_;
+    std::unique_ptr<GLFramebuffer> defaultFramebuffer_;
+};
+
+} // namespace extra2d

include/renderer/rhi/opengl/gl_framebuffer.h

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <renderer/rhi/rhi.h>
+#include <glad/glad.h>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace extra2d {
+
+// 前向声明
+class GLTexture;
+
+/**
+ * @brief OpenGL 帧缓冲实现
+ */
+class GLFramebuffer : public RHIFramebuffer {
+public:
+    GLFramebuffer();
+    explicit GLFramebuffer(const RenderPassDesc& desc);
+    ~GLFramebuffer() override;
+
+    bool create();
+    void destroy();
+
+    void bind() override;
+    void unbind() override;
+
+    uint32_t getColorAttachmentCount() const override;
+    TextureHandle getColorAttachment(uint32_t index) const override;
+    TextureHandle getDepthStencilAttachment() const override;
+
+    uint32_t getWidth() const override { return width_; }
+    uint32_t getHeight() const override { return height_; }
+
+    bool hasDepthStencil() const override;
+    bool isValid() const override;
+    bool isDefault() const override;
+
+    void setSize(uint32_t width, uint32_t height);
+    GLuint getGLFramebuffer() const { return framebuffer_; }
+
+    const RenderPassDesc& getDesc() const { return desc_; }
+    void clear(ClearFlags flags, const Color& color, float depth, uint8_t stencil);
+
+private:
+    RenderPassDesc desc_;
+    GLuint framebuffer_;
+    uint32_t width_;
+    uint32_t height_;
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<GLTexture>> colorAttachments_;
+    std::unique_ptr<GLTexture> depthStencilAttachment_;
+};
+
+} // namespace extra2d

include/renderer/rhi/opengl/gl_pipeline.h

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <renderer/rhi/rhi.h>
+#include <glad/glad.h>
+
+namespace extra2d {
+
+// 前向声明
+class GLShader;
+
+/**
+ * @brief OpenGL 管线实现
+ */
+class GLPipeline : public RHIPipeline {
+public:
+    explicit GLPipeline(const PipelineDesc& desc);
+    ~GLPipeline() override;
+
+    bool create();
+    void destroy();
+
+    void bind() override;
+    void unbind() override;
+
+    ShaderHandle getVertexShader() const override;
+    ShaderHandle getFragmentShader() const override;
+    const VertexLayout& getVertexLayout() const override;
+    bool isValid() const override;
+
+    const PipelineDesc& getDesc() const { return desc_; }
+    GLuint getGLVAO() const { return vao_; }
+    
+    // 获取 shader program ID（用于设置 uniform）
+    GLuint getGLProgram() const { return shaderProgram_; }
+    
+    // 设置 shader program ID（在创建时调用）
+    void setGLProgram(GLuint program) { shaderProgram_ = program; }
+
+private:
+    PipelineDesc desc_;
+    GLuint vao_;
+    GLuint shaderProgram_ = 0;
+};
+
+} // namespace extra2d

include/renderer/rhi/opengl/gl_shader.h

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <renderer/rhi/rhi.h>
+#include <glad/glad.h>
+#include <string>
+
+namespace extra2d {
+
+/**
+ * @brief OpenGL 着色器实现
+ */
+class GLShader : public RHIShader {
+public:
+    explicit GLShader(const ShaderDesc& desc);
+    ~GLShader() override;
+
+    bool compile();
+    void destroy();
+
+    ShaderType getType() const override { return ShaderType::Vertex; }  // 返回 Vertex 表示这是一个程序着色器
+    bool isCompiled() const override;
+    std::string getCompileLog() const override;
+    bool isValid() const override;
+
+    void bind() const;
+    void unbind() const;
+
+    void setUniform(const std::string& name, float value);
+    void setUniform(const std::string& name, const Vec2& value);
+    void setUniform(const std::string& name, const Vec3& value);
+    void setUniform(const std::string& name, const Color& value);
+    void setUniform(const std::string& name, const Mat4& value);
+
+    const ShaderDesc& getDesc() const { return desc_; }
+    GLuint getGLProgram() const { return program_; }
+
+private:
+    ShaderDesc desc_;
+    GLuint shader_;
+    GLuint program_;
+    std::string compileLog_;
+    bool compiled_;
+};
+
+} // namespace extra2d

include/renderer/rhi/opengl/gl_texture.h

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <renderer/rhi/rhi.h>
+#include <glad/glad.h>
+
+namespace extra2d {
+
+/**
+ * @brief OpenGL 纹理实现
+ */
+class GLTexture : public RHITexture {
+public:
+    explicit GLTexture(const TextureDesc& desc);
+    ~GLTexture() override;
+
+    bool create();
+    void destroy();
+
+    TextureType getType() const override { return desc_.type; }
+    TextureFormat getFormat() const override { return desc_.format; }
+    uint32_t getWidth() const override { return desc_.width; }
+    uint32_t getHeight() const override { return desc_.height; }
+    uint32_t getMipLevels() const override { return desc_.mipLevels; }
+
+    bool update(const void* data, uint32_t mipLevel = 0) override;
+    void generateMipmap() override;
+    void bind(uint32_t slot) override;
+    void unbind() override;
+
+    bool isValid() const override;
+    bool isRenderTarget() const override;
+
+    GLuint getGLTexture() const { return texture_; }
+
+private:
+    TextureDesc desc_;
+    GLuint texture_;
+};
+
+} // namespace extra2d

include/renderer/rhi/opengl/gl_utils.h

@@ -0,0 +1,307 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <renderer/rhi/rhi.h>
+#include <glad/glad.h>
+#include <utils/logger.h>
+
+namespace extra2d {
+
+/**
+ * @brief OpenGL 错误检查宏
+ */
+#define GL_CHECK(call) do { \
+    call; \
+    GLenum err = glGetError(); \
+    if (err != GL_NO_ERROR) { \
+        E2D_LOG_ERROR("OpenGL error in {}: {} ({})", #call, getGLErrorString(err), err); \
+    } \
+} while(0)
+
+/**
+ * @brief 获取 OpenGL 错误字符串
+ * @param error OpenGL 错误码
+ * @return 错误描述字符串
+ */
+inline const char* getGLErrorString(GLenum error) {
+    switch (error) {
+        case GL_NO_ERROR: return "GL_NO_ERROR";
+        case GL_INVALID_ENUM: return "GL_INVALID_ENUM";
+        case GL_INVALID_VALUE: return "GL_INVALID_VALUE";
+        case GL_INVALID_OPERATION: return "GL_INVALID_OPERATION";
+        case GL_STACK_OVERFLOW: return "GL_STACK_OVERFLOW";
+        case GL_STACK_UNDERFLOW: return "GL_STACK_UNDERFLOW";
+        case GL_OUT_OF_MEMORY: return "GL_OUT_OF_MEMORY";
+        case GL_INVALID_FRAMEBUFFER_OPERATION: return "GL_INVALID_FRAMEBUFFER_OPERATION";
+        default: return "Unknown Error";
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief 将 BufferType 转换为 OpenGL 缓冲区目标
+ */
+inline GLenum bufferTypeToGL(BufferType type) {
+    switch (type) {
+        case BufferType::Vertex:   return GL_ARRAY_BUFFER;
+        case BufferType::Index:    return GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER;
+        case BufferType::Uniform:  return GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER;
+        case BufferType::Storage:  return GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER;
+        case BufferType::Staging:  return GL_ARRAY_BUFFER;
+        default:                   return GL_ARRAY_BUFFER;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief 将 BufferUsage 转换为 OpenGL 使用模式
+ */
+inline GLenum bufferUsageToGL(BufferUsage usage) {
+    switch (usage) {
+        case BufferUsage::Static:  return GL_STATIC_DRAW;
+        case BufferUsage::Dynamic: return GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW;
+        case BufferUsage::Stream:  return GL_STREAM_DRAW;
+        default:                   return GL_STATIC_DRAW;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief 将 TextureFormat 转换为 OpenGL 内部格式
+ */
+inline GLenum textureFormatToGLInternal(TextureFormat format) {
+    switch (format) {
+        case TextureFormat::R8:              return GL_R8;
+        case TextureFormat::RG8:             return GL_RG8;
+        case TextureFormat::RGB8:            return GL_RGB8;
+        case TextureFormat::RGBA8:           return GL_RGBA8;
+        case TextureFormat::RGBA8_SRGB:      return GL_SRGB8_ALPHA8;
+        case TextureFormat::Depth16:         return GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT16;
+        case TextureFormat::Depth24:         return GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT24;
+        case TextureFormat::Depth32F:        return GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT32F;
+        case TextureFormat::Depth24Stencil8: return GL_DEPTH24_STENCIL8;
+        case TextureFormat::Depth32FStencil8:return GL_DEPTH32F_STENCIL8;
+        case TextureFormat::BC1:             return GL_COMPRESSED_RGBA_S3TC_DXT1_EXT;
+        case TextureFormat::BC3:             return GL_COMPRESSED_RGBA_S3TC_DXT5_EXT;
+        case TextureFormat::BC5:             return 0x8DBD;  // GL_COMPRESSED_RG_RGTC2
+        default:                             return GL_RGBA8;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief 将 TextureFormat 转换为 OpenGL 格式
+ */
+inline GLenum textureFormatToGLFormat(TextureFormat format) {
+    switch (format) {
+        case TextureFormat::R8:              return GL_RED;
+        case TextureFormat::RG8:             return GL_RG;
+        case TextureFormat::RGB8:            return GL_RGB;
+        case TextureFormat::RGBA8:
+        case TextureFormat::RGBA8_SRGB:      return GL_RGBA;
+        case TextureFormat::Depth16:
+        case TextureFormat::Depth24:
+        case TextureFormat::Depth32F:        return GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT;
+        case TextureFormat::Depth24Stencil8:
+        case TextureFormat::Depth32FStencil8:return GL_DEPTH_STENCIL;
+        default:                             return GL_RGBA;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief 将 TextureFormat 转换为 OpenGL 数据类型
+ */
+inline GLenum textureFormatToGLType(TextureFormat format) {
+    switch (format) {
+        case TextureFormat::R8:
+        case TextureFormat::RG8:
+        case TextureFormat::RGB8:
+        case TextureFormat::RGBA8:
+        case TextureFormat::RGBA8_SRGB:      return GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE;
+        case TextureFormat::Depth16:         return GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT;
+        case TextureFormat::Depth24:         return GL_UNSIGNED_INT;
+        case TextureFormat::Depth32F:        return GL_FLOAT;
+        case TextureFormat::Depth24Stencil8: return GL_UNSIGNED_INT_24_8;
+        case TextureFormat::Depth32FStencil8:return GL_FLOAT_32_UNSIGNED_INT_24_8_REV;
+        default:                             return GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief 将 TextureFilter 转换为 OpenGL 过滤模式
+ */
+inline GLenum textureFilterToGLMin(TextureFilter filter) {
+    switch (filter) {
+        case TextureFilter::Nearest:                return GL_NEAREST;
+        case TextureFilter::Linear:                 return GL_LINEAR;
+        case TextureFilter::NearestMipmapNearest:   return GL_NEAREST_MIPMAP_NEAREST;
+        case TextureFilter::LinearMipmapNearest:    return GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_NEAREST;
+        case TextureFilter::NearestMipmapLinear:    return GL_NEAREST_MIPMAP_LINEAR;
+        case TextureFilter::LinearMipmapLinear:     return GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR;
+        default:                                    return GL_LINEAR;
+    }
+}
+
+inline GLenum textureFilterToGLMag(TextureFilter filter) {
+    // Mag filter doesn't support mipmaps
+    switch (filter) {
+        case TextureFilter::Nearest:
+        case TextureFilter::NearestMipmapNearest:
+        case TextureFilter::NearestMipmapLinear:
+            return GL_NEAREST;
+        case TextureFilter::Linear:
+        case TextureFilter::LinearMipmapNearest:
+        case TextureFilter::LinearMipmapLinear:
+        default:
+            return GL_LINEAR;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief 将 TextureWrap 转换为 OpenGL 环绕模式
+ */
+inline GLenum textureWrapToGL(TextureWrap wrap) {
+    switch (wrap) {
+        case TextureWrap::Repeat:         return GL_REPEAT;
+        case TextureWrap::ClampToEdge:    return GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE;
+        case TextureWrap::ClampToBorder:  return GL_CLAMP_TO_BORDER;
+        case TextureWrap::MirroredRepeat: return GL_MIRRORED_REPEAT;
+        default:                          return GL_REPEAT;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief 将 VertexFormat 转换为 OpenGL 格式
+ */
+inline void vertexFormatToGL(VertexFormat format, GLint& components, GLenum& type, GLboolean& normalized) {
+    switch (format) {
+        case VertexFormat::Float1: components = 1; type = GL_FLOAT; normalized = GL_FALSE; break;
+        case VertexFormat::Float2: components = 2; type = GL_FLOAT; normalized = GL_FALSE; break;
+        case VertexFormat::Float3: components = 3; type = GL_FLOAT; normalized = GL_FALSE; break;
+        case VertexFormat::Float4: components = 4; type = GL_FLOAT; normalized = GL_FALSE; break;
+        case VertexFormat::Int1:   components = 1; type = GL_INT;   normalized = GL_FALSE; break;
+        case VertexFormat::Int2:   components = 2; type = GL_INT;   normalized = GL_FALSE; break;
+        case VertexFormat::Int3:   components = 3; type = GL_INT;   normalized = GL_FALSE; break;
+        case VertexFormat::Int4:   components = 4; type = GL_INT;   normalized = GL_FALSE; break;
+        case VertexFormat::UInt1:  components = 1; type = GL_UNSIGNED_INT; normalized = GL_FALSE; break;
+        case VertexFormat::UInt2:  components = 2; type = GL_UNSIGNED_INT; normalized = GL_FALSE; break;
+        case VertexFormat::UInt3:  components = 3; type = GL_UNSIGNED_INT; normalized = GL_FALSE; break;
+        case VertexFormat::UInt4:  components = 4; type = GL_UNSIGNED_INT; normalized = GL_FALSE; break;
+        case VertexFormat::Byte4:           components = 4; type = GL_BYTE; normalized = GL_FALSE; break;
+        case VertexFormat::Byte4Normalized: components = 4; type = GL_BYTE; normalized = GL_TRUE; break;
+        case VertexFormat::UByte4:          components = 4; type = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE; normalized = GL_FALSE; break;
+        case VertexFormat::UByte4Normalized:components = 4; type = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE; normalized = GL_TRUE; break;
+        default: components = 4; type = GL_FLOAT; normalized = GL_FALSE; break;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief 将 IndexType 转换为 OpenGL 类型
+ */
+inline GLenum indexTypeToGL(IndexType type) {
+    switch (type) {
+        case IndexType::UInt16: return GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT;
+        case IndexType::UInt32: return GL_UNSIGNED_INT;
+        default:                return GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief 将 PrimitiveType 转换为 OpenGL 图元类型
+ */
+inline GLenum primitiveTypeToGL(PrimitiveType type) {
+    switch (type) {
+        case PrimitiveType::Points:         return GL_POINTS;
+        case PrimitiveType::Lines:          return GL_LINES;
+        case PrimitiveType::LineStrip:      return GL_LINE_STRIP;
+        case PrimitiveType::Triangles:      return GL_TRIANGLES;
+        case PrimitiveType::TriangleStrip:  return GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP;
+        case PrimitiveType::TriangleFan:    return GL_TRIANGLE_FAN;
+        default:                            return GL_TRIANGLES;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief 将 BlendFactor 转换为 OpenGL 混合因子
+ */
+inline GLenum blendFactorToGL(BlendFactor factor) {
+    switch (factor) {
+        case BlendFactor::Zero:             return GL_ZERO;
+        case BlendFactor::One:              return GL_ONE;
+        case BlendFactor::SrcColor:         return GL_SRC_COLOR;
+        case BlendFactor::OneMinusSrcColor: return GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_COLOR;
+        case BlendFactor::DstColor:         return GL_DST_COLOR;
+        case BlendFactor::OneMinusDstColor: return GL_ONE_MINUS_DST_COLOR;
+        case BlendFactor::SrcAlpha:         return GL_SRC_ALPHA;
+        case BlendFactor::OneMinusSrcAlpha: return GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA;
+        case BlendFactor::DstAlpha:         return GL_DST_ALPHA;
+        case BlendFactor::OneMinusDstAlpha: return GL_ONE_MINUS_DST_ALPHA;
+        default:                            return GL_ONE;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief 将 BlendOp 转换为 OpenGL 混合操作
+ */
+inline GLenum blendOpToGL(BlendOp op) {
+    switch (op) {
+        case BlendOp::Add:              return GL_FUNC_ADD;
+        case BlendOp::Subtract:         return GL_FUNC_SUBTRACT;
+        case BlendOp::ReverseSubtract:  return GL_FUNC_REVERSE_SUBTRACT;
+        case BlendOp::Min:              return GL_MIN;
+        case BlendOp::Max:              return GL_MAX;
+        default:                        return GL_FUNC_ADD;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief 将 CompareFunc 转换为 OpenGL 比较函数
+ */
+inline GLenum compareFuncToGL(CompareFunc func) {
+    switch (func) {
+        case CompareFunc::Never:        return GL_NEVER;
+        case CompareFunc::Less:         return GL_LESS;
+        case CompareFunc::Equal:        return GL_EQUAL;
+        case CompareFunc::LessEqual:    return GL_LEQUAL;
+        case CompareFunc::Greater:      return GL_GREATER;
+        case CompareFunc::NotEqual:     return GL_NOTEQUAL;
+        case CompareFunc::GreaterEqual: return GL_GEQUAL;
+        case CompareFunc::Always:       return GL_ALWAYS;
+        default:                        return GL_LESS;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief 将 ShaderType 转换为 OpenGL 着色器类型
+ */
+inline GLenum shaderTypeToGL(ShaderType type) {
+    switch (type) {
+        case ShaderType::Vertex:   return GL_VERTEX_SHADER;
+        case ShaderType::Fragment: return GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER;
+        case ShaderType::Geometry: return GL_GEOMETRY_SHADER;
+        case ShaderType::Compute:  return GL_COMPUTE_SHADER;
+        default:                   return GL_VERTEX_SHADER;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief 获取 VertexFormat 的大小（字节）
+ */
+inline uint32_t getVertexFormatSize(VertexFormat format) {
+    switch (format) {
+        case VertexFormat::Float1: return sizeof(float) * 1;
+        case VertexFormat::Float2: return sizeof(float) * 2;
+        case VertexFormat::Float3: return sizeof(float) * 3;
+        case VertexFormat::Float4: return sizeof(float) * 4;
+        case VertexFormat::Int1:   return sizeof(int32_t) * 1;
+        case VertexFormat::Int2:   return sizeof(int32_t) * 2;
+        case VertexFormat::Int3:   return sizeof(int32_t) * 3;
+        case VertexFormat::Int4:   return sizeof(int32_t) * 4;
+        case VertexFormat::UInt1:  return sizeof(uint32_t) * 1;
+        case VertexFormat::UInt2:  return sizeof(uint32_t) * 2;
+        case VertexFormat::UInt3:  return sizeof(uint32_t) * 3;
+        case VertexFormat::UInt4:  return sizeof(uint32_t) * 4;
+        case VertexFormat::Byte4:
+        case VertexFormat::Byte4Normalized:   return sizeof(int8_t) * 4;
+        case VertexFormat::UByte4:
+        case VertexFormat::UByte4Normalized:  return sizeof(uint8_t) * 4;
+        default: return sizeof(float) * 4;
+    }
+}
+
+} // namespace extra2d

include/renderer/rhi/rhi.h

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#pragma once
+
+/**
+ * @brief RHI (Render Hardware Interface) 头文件
+ *
+ * 包含所有 RHI 相关的接口和类型定义
+ */
+
+#include <renderer/rhi/rhi_types.h>
+#include <renderer/rhi/rhi_device.h>
+#include <renderer/rhi/rhi_buffer.h>
+#include <renderer/rhi/rhi_shader.h>
+#include <renderer/rhi/rhi_framebuffer.h>
+#include <renderer/rhi/rhi_command_list.h>

include/renderer/rhi/rhi_buffer.h

@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <renderer/rhi/rhi_types.h>
+
+namespace extra2d {
+
+/**
+ * @brief RHI 缓冲区接口
+ *
+ * 抽象 GPU 缓冲区资源
+ */
+class RHIBuffer {
+public:
+    virtual ~RHIBuffer() = default;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取缓冲区类型
+     * @return 缓冲区类型
+     */
+    virtual BufferType getType() const = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取缓冲区大小
+     * @return 缓冲区大小（字节）
+     */
+    virtual uint32_t getSize() const = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 更新缓冲区数据
+     * @param data 数据源指针
+     * @param size 数据大小
+     * @param offset 缓冲区偏移（字节）
+     * @return 更新是否成功
+     */
+    virtual bool update(const void* data, uint32_t size, uint32_t offset = 0) = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 映射缓冲区到 CPU 内存
+     * @return 映射的内存指针，失败返回 nullptr
+     */
+    virtual void* map() = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 解除映射
+     */
+    virtual void unmap() = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 检查是否有效
+     * @return 是否有效
+     */
+    virtual bool isValid() const = 0;
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief RHI 纹理接口
+ *
+ * 抽象 GPU 纹理资源
+ */
+class RHITexture {
+public:
+    virtual ~RHITexture() = default;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取纹理类型
+     * @return 纹理类型
+     */
+    virtual TextureType getType() const = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取纹理格式
+     * @return 纹理格式
+     */
+    virtual TextureFormat getFormat() const = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取纹理宽度
+     * @return 宽度
+     */
+    virtual uint32_t getWidth() const = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取纹理高度
+     * @return 高度
+     */
+    virtual uint32_t getHeight() const = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取 Mipmap 层级数
+     * @return Mipmap 层级数
+     */
+    virtual uint32_t getMipLevels() const = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 更新纹理数据
+     * @param data 像素数据
+     * @param mipLevel Mipmap 层级
+     * @return 更新是否成功
+     */
+    virtual bool update(const void* data, uint32_t mipLevel = 0) = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 生成 Mipmap
+     */
+    virtual void generateMipmap() = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 绑定到指定槽位
+     * @param slot 纹理槽位
+     */
+    virtual void bind(uint32_t slot) = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 解绑
+     */
+    virtual void unbind() = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 检查是否有效
+     * @return 是否有效
+     */
+    virtual bool isValid() const = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 检查是否可作为渲染目标
+     * @return 是否可作为渲染目标
+     */
+    virtual bool isRenderTarget() const = 0;
+};
+
+} // namespace extra2d

include/renderer/rhi/rhi_command_list.h

@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <renderer/rhi/rhi_types.h>
+#include <renderer/rhi/rhi_buffer.h>
+#include <renderer/rhi/rhi_shader.h>
+#include <renderer/rhi/rhi_framebuffer.h>
+
+namespace extra2d {
+
+/**
+ * @brief RHI 命令列表接口
+ *
+ * 抽象 GPU 命令录制和执行
+ */
+class RHICommandList {
+public:
+    virtual ~RHICommandList() = default;
+
+    //===========================================================================
+    // 命令列表生命周期
+    //===========================================================================
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 开始录制命令
+     */
+    virtual void begin() = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 结束录制命令
+     */
+    virtual void end() = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 提交命令到 GPU
+     */
+    virtual void submit() = 0;
+
+    //===========================================================================
+    // 渲染通道
+    //===========================================================================
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 开始渲染通道
+     * @param framebuffer 帧缓冲
+     * @param clearFlags 清除标志
+     * @param clearColor 清除颜色（当包含 Color 标志时）
+     * @param clearDepth 清除深度值（当包含 Depth 标志时）
+     * @param clearStencil 清除模板值（当包含 Stencil 标志时）
+     */
+    virtual void beginRenderPass(RHIFramebuffer* framebuffer,
+                                  ClearFlags clearFlags = ClearFlags::Color,
+                                  const Color& clearColor = Color::Black,
+                                  float clearDepth = 1.0f,
+                                  uint8_t clearStencil = 0) = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 结束渲染通道
+     */
+    virtual void endRenderPass() = 0;
+
+    //===========================================================================
+    // 状态设置
+    //===========================================================================
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 设置视口
+     * @param viewport 视口
+     */
+    virtual void setViewport(const Viewport& viewport) = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 设置裁剪矩形
+     * @param scissor 裁剪矩形
+     */
+    virtual void setScissor(const ScissorRect& scissor) = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 设置图形管线
+     * @param pipeline 管线
+     */
+    virtual void setPipeline(RHIPipeline* pipeline) = 0;
+
+    //===========================================================================
+    // 资源绑定
+    //===========================================================================
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 设置顶点缓冲区
+     * @param slot 槽位
+     * @param buffer 缓冲区
+     * @param offset 偏移（字节）
+     * @param stride 步长（字节，0表示使用布局中的步长）
+     */
+    virtual void setVertexBuffer(uint32_t slot, RHIBuffer* buffer, uint32_t offset = 0, uint32_t stride = 0) = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 设置索引缓冲区
+     * @param buffer 缓冲区
+     * @param type 索引类型
+     * @param offset 偏移（字节）
+     */
+    virtual void setIndexBuffer(RHIBuffer* buffer, IndexType type, uint32_t offset = 0) = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 设置 Uniform 缓冲区
+     * @param slot 槽位
+     * @param buffer 缓冲区
+     */
+    virtual void setUniformBuffer(uint32_t slot, RHIBuffer* buffer) = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 设置 Uniform 缓冲区（带偏移）
+     * @param slot 槽位
+     * @param buffer 缓冲区
+     * @param offset 缓冲区偏移（字节）
+     * @param size 绑定大小（字节，0 表示整个缓冲区）
+     */
+    virtual void setUniformBuffer(uint32_t slot, RHIBuffer* buffer, uint32_t offset, uint32_t size = 0) = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 设置纹理
+     * @param slot 槽位
+     * @param texture 纹理
+     */
+    virtual void setTexture(uint32_t slot, RHITexture* texture) = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 设置采样器
+     * @param slot 槽位
+     * @param minFilter 最小过滤
+     * @param magFilter 最大过滤
+     * @param wrapS S 轴环绕
+     * @param wrapT T 轴环绕
+     */
+    virtual void setSampler(uint32_t slot,
+                            TextureFilter minFilter,
+                            TextureFilter magFilter,
+                            TextureWrap wrapS,
+                            TextureWrap wrapT) = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 设置 float 类型的 uniform 变量
+     * @param name 变量名
+     * @param value 值
+     */
+    virtual void setUniform(const char* name, float value) = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 设置 vec2 类型的 uniform 变量
+     * @param name 变量名
+     * @param value 值
+     */
+    virtual void setUniform(const char* name, const Vec2& value) = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 设置 vec3 类型的 uniform 变量
+     * @param name 变量名
+     * @param value 值
+     */
+    virtual void setUniform(const char* name, const Vec3& value) = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 设置 vec4/Color 类型的 uniform 变量
+     * @param name 变量名
+     * @param value 值
+     */
+    virtual void setUniform(const char* name, const Color& value) = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 设置 mat4 类型的 uniform 变量
+     * @param name 变量名
+     * @param value 值
+     */
+    virtual void setUniform(const char* name, const Mat4& value) = 0;
+
+    //===========================================================================
+    // 绘制命令
+    //===========================================================================
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 绘制顶点
+     * @param vertexCount 顶点数量
+     * @param firstVertex 起始顶点
+     * @param instanceCount 实例数量
+     * @param firstInstance 起始实例
+     */
+    virtual void draw(uint32_t vertexCount,
+                      uint32_t firstVertex = 0,
+                      uint32_t instanceCount = 1,
+                      uint32_t firstInstance = 0) = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 绘制索引
+     * @param indexCount 索引数量
+     * @param firstIndex 起始索引
+     * @param vertexOffset 顶点偏移
+     * @param instanceCount 实例数量
+     * @param firstInstance 起始实例
+     */
+    virtual void drawIndexed(uint32_t indexCount,
+                             uint32_t firstIndex = 0,
+                             int32_t vertexOffset = 0,
+                             uint32_t instanceCount = 1,
+                             uint32_t firstInstance = 0) = 0;
+
+    //===========================================================================
+    // 工具方法
+    //===========================================================================
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 清除当前帧缓冲
+     * @param flags 清除标志
+     * @param color 清除颜色
+     * @param depth 清除深度值
+     * @param stencil 清除模板值
+     */
+    virtual void clear(ClearFlags flags,
+                       const Color& color = Color::Black,
+                       float depth = 1.0f,
+                       uint8_t stencil = 0) = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 检查是否在录制状态
+     * @return 是否在录制
+     */
+    virtual bool isRecording() const = 0;
+};
+
+} // namespace extra2d

include/renderer/rhi/rhi_device.h

@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <memory>
+#include <renderer/rhi/rhi_types.h>
+
+namespace extra2d {
+
+/**
+ * @brief RHI 设备接口
+ *
+ * 抽象图形设备，负责资源创建和上下文管理
+ */
+class RHIDevice {
+public:
+  virtual ~RHIDevice() = default;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 初始化设备
+   * @param nativeWindow 原生窗口句柄（如 SDL_Window*）
+   * @return 初始化是否成功
+   */
+  virtual bool initialize(void* nativeWindow) = 0;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 关闭设备
+   */
+  virtual void shutdown() = 0;
+
+  //===========================================================================
+  // 资源创建
+  //===========================================================================
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 创建缓冲区
+   * @param desc 缓冲区描述
+   * @return 缓冲区对象
+   */
+  virtual std::unique_ptr<RHIBuffer> createBuffer(const BufferDesc &desc) = 0;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 创建纹理
+   * @param desc 纹理描述
+   * @return 纹理对象
+   */
+  virtual std::unique_ptr<RHITexture>
+  createTexture(const TextureDesc &desc) = 0;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 创建着色器
+   * @param desc 着色器描述
+   * @return 着色器对象
+   */
+  virtual std::unique_ptr<RHIShader> createShader(const ShaderDesc &desc) = 0;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 创建图形管线
+   * @param desc 管线描述
+   * @return 管线对象
+   */
+  virtual std::unique_ptr<RHIPipeline>
+  createPipeline(const PipelineDesc &desc) = 0;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 创建帧缓冲
+   * @param desc 帧缓冲描述
+   * @return 帧缓冲对象
+   */
+  virtual std::unique_ptr<RHIFramebuffer>
+  createFramebuffer(const RenderPassDesc &desc) = 0;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 创建命令列表
+   * @return 命令列表对象
+   */
+  virtual std::unique_ptr<RHICommandList> createCommandList() = 0;
+
+  //===========================================================================
+  // 上下文管理
+  //===========================================================================
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 获取渲染上下文
+   * @return 渲染上下文指针
+   */
+  virtual RHIContext *getContext() = 0;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 获取后端名称
+   * @return 后端名称（如 "OpenGL", "Vulkan"）
+   */
+  virtual const char *getBackendName() const = 0;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 等待 GPU 完成所有操作
+   */
+  virtual void waitIdle() = 0;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 获取渲染统计
+   * @return 渲染统计信息
+   */
+  virtual const RenderStats &getStats() const = 0;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 重置渲染统计
+   */
+  virtual void resetStats() = 0;
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief RHI 上下文接口
+ *
+ * 管理渲染上下文和呈现
+ */
+class RHIContext {
+public:
+  virtual ~RHIContext() = default;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 初始化上下文
+   * @return 初始化是否成功
+   */
+  virtual bool initialize() = 0;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 关闭上下文
+   */
+  virtual void shutdown() = 0;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 开始一帧
+   */
+  virtual void beginFrame() = 0;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 结束一帧并呈现
+   */
+  virtual void endFrame() = 0;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 设置视口
+   * @param x 视口 X 坐标
+   * @param y 视口 Y 坐标
+   * @param width 视口宽度
+   * @param height 视口高度
+   */
+  virtual void setViewport(int32_t x, int32_t y, uint32_t width,
+                           uint32_t height) = 0;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 设置默认帧缓冲
+   */
+  virtual void bindDefaultFramebuffer() = 0;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 获取默认帧缓冲
+   * @return 默认帧缓冲
+   */
+  virtual RHIFramebuffer *getDefaultFramebuffer() = 0;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 检查是否支持特性
+   * @param feature 特性名称
+   * @return 是否支持
+   */
+  virtual bool isFeatureSupported(const char *feature) const = 0;
+};
+
+} // namespace extra2d

include/renderer/rhi/rhi_framebuffer.h

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <renderer/rhi/rhi_types.h>
+
+namespace extra2d {
+
+/**
+ * @brief RHI 帧缓冲接口
+ *
+ * 抽象 GPU 帧缓冲对象 (FBO)
+ */
+class RHIFramebuffer {
+public:
+  virtual ~RHIFramebuffer() = default;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 绑定帧缓冲
+   */
+  virtual void bind() = 0;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 解绑帧缓冲
+   */
+  virtual void unbind() = 0;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 获取颜色附件数量
+   * @return 颜色附件数量
+   */
+  virtual uint32_t getColorAttachmentCount() const = 0;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 获取颜色附件纹理
+   * @param index 附件索引
+   * @return 纹理句柄
+   */
+  virtual TextureHandle getColorAttachment(uint32_t index) const = 0;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 获取深度/模板附件纹理
+   * @return 纹理句柄，无则返回无效句柄
+   */
+  virtual TextureHandle getDepthStencilAttachment() const = 0;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 获取帧缓冲宽度
+   * @return 宽度
+   */
+  virtual uint32_t getWidth() const = 0;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 获取帧缓冲高度
+   * @return 高度
+   */
+  virtual uint32_t getHeight() const = 0;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 检查是否有深度/模板附件
+   * @return 是否有深度/模板附件
+   */
+  virtual bool hasDepthStencil() const = 0;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 检查是否有效
+   * @return 是否有效
+   */
+  virtual bool isValid() const = 0;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 检查是否为默认帧缓冲（窗口帧缓冲）
+   * @return 是否为默认帧缓冲
+   */
+  virtual bool isDefault() const = 0;
+};
+
+} // namespace extra2d

include/renderer/rhi/rhi_shader.h

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <renderer/rhi/rhi_types.h>
+#include <string>
+
+namespace extra2d {
+
+/**
+ * @brief RHI 着色器接口
+ *
+ * 抽象 GPU 着色器程序
+ */
+class RHIShader {
+public:
+    virtual ~RHIShader() = default;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取着色器类型
+     * @return 着色器类型
+     */
+    virtual ShaderType getType() const = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 检查是否已编译
+     * @return 是否已编译
+     */
+    virtual bool isCompiled() const = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取编译日志
+     * @return 编译日志
+     */
+    virtual std::string getCompileLog() const = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 检查是否有效
+     * @return 是否有效
+     */
+    virtual bool isValid() const = 0;
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief RHI 图形管线接口
+ *
+ * 抽象 GPU 图形管线状态对象 (PSO)
+ */
+class RHIPipeline {
+public:
+    virtual ~RHIPipeline() = default;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 绑定管线
+     */
+    virtual void bind() = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 解绑管线
+     */
+    virtual void unbind() = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取顶点着色器
+     * @return 顶点着色器
+     */
+    virtual ShaderHandle getVertexShader() const = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取片段着色器
+     * @return 片段着色器
+     */
+    virtual ShaderHandle getFragmentShader() const = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取顶点布局
+     * @return 顶点布局
+     */
+    virtual const VertexLayout& getVertexLayout() const = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 检查是否有效
+     * @return 是否有效
+     */
+    virtual bool isValid() const = 0;
+};
+
+} // namespace extra2d

include/renderer/rhi/rhi_types.h

@@ -0,0 +1,501 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <string>
+#include <types/base/types.h>
+#include <types/math/color.h>
+#include <types/math/mat4.h>
+#include <types/math/vec2.h>
+#include <types/math/vec3.h>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace extra2d {
+
+// 前向声明
+class RHIDevice;
+class RHIContext;
+class RHICommandList;
+class RHIBuffer;
+class RHITexture;
+class RHIShader;
+class RHIPipeline;
+class RHIFramebuffer;
+
+/**
+ * @brief RHI 资源句柄基类
+ */
+template <typename T> class RHIHandle {
+public:
+  RHIHandle() = default;
+  explicit RHIHandle(T *ptr) : ptr_(ptr) {}
+
+  T *get() const { return ptr_; }
+  bool isValid() const { return ptr_ != nullptr; }
+  explicit operator bool() const { return isValid(); }
+
+  bool operator==(const RHIHandle &other) const { return ptr_ == other.ptr_; }
+  bool operator!=(const RHIHandle &other) const { return ptr_ != other.ptr_; }
+
+private:
+  T *ptr_ = nullptr;
+};
+
+using BufferHandle = RHIHandle<RHIBuffer>;
+using TextureHandle = RHIHandle<RHITexture>;
+using ShaderHandle = RHIHandle<RHIShader>;
+using PipelineHandle = RHIHandle<RHIPipeline>;
+using FramebufferHandle = RHIHandle<RHIFramebuffer>;
+
+/**
+ * @brief 缓冲区类型
+ */
+enum class BufferType : uint8_t {
+  Vertex,  // 顶点缓冲区
+  Index,   // 索引缓冲区
+  Uniform, // Uniform 缓冲区
+  Storage, // 存储缓冲区 (SSBO)
+  Staging  // 暂存缓冲区
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 缓冲区使用模式
+ */
+enum class BufferUsage : uint8_t {
+  Static,  // 静态数据，很少修改
+  Dynamic, // 动态数据，每帧修改
+  Stream   // 流数据，每帧多次修改
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 缓冲区描述
+ */
+struct BufferDesc {
+  BufferType type = BufferType::Vertex;
+  BufferUsage usage = BufferUsage::Static;
+  uint32_t size = 0;                 // 缓冲区大小（字节）
+  const void *initialData = nullptr; // 初始数据
+
+  static BufferDesc vertex(uint32_t size,
+                           BufferUsage usage = BufferUsage::Static);
+  static BufferDesc index(uint32_t size,
+                          BufferUsage usage = BufferUsage::Static);
+  static BufferDesc uniform(uint32_t size);
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 纹理类型
+ */
+enum class TextureType : uint8_t {
+  Texture2D,    // 2D 纹理
+  TextureCube,  // 立方体贴图
+  TextureArray, // 纹理数组
+  RenderTarget  // 渲染目标
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 纹理用途
+ */
+enum class TextureUsage : uint8_t {
+  Sampled,      // 采样纹理（只读）
+  Storage,      // 存储纹理（读写）
+  RenderTarget, // 渲染目标
+  DepthStencil  // 深度/模板目标
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 纹理格式
+ */
+enum class TextureFormat : uint8_t {
+  // 颜色格式
+  R8,         // 8位 红
+  RG8,        // 8位 RG
+  RGB8,       // 8位 RGB
+  RGBA8,      // 8位 RGBA
+  RGBA8_SRGB, // sRGB 颜色空间
+
+  // 深度/模板格式
+  Depth16,
+  Depth24,
+  Depth32F,
+  Depth24Stencil8,
+  Depth32FStencil8,
+
+  // 压缩格式
+  BC1, // DXT1
+  BC3, // DXT5
+  BC5  // 3Dc
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 纹理过滤模式
+ */
+enum class TextureFilter : uint8_t {
+  Nearest, // 最近邻
+  Linear,  // 线性
+  NearestMipmapNearest,
+  LinearMipmapNearest,
+  NearestMipmapLinear,
+  LinearMipmapLinear
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 纹理环绕模式
+ */
+enum class TextureWrap : uint8_t {
+  Repeat,        // 重复
+  ClampToEdge,   // 边缘钳制
+  ClampToBorder, // 边界钳制
+  MirroredRepeat // 镜像重复
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 纹理描述
+ */
+struct TextureDesc {
+  TextureType type = TextureType::Texture2D;
+  TextureFormat format = TextureFormat::RGBA8;
+  uint32_t width = 0;
+  uint32_t height = 0;
+  uint32_t depth = 1; // 对于 3D 纹理或数组层数
+  uint32_t mipLevels = 1;
+  TextureFilter minFilter = TextureFilter::Linear;
+  TextureFilter magFilter = TextureFilter::Linear;
+  TextureWrap wrapS = TextureWrap::Repeat;
+  TextureWrap wrapT = TextureWrap::Repeat;
+  bool renderTarget = false; // 是否可作为渲染目标
+
+  static TextureDesc texture2D(uint32_t width, uint32_t height,
+                               TextureFormat format = TextureFormat::RGBA8);
+  static TextureDesc renderTarget2D(uint32_t width, uint32_t height,
+                                    TextureFormat format);
+  static TextureDesc depthStencil(uint32_t width, uint32_t height);
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 着色器类型
+ */
+enum class ShaderType : uint8_t {
+  Vertex,   // 顶点着色器
+  Fragment, // 片段着色器
+  Geometry, // 几何着色器
+  Compute   // 计算着色器
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 着色器描述
+ *
+ * 同时包含顶点和片段着色器源码
+ */
+struct ShaderDesc {
+  std::string vertexSource;        // 顶点着色器源码
+  std::string fragmentSource;      // 片段着色器源码
+  std::string entryPoint = "main"; // 入口函数名
+
+  static ShaderDesc fromSource(const std::string &vertexSrc,
+                               const std::string &fragmentSrc) {
+    ShaderDesc desc;
+    desc.vertexSource = vertexSrc;
+    desc.fragmentSource = fragmentSrc;
+    return desc;
+  }
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 顶点属性格式
+ */
+enum class VertexFormat : uint8_t {
+  Float1,
+  Float2,
+  Float3,
+  Float4,
+  Int1,
+  Int2,
+  Int3,
+  Int4,
+  UInt1,
+  UInt2,
+  UInt3,
+  UInt4,
+  Byte4,
+  Byte4Normalized,
+  UByte4,
+  UByte4Normalized
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 顶点属性描述
+ */
+struct VertexAttribute {
+  uint32_t location = 0; // 属性位置
+  VertexFormat format = VertexFormat::Float3;
+  uint32_t offset = 0;      // 在顶点结构中的偏移
+  uint32_t bufferIndex = 0; // 绑定的顶点缓冲区索引
+  uint32_t divisor = 0;     // 实例化除数（0=每顶点，1=每实例，N=每N个实例）
+
+  static uint32_t getSize(VertexFormat format);
+
+  // 创建实例化属性
+  static VertexAttribute perInstance(uint32_t location, VertexFormat format,
+                                      uint32_t offset, uint32_t bufferIndex = 1) {
+    VertexAttribute attr;
+    attr.location = location;
+    attr.format = format;
+    attr.offset = offset;
+    attr.bufferIndex = bufferIndex;
+    attr.divisor = 1;
+    return attr;
+  }
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 顶点布局描述
+ */
+struct VertexLayout {
+  std::vector<VertexAttribute> attributes;
+  uint32_t stride = 0; // 顶点大小（字节）
+
+  void addAttribute(uint32_t location, VertexFormat format, uint32_t offset,
+                    uint32_t bufferIndex = 0);
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 添加顶点属性（直接传入VertexAttribute）
+   * @param attr 顶点属性
+   */
+  void addAttribute(const VertexAttribute& attr) {
+    attributes.push_back(attr);
+  }
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 索引类型
+ */
+enum class IndexType : uint8_t { UInt16, UInt32 };
+
+/**
+ * @brief 图元类型
+ */
+enum class PrimitiveType : uint8_t {
+  Points,
+  Lines,
+  LineStrip,
+  Triangles,
+  TriangleStrip,
+  TriangleFan
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 混合因子
+ */
+enum class BlendFactor : uint8_t {
+  Zero,
+  One,
+  SrcColor,
+  OneMinusSrcColor,
+  DstColor,
+  OneMinusDstColor,
+  SrcAlpha,
+  OneMinusSrcAlpha,
+  DstAlpha,
+  OneMinusDstAlpha
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 混合操作
+ */
+enum class BlendOp : uint8_t { Add, Subtract, ReverseSubtract, Min, Max };
+
+/**
+ * @brief 混合状态
+ */
+struct BlendState {
+  bool enabled = false;
+  BlendFactor srcFactor = BlendFactor::One;
+  BlendFactor dstFactor = BlendFactor::Zero;
+  BlendOp op = BlendOp::Add;
+  BlendFactor srcAlphaFactor = BlendFactor::One;
+  BlendFactor dstAlphaFactor = BlendFactor::Zero;
+  BlendOp alphaOp = BlendOp::Add;
+
+  static BlendState opaque();
+  static BlendState alphaBlend();
+  static BlendState additive();
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 深度测试比较函数
+ */
+enum class CompareFunc : uint8_t {
+  Never,
+  Less,
+  Equal,
+  LessEqual,
+  Greater,
+  NotEqual,
+  GreaterEqual,
+  Always
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 深度/模板状态
+ */
+struct DepthStencilState {
+  bool depthTestEnabled = true;
+  bool depthWriteEnabled = true;
+  CompareFunc depthCompare = CompareFunc::Less;
+
+  bool stencilEnabled = false;
+  // 模板测试配置（简化版）
+  uint8_t stencilReadMask = 0xFF;
+  uint8_t stencilWriteMask = 0xFF;
+  uint8_t stencilRef = 0;
+
+  static DepthStencilState depthTest();
+  static DepthStencilState depthTestWrite();
+  static DepthStencilState depthTestNoWrite();
+  static DepthStencilState noDepthTest();
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 光栅化状态
+ */
+struct RasterizerState {
+  bool cullEnabled = false;
+  bool cullFrontFace = false; // true = 剔除正面, false = 剔除背面
+  bool frontCCW = false;      // 正面是否为逆时针
+  bool scissorEnabled = false;
+  bool wireframe = false;
+
+  static RasterizerState cullBack();
+  static RasterizerState cullFront();
+  static RasterizerState noCull();
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 管线描述
+ */
+struct PipelineDesc {
+  ShaderHandle vertexShader;
+  ShaderHandle fragmentShader;
+  VertexLayout vertexLayout;
+  PrimitiveType primitiveType = PrimitiveType::Triangles;
+  BlendState blendState;
+  DepthStencilState depthStencilState;
+  RasterizerState rasterizerState;
+
+  static PipelineDesc create(ShaderHandle vs, ShaderHandle fs,
+                             const VertexLayout &layout);
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 渲染通道加载/存储操作
+ */
+enum class LoadOp : uint8_t {
+  Load,    // 加载现有内容
+  Clear,   // 清除为指定值
+  DontCare // 不关心现有内容
+};
+
+enum class StoreOp : uint8_t {
+  Store,   // 保存结果
+  DontCare // 不关心结果
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 渲染通道附件描述
+ */
+struct RenderPassAttachment {
+  TextureHandle texture;
+  LoadOp loadOp = LoadOp::Clear;
+  StoreOp storeOp = StoreOp::Store;
+  Color clearColor = Color::Black;
+  float clearDepth = 1.0f;
+  uint8_t clearStencil = 0;
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 渲染通道描述
+ */
+struct RenderPassDesc {
+  std::vector<RenderPassAttachment> colorAttachments;
+  RenderPassAttachment depthStencilAttachment;
+  bool hasDepthStencil = false;
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 视口
+ */
+struct Viewport {
+  float x = 0.0f;
+  float y = 0.0f;
+  float width = 0.0f;
+  float height = 0.0f;
+  float minDepth = 0.0f;
+  float maxDepth = 1.0f;
+
+  Viewport() = default;
+  Viewport(float x, float y, float w, float h)
+      : x(x), y(y), width(w), height(h) {}
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 裁剪矩形
+ */
+struct ScissorRect {
+  int32_t x = 0;
+  int32_t y = 0;
+  int32_t width = 0;
+  int32_t height = 0;
+
+  ScissorRect() = default;
+  ScissorRect(int32_t x, int32_t y, int32_t w, int32_t h)
+      : x(x), y(y), width(w), height(h) {}
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 清除标志
+ */
+enum class ClearFlags : uint32_t {
+  None = 0,
+  Color = 1 << 0,
+  Depth = 1 << 1,
+  Stencil = 1 << 2,
+  All = Color | Depth | Stencil
+};
+
+inline ClearFlags operator|(ClearFlags a, ClearFlags b) {
+  return static_cast<ClearFlags>(static_cast<uint32_t>(a) |
+                                 static_cast<uint32_t>(b));
+}
+
+inline ClearFlags operator&(ClearFlags a, ClearFlags b) {
+  return static_cast<ClearFlags>(static_cast<uint32_t>(a) &
+                                 static_cast<uint32_t>(b));
+}
+
+inline bool hasFlag(ClearFlags flags, ClearFlags flag) {
+  return (static_cast<uint32_t>(flags) & static_cast<uint32_t>(flag)) != 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief 渲染统计
+ */
+struct RenderStats {
+  uint32_t drawCalls = 0;
+  uint32_t triangles = 0;
+  uint32_t vertices = 0;
+  uint32_t textureBinds = 0;
+  uint32_t bufferBinds = 0;
+  uint32_t pipelineBinds = 0;
+  uint32_t renderPassSwitches = 0;
+
+  void reset() {
+    drawCalls = 0;
+    triangles = 0;
+    vertices = 0;
+    textureBinds = 0;
+    bufferBinds = 0;
+    pipelineBinds = 0;
+    renderPassSwitches = 0;
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace extra2d

include/renderer/rhi_module.h

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <event/events.h>
+#include <module/module.h>
+#include <module/module_registry.h>
+#include <renderer/rhi/rhi.h>
+#include <memory>
+
+namespace extra2d {
+
+/**
+ * @brief RHI 模块
+ *
+ * 负责初始化和管理 RHI 后端，提供图形 API 抽象
+ * 优先级：1（在 WindowModule 之后初始化）
+ */
+class RHIModule : public Module {
+    E2D_REGISTER_MODULE(RHIModule, "RHI", 1)
+
+public:
+    RHIModule();
+    ~RHIModule() override;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 初始化 RHI 模块
+     * @return 初始化是否成功
+     */
+    bool init() override;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 关闭 RHI 模块
+     */
+    void shutdown() override;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取 RHI 设备
+     * @return RHI 设备指针
+     */
+    RHIDevice* getDevice() const { return device_.get(); }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取 RHI 上下文
+     * @return RHI 上下文指针
+     */
+    RHIContext* getContext() const { return context_; }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取全局 RHIModule 实例
+     * @return RHIModule 指针
+     */
+    static RHIModule* get();
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 检查 RHI 是否已初始化
+     * @return 是否已初始化
+     */
+    bool isInitialized() const { return initialized_; }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 创建缓冲区
+     * @param desc 缓冲区描述
+     * @return 缓冲区对象
+     */
+    std::unique_ptr<RHIBuffer> createBuffer(const BufferDesc& desc);
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 创建纹理
+     * @param desc 纹理描述
+     * @return 纹理对象
+     */
+    std::unique_ptr<RHITexture> createTexture(const TextureDesc& desc);
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 创建着色器
+     * @param desc 着色器描述
+     * @return 着色器对象
+     */
+    std::unique_ptr<RHIShader> createShader(const ShaderDesc& desc);
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 创建图形管线
+     * @param desc 管线描述
+     * @return 管线对象
+     */
+    std::unique_ptr<RHIPipeline> createPipeline(const PipelineDesc& desc);
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 创建帧缓冲
+     * @param desc 帧缓冲描述
+     * @return 帧缓冲对象
+     */
+    std::unique_ptr<RHIFramebuffer> createFramebuffer(const RenderPassDesc& desc);
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 创建命令列表
+     * @return 命令列表对象
+     */
+    std::unique_ptr<RHICommandList> createCommandList();
+
+private:
+    /**
+     * @brief 窗口显示事件回调 - 在窗口显示时创建 OpenGL 上下文
+     */
+    void onWindowShow();
+
+private:
+    std::unique_ptr<RHIDevice> device_;
+    RHIContext* context_;
+    bool initialized_ = false;
+    std::unique_ptr<events::OnShow::Listener> onShowListener_;
+};
+
+} // namespace extra2d

include/renderer/shader.h

@@ -1,155 +1,117 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <types/ptr/ref_counted.h>
-#include <types/ptr/intrusive_ptr.h>
-#include <types/base/types.h>
+#include <renderer/rhi/rhi.h>
 #include <string>
+#include <types/base/types.h>
+#include <types/ptr/intrusive_ptr.h>
+#include <types/ptr/ref_counted.h>
 #include <unordered_map>
 
-// 前向声明 OpenGL 类型
-typedef unsigned int GLuint;
-typedef int GLint;
-typedef unsigned int GLenum;
-
 namespace extra2d {
 
 /**
  * @brief 着色器类
- * 
- * 管理 OpenGL 着色器程序的编译、链接和使用
+ *
+ * 基于 RHI 的着色器包装类，管理着色器资源的创建和编译
  * 支持从文件或源码加载
  */
 class Shader : public RefCounted {
 public:
-    /**
-     * @brief 默认构造函数
-     */
-    Shader();
-    
-    /**
-     * @brief 析构函数
-     */
-    ~Shader() override;
-    
-    /**
-     * @brief 从文件加载着色器
-     * @param vsPath 顶点着色器文件路径
-     * @param fsPath 片段着色器文件路径
-     * @return 加载是否成功
-     */
-    bool loadFromFile(const std::string& vsPath, const std::string& fsPath);
-    
-    /**
-     * @brief 从源码加载着色器
-     * @param vsSource 顶点着色器源码
-     * @param fsSource 片段着色器源码
-     * @return 加载是否成功
-     */
-    bool loadFromSource(const std::string& vsSource, const std::string& fsSource);
-    
-    /**
-     * @brief 绑定着色器程序
-     */
-    void bind() const;
-    
-    /**
-     * @brief 解绑着色器程序
-     */
-    void unbind() const;
-    
-    /**
-     * @brief 设置 Uniform Block 绑定槽位
-     * @param name Uniform Block 名称
-     * @param binding 绑定槽位
-     */
-    void setUniformBlock(const std::string& name, uint32_t binding);
-    
-    /**
-     * @brief 设置 int 类型 uniform
-     * @param name uniform 名称
-     * @param value 值
-     */
-    void setInt(const std::string& name, int value);
-    
-    /**
-     * @brief 设置 float 类型 uniform
-     * @param name uniform 名称
-     * @param value 值
-     */
-    void setFloat(const std::string& name, float value);
-    
-    /**
-     * @brief 设置 vec2 类型 uniform
-     * @param name uniform 名称
-     * @param x X 分量
-     * @param y Y 分量
-     */
-    void setVec2(const std::string& name, float x, float y);
-    
-    /**
-     * @brief 设置 vec4 类型 uniform
-     * @param name uniform 名称
-     * @param x X 分量
-     * @param y Y 分量
-     * @param z Z 分量
-     * @param w W 分量
-     */
-    void setVec4(const std::string& name, float x, float y, float z, float w);
-    
-    /**
-     * @brief 设置 mat4 类型 uniform
-     * @param name uniform 名称
-     * @param value 矩阵数据指针（16个float）
-     */
-    void setMat4(const std::string& name, const float* value);
-    
-    /**
-     * @brief 获取着色器程序 ID
-     * @return OpenGL 程序 ID
-     */
-    GLuint getProgram() const { return program_; }
-    
-    /**
-     * @brief 检查是否已加载
-     * @return 是否已加载
-     */
-    bool isLoaded() const { return program_ != 0; }
+  /**
+   * @brief 默认构造函数
+   */
+  Shader();
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 析构函数
+   */
+  ~Shader() override;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 从源码加载着色器
+   * @param vsSource 顶点着色器源码
+   * @param fsSource 片段着色器源码
+   * @return 加载是否成功
+   */
+  bool loadFromSource(const std::string &vsSource, const std::string &fsSource);
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 获取 RHI 着色器句柄
+   * @return RHI 着色器句柄
+   */
+  ShaderHandle getHandle() const { return handle_; }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 获取 RHI 管线句柄
+   * @return RHI 管线句柄
+   */
+  PipelineHandle getPipeline() const { return pipeline_; }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 检查是否已加载
+   * @return 是否已加载
+   */
+  bool isLoaded() const { return handle_.isValid() && pipeline_.isValid(); }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 使用自定义顶点布局从源码加载着色器
+   * @param vsSource 顶点着色器源码
+   * @param fsSource 片段着色器源码
+   * @param vertexLayout 顶点布局
+   * @return 加载是否成功
+   */
+  bool loadFromSourceWithLayout(const std::string &vsSource,
+                                const std::string &fsSource,
+                                const VertexLayout &vertexLayout);
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 设置 Uniform Block 绑定槽位
+   * @param name Uniform Block 名称
+   * @param binding 绑定槽位
+   */
+  void setUniformBlock(const std::string &name, uint32_t binding);
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 获取 Uniform Block 绑定槽位
+   * @param name Uniform Block 名称
+   * @return 绑定槽位，如果未找到返回 UINT32_MAX
+   */
+  uint32_t getUniformBlockBinding(const std::string& name) const;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 从源码重新加载着色器
+   * @param vsSource 顶点着色器源码
+   * @param fsSource 片段着色器源码
+   * @return 重新加载是否成功
+   */
+  bool reloadFromSource(const std::string &vsSource, const std::string &fsSource);
+
+  /**
+   * @brief 使用自定义顶点布局从源码重新加载着色器
+   * @param vsSource 顶点着色器源码
+   * @param fsSource 片段着色器源码
+   * @param vertexLayout 顶点布局
+   * @return 重新加载是否成功
+   */
+  bool reloadFromSourceWithLayout(const std::string &vsSource,
+                                  const std::string &fsSource,
+                                  const VertexLayout &vertexLayout);
 
 private:
-    /**
-     * @brief 编译着色器
-     * @param type 着色器类型
-     * @param source 源码
-     * @return 着色器对象，失败返回 0
-     */
-    GLuint compileShader(GLenum type, const std::string& source);
-    
-    /**
-     * @brief 链接着色器程序
-     * @param vertexShader 顶点着色器
-     * @param fragmentShader 片段着色器
-     * @return 链接是否成功
-     */
-    bool linkProgram(GLuint vertexShader, GLuint fragmentShader);
-    
-    /**
-     * @brief 获取 uniform 位置
-     * @param name uniform 名称
-     * @return uniform 位置，不存在返回 -1
-     */
-    GLint getUniformLocation(const std::string& name);
-    
-    /**
-     * @brief 添加版本声明（如果不存在）
-     * @param source 源码
-     * @param type 着色器类型
-     * @return 处理后的源码
-     */
-    std::string addVersionIfNeeded(const std::string& source, GLenum type);
+  /**
+   * @brief 添加版本声明（如果不存在）
+   * @param source 源码
+   * @param isVertex 是否为顶点着色器
+   * @return 处理后的源码
+   */
+  std::string addVersionIfNeeded(const std::string &source, bool isVertex);
 
 private:
-    GLuint program_ = 0;  // OpenGL 程序对象
-    std::unordered_map<std::string, GLint> uniformCache_;  // Uniform 位置缓存
+  ShaderHandle handle_;     // RHI 着色器句柄
+  PipelineHandle pipeline_; // RHI 管线句柄
+  
+  // Uniform Block 绑定映射
+  std::unordered_map<std::string, uint32_t> uniformBlockBindings_;
 };
 
 } // namespace extra2d

include/renderer/texture.h

@@ -1,20 +1,17 @@
 #pragma once
 
+#include <renderer/rhi/rhi.h>
 #include <types/ptr/ref_counted.h>
 #include <types/ptr/intrusive_ptr.h>
-#include <renderer/render_types.h>
 #include <types/base/types.h>
 #include <string>
 
-// 前向声明 OpenGL 类型
-typedef unsigned int GLuint;
-
 namespace extra2d {
 
 /**
  * @brief 纹理类
  * 
- * 管理 OpenGL 纹理的创建、加载和绑定
+ * 基于 RHI 的纹理包装类，管理纹理资源的创建和加载
  * 支持从文件或内存加载
  */
 class Texture : public RefCounted {
@@ -55,17 +52,6 @@ public:
      */
     bool create(int width, int height, TextureFormat format);
     
-    /**
-     * @brief 绑定纹理到指定槽位
-     * @param slot 纹理槽位
-     */
-    void bind(uint32_t slot = 0) const;
-    
-    /**
-     * @brief 解绑纹理
-     */
-    void unbind() const;
-    
     /**
      * @brief 获取纹理宽度
      * @return 宽度
@@ -85,19 +71,42 @@ public:
     TextureFormat getFormat() const { return format_; }
     
     /**
-     * @brief 获取 OpenGL 纹理对象
-     * @return OpenGL 纹理对象
+     * @brief 获取 RHI 纹理句柄
+     * @return RHI 纹理句柄
      */
-    GLuint getHandle() const { return texture_; }
+    TextureHandle getHandle() const { return handle_; }
     
     /**
      * @brief 检查是否已加载
      * @return 是否已加载
      */
-    bool isLoaded() const { return texture_ != 0; }
+    bool isLoaded() const { return handle_.isValid(); }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 从文件重新加载纹理
+     * @param path 文件路径
+     * @return 重新加载是否成功
+     */
+    bool reloadFromFile(const std::string& path);
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 从内存重新加载纹理
+     * @param data 像素数据
+     * @param width 宽度
+     * @param height 高度
+     * @param format 像素格式
+     * @return 重新加载是否成功
+     */
+    bool reloadFromMemory(const uint8_t* data, int width, int height, TextureFormat format);
 
 private:
-    GLuint texture_ = 0;        // OpenGL 纹理对象
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取每个像素的字节数
+     * @param format 纹理格式
+     * @return 字节数
+     */
+    static uint32_t getBytesPerPixel(TextureFormat format);
+    TextureHandle handle_;      // RHI 纹理句柄
     int width_ = 0;             // 纹理宽度
     int height_ = 0;            // 纹理高度
     TextureFormat format_ = TextureFormat::RGBA8;  // 像素格式

include/renderer/texture_atlas.h

@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <renderer/texture.h>
+#include <types/math/rect.h>
+#include <types/ptr/intrusive_ptr.h>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <memory>
+
+// 使用 stb_rect_pack 进行矩形打包
+#define STB_RECT_PACK_IMPLEMENTATION
+#include <stb/stb_rect_pack.h>
+
+namespace extra2d {
+
+/**
+ * @brief 图集区域
+ *
+ * 存储子图在图集中的位置和 UV 坐标
+ */
+struct AtlasRegion {
+    int x;              // 在图集中的 X 坐标（像素）
+    int y;              // 在图集中的 Y 坐标（像素）
+    int width;          // 宽度（像素）
+    int height;         // 高度（像素）
+    
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取归一化 UV 坐标
+     * @param atlasWidth 图集宽度
+     * @param atlasHeight 图集高度
+     * @return UV 矩形 (x, y, width, height)
+     */
+    Rect getUVRect(int atlasWidth, int atlasHeight) const {
+        return Rect(
+            static_cast<float>(x) / atlasWidth,
+            static_cast<float>(y) / atlasHeight,
+            static_cast<float>(width) / atlasWidth,
+            static_cast<float>(height) / atlasHeight
+        );
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取归一化 UV 坐标（翻转 Y 轴）
+     * @param atlasWidth 图集宽度
+     * @param atlasHeight 图集高度
+     * @return UV 矩形 (x, y, width, height)，Y 轴翻转
+     */
+    Rect getUVRectFlipped(int atlasWidth, int atlasHeight) const {
+        float u = static_cast<float>(x) / atlasWidth;
+        float v = static_cast<float>(atlasHeight - y - height) / atlasHeight;
+        float w = static_cast<float>(width) / atlasWidth;
+        float h = static_cast<float>(height) / atlasHeight;
+        return Rect(u, v, w, h);
+    }
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 纹理图集
+ *
+ * 使用 stb_rect_pack 将多个小纹理打包到一个大纹理中
+ * 减少纹理切换，提高批处理效率
+ */
+class TextureAtlas : public RefCounted {
+public:
+    /**
+     * @brief 默认构造函数
+     */
+    TextureAtlas();
+    
+    /**
+     * @brief 析构函数
+     */
+    ~TextureAtlas();
+    
+    // 禁止拷贝
+    TextureAtlas(const TextureAtlas&) = delete;
+    TextureAtlas& operator=(const TextureAtlas&) = delete;
+    
+    // 允许移动
+    TextureAtlas(TextureAtlas&& other) noexcept;
+    TextureAtlas& operator=(TextureAtlas&& other) noexcept;
+    
+    /**
+     * @brief 初始化图集
+     * @param width 图集宽度（必须是 2 的幂）
+     * @param height 图集高度（必须是 2 的幂）
+     * @return 初始化是否成功
+     */
+    bool initialize(int width, int height);
+    
+    /**
+     * @brief 关闭图集
+     */
+    void shutdown();
+    
+    /**
+     * @brief 添加纹理到图集
+     * @param name 纹理名称（用于后续查询）
+     * @param texture 纹理指针
+     * @return 是否成功添加
+     */
+    bool addTexture(const std::string& name, Ptr<Texture> texture);
+    
+    /**
+     * @brief 从内存添加纹理数据
+     * @param name 纹理名称
+     * @param data 像素数据
+     * @param width 纹理宽度
+     * @param height 纹理高度
+     * @param format 像素格式
+     * @return 是否成功添加
+     */
+    bool addTextureData(const std::string& name, const uint8_t* data, 
+                        int width, int height, TextureFormat format);
+    
+    /**
+     * @brief 完成打包并生成图集纹理
+     * @return 生成是否成功
+     */
+    bool finalize();
+    
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取图集纹理
+     * @return 图集纹理指针
+     */
+    Ptr<Texture> getAtlasTexture() const { return atlasTexture_; }
+    
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取子图区域
+     * @param name 纹理名称
+     * @return 区域信息，不存在返回 nullptr
+     */
+    const AtlasRegion* getRegion(const std::string& name) const;
+    
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取子图的 UV 坐标
+     * @param name 纹理名称
+     * @return UV 矩形，不存在返回 (0,0,1,1)
+     */
+    Rect getUVRect(const std::string& name) const;
+    
+    /**
+     * @brief 检查是否包含指定纹理
+     * @param name 纹理名称
+     * @return 是否包含
+     */
+    bool hasTexture(const std::string& name) const;
+    
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取图集宽度
+     */
+    int getWidth() const { return width_; }
+    
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取图集高度
+     */
+    int getHeight() const { return height_; }
+    
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取已用空间百分比
+     */
+    float getUsageRatio() const;
+    
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取已添加纹理数量
+     */
+    size_t getTextureCount() const { return regions_.size(); }
+    
+    /**
+     * @brief 检查是否已最终化
+     */
+    bool isFinalized() const { return finalized_; }
+
+private:
+    // 待打包的矩形信息
+    struct PendingTexture {
+        std::string name;
+        int width;
+        int height;
+        std::vector<uint8_t> data;
+        TextureFormat format;
+    };
+    
+    int width_ = 0;
+    int height_ = 0;
+    Ptr<Texture> atlasTexture_;
+    std::unordered_map<std::string, AtlasRegion> regions_;
+    std::vector<PendingTexture> pendingTextures_;
+    
+    // stb_rect_pack 上下文
+    std::unique_ptr<stbrp_context> packContext_;
+    std::vector<stbrp_node> packNodes_;
+    
+    bool finalized_ = false;
+    
+    /**
+     * @brief 将像素数据复制到图集
+     */
+    void copyTextureData(const PendingTexture& tex, const AtlasRegion& region);
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief 图集构建器
+ *
+ * 辅助构建纹理图集的工具类
+ */
+class AtlasBuilder {
+public:
+    /**
+     * @brief 设置目标图集大小
+     * @param width 宽度
+     * @param height 高度
+     */
+    void setSize(int width, int height) {
+        width_ = width;
+        height_ = height;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * @brief 添加纹理
+     * @param name 纹理名称
+     * @param texture 纹理
+     */
+    void addTexture(const std::string& name, Ptr<Texture> texture) {
+        textures_.push_back({name, texture});
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * @brief 构建图集
+     * @return 图集指针，失败返回 nullptr
+     */
+    Ptr<TextureAtlas> build();
+    
+    /**
+     * @brief 自动选择最佳图集大小并构建
+     * @return 图集指针，失败返回 nullptr
+     */
+    Ptr<TextureAtlas> buildAuto();
+
+private:
+    int width_ = 2048;
+    int height_ = 2048;
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, Ptr<Texture>>> textures_;
+};
+
+} // namespace extra2d

include/renderer/uniform_buffer.h

@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <glad/glad.h>
+#include <renderer/rhi/rhi.h>
 #include <memory>
-#include <renderer/render_types.h>
 #include <vector>
 
 namespace extra2d {
@@ -10,70 +9,76 @@ namespace extra2d {
 /**
  * @brief 统一缓冲区对象 (UBO)
  *
- * 用于高效地传递 uniform 数据到 GPU
+ * 基于 RHI 的 UBO 包装类，用于高效地传递 uniform 数据到 GPU
  * 支持 std140 布局标准
  */
 class UniformBuffer {
 public:
-  /**
-   * @brief 默认构造函数
-   */
-  UniformBuffer();
+    /**
+     * @brief 默认构造函数
+     */
+    UniformBuffer();
 
-  /**
-   * @brief 析构函数
-   */
-  ~UniformBuffer();
+    /**
+     * @brief 析构函数
+     */
+    ~UniformBuffer();
 
-  /**
-   * @brief 创建 UBO
-   * @param size 缓冲区大小（字节）
-   * @param binding 绑定槽位
-   * @return 创建是否成功
-   */
-  bool create(uint32_t size, uint32_t binding);
+    /**
+     * @brief 创建 UBO
+     * @param size 缓冲区大小（字节）
+     * @param binding 绑定槽位
+     * @return 创建是否成功
+     */
+    bool create(uint32_t size, uint32_t binding);
 
-  /**
-   * @brief 销毁 UBO
-   */
-  void destroy();
+    /**
+     * @brief 销毁 UBO
+     */
+    void destroy();
 
-  /**
-   * @brief 更新缓冲区数据
-   * @param data 数据源指针
-   * @param size 数据大小
-   * @param offset 缓冲区偏移（字节）
-   */
-  void update(const void *data, uint32_t size, uint32_t offset = 0);
+    /**
+     * @brief 更新缓冲区数据
+     * @param data 数据源指针
+     * @param size 数据大小
+     * @param offset 缓冲区偏移（字节）
+     */
+    void update(const void* data, uint32_t size, uint32_t offset = 0);
 
-  /**
-   * @brief 绑定到指定槽位
-   * @param binding 绑定槽位
-   */
-  void bind(uint32_t binding);
+    /**
+     * @brief 绑定到指定槽位
+     * @param binding 绑定槽位
+     */
+    void bind(uint32_t binding);
 
-  /**
-   * @brief 获取缓冲区大小
-   * @return 缓冲区大小
-   */
-  uint32_t getSize() const { return size_; }
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取缓冲区大小
+     * @return 缓冲区大小
+     */
+    uint32_t getSize() const { return size_; }
 
-  /**
-   * @brief 获取 OpenGL 缓冲区对象
-   * @return OpenGL 缓冲区对象
-   */
-  GLuint getHandle() const { return ubo_; }
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取 RHI 缓冲区句柄
+     * @return RHI 缓冲区句柄
+     */
+    BufferHandle getHandle() const { return handle_; }
 
-  /**
-   * @brief 检查是否有效
-   * @return 是否有效
-   */
-  bool isValid() const { return ubo_ != 0; }
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取底层 RHI 缓冲区指针
+     * @return RHI 缓冲区指针
+     */
+    RHIBuffer* getRHIBuffer() const;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 检查是否有效
+     * @return 是否有效
+     */
+    bool isValid() const { return handle_.isValid(); }
 
 private:
-  GLuint ubo_ = 0;       // OpenGL 缓冲区对象
-  uint32_t size_ = 0;    // 缓冲区大小
-  uint32_t binding_ = 0; // 绑定槽位
+    BufferHandle handle_;       // RHI 缓冲区句柄
+    uint32_t size_ = 0;         // 缓冲区大小
+    uint32_t binding_ = 0;      // 绑定槽位
 };
 
 /**
@@ -81,77 +86,112 @@ private:
  *
  * 管理多个 UBO 的分配和回收
  * 支持每帧重置和对象池复用
+ * 支持双缓冲机制减少 CPU-GPU 等待
  */
 class UniformBufferManager {
 public:
-  /**
-   * @brief 默认构造函数
-   */
-  UniformBufferManager();
+    /**
+     * @brief 默认构造函数
+     */
+    UniformBufferManager();
 
-  /**
-   * @brief 析构函数
-   */
-  ~UniformBufferManager();
+    /**
+     * @brief 析构函数
+     */
+    ~UniformBufferManager();
 
-  // 禁止拷贝
-  UniformBufferManager(const UniformBufferManager &) = delete;
-  UniformBufferManager &operator=(const UniformBufferManager &) = delete;
+    // 禁止拷贝
+    UniformBufferManager(const UniformBufferManager&) = delete;
+    UniformBufferManager& operator=(const UniformBufferManager&) = delete;
 
-  // 允许移动
-  UniformBufferManager(UniformBufferManager &&) noexcept;
-  UniformBufferManager &operator=(UniformBufferManager &&) noexcept;
+    // 允许移动
+    UniformBufferManager(UniformBufferManager&&) noexcept;
+    UniformBufferManager& operator=(UniformBufferManager&&) noexcept;
 
-  /**
-   * @brief 初始化管理器
-   * @return 初始化是否成功
-   */
-  bool initialize();
+    /**
+     * @brief 初始化管理器
+     * @return 初始化是否成功
+     */
+    bool initialize();
 
-  /**
-   * @brief 关闭管理器
-   */
-  void shutdown();
+    /**
+     * @brief 关闭管理器
+     */
+    void shutdown();
 
-  /**
-   * @brief 获取全局 UBO
-   * @return 全局 UBO 指针
-   */
-  UniformBuffer *getGlobalUBO();
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取当前帧的全局 UBO（双缓冲）
+     * @param frameIndex 当前帧索引
+     * @return 全局 UBO 指针
+     */
+    UniformBuffer* getGlobalUBO(uint32_t frameIndex);
 
-  /**
-   * @brief 获取或创建材质 UBO
-   * @param size 缓冲区大小
-   * @return UBO 指针
-   */
-  UniformBuffer *acquireMaterialUBO(uint32_t size);
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取或创建材质 UBO
+     * @param size 缓冲区大小
+     * @return UBO 指针
+     */
+    UniformBuffer* acquireMaterialUBO(uint32_t size);
 
-  /**
-   * @brief 重置材质 UBO 池
-   *
-   * 每帧调用，重置当前索引以便复用 UBO
-   */
-  void resetMaterialUBOs();
+    /**
+     * @brief 重置材质 UBO 池
+     *
+     * 每帧调用，重置当前索引以便复用 UBO
+     */
+    void resetMaterialUBOs();
 
-  /**
-   * @brief 更新全局 UBO 数据
-   * @param data 数据指针
-   * @param size 数据大小
-   */
-  void updateGlobalUBO(const void *data, uint32_t size);
+    /**
+     * @brief 更新全局 UBO 数据（双缓冲）
+     * @param data 数据指针
+     * @param size 数据大小
+     * @param frameIndex 当前帧索引
+     */
+    void updateGlobalUBO(const void* data, uint32_t size, uint32_t frameIndex);
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 批量更新材质 UBO 数据
+     * @param data 材质数据指针
+     * @param size 数据大小
+     * @param offset 偏移量
+     */
+    void batchUpdateMaterialUBO(const void* data, uint32_t size, uint32_t offset);
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取材质 UBO 的 CPU 缓冲区指针（用于批量更新）
+     * @return CPU 缓冲区指针
+     */
+    uint8_t* getMaterialUBOBuffer() { return materialUBOBuffer_.data(); }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 获取材质 UBO 缓冲区大小
+     * @return 缓冲区大小
+     */
+    uint32_t getMaterialUBOBufferSize() const { return static_cast<uint32_t>(materialUBOBuffer_.size()); }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief 刷新材质 UBO 数据到 GPU
+     */
+    void flushMaterialUBO();
 
 private:
-  // 全局 UBO（用于 viewProjection、time 等全局数据）
-  std::unique_ptr<UniformBuffer> globalUBO_;
+    // 全局 UBO 双缓冲（用于 viewProjection、time 等全局数据）
+    std::array<std::unique_ptr<UniformBuffer>, 2> globalUBOs_;
 
-  // 材质 UBO 池
-  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<UniformBuffer>> materialUBOPool_;
-  uint32_t currentUBOIndex_ = 0;
+    // 材质 UBO 池
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<UniformBuffer>> materialUBOPool_;
+    uint32_t currentUBOIndex_ = 0;
 
-  // 常量
-  static constexpr uint32_t INITIAL_UBO_POOL_SIZE = 16;
-  static constexpr uint32_t GLOBAL_UBO_SIZE =
-      256; // 足够存储 viewProjection + time + screenSize
+    // 材质 UBO CPU 缓冲区（用于批量更新）
+    std::vector<uint8_t> materialUBOBuffer_;
+    uint32_t materialUBOBufferOffset_ = 0;
+    UniformBuffer* currentMaterialUBO_ = nullptr;
+
+    // 常量
+    static constexpr uint32_t INITIAL_UBO_POOL_SIZE = 16;
+    static constexpr uint32_t GLOBAL_UBO_SIZE = 256;      // 足够存储 viewProjection + time + screenSize
+    static constexpr uint32_t GLOBAL_UBO_BINDING = 0;     // 全局 UBO 绑定槽位
+    static constexpr uint32_t MATERIAL_UBO_BINDING = 1;   // 材质 UBO 绑定槽位
+    static constexpr uint32_t MATERIAL_UBO_BUFFER_SIZE = 1024 * 1024; // 1MB 材质 UBO 缓冲区
 };
 
 } // namespace extra2d

include/scene/node.h

@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ public:
     /**
      * @brief 渲染（收集渲染命令）
      */
-    void render();
+    virtual void render();
 
 private:
     std::string name_;

include/scene/scene_module.h

@@ -13,20 +13,18 @@ namespace extra2d {
  * 将导演系统集成到引擎模块系统中
  */
 class SceneModule : public Module {
-  // 自动注册到模块系统，优先级为 4（在 Renderer 之后）
-  E2D_REGISTER_MODULE(SceneModule, "Scene", 4)
+  // 优先级为 5，在 RendererModule (优先级 4) 之后初始化
+  E2D_REGISTER_MODULE(SceneModule, "Scene", 5)
 
 public:
   SceneModule();
   ~SceneModule() override;
 
-  // 禁止拷贝
+  // 禁止拷贝和移动
   SceneModule(const SceneModule &) = delete;
   SceneModule &operator=(const SceneModule &) = delete;
-
-  // 允许移动
-  SceneModule(SceneModule &&) noexcept;
-  SceneModule &operator=(SceneModule &&) noexcept;
+  SceneModule(SceneModule &&) = delete;
+  SceneModule &operator=(SceneModule &&) = delete;
 
   // Module 接口实现
   bool init() override;

include/utils/timer_module.h

@@ -44,20 +44,18 @@ struct TimerInfo {
  * 通过事件总线接收更新事件，无需直接依赖
  */
 class TimerModule : public Module {
-  // 自动注册到模块系统，优先级为 5（核心模块）
-  E2D_REGISTER_MODULE(TimerModule, "Timer", 5)
+  // 优先级为 6，在 SceneModule (优先级 5) 之后初始化
+  E2D_REGISTER_MODULE(TimerModule, "Timer", 6)
 
 public:
   TimerModule();
   ~TimerModule() override;
 
-  // 禁止拷贝
+  // 禁止拷贝和移动
   TimerModule(const TimerModule &) = delete;
   TimerModule &operator=(const TimerModule &) = delete;
-
-  // 允许移动
-  TimerModule(TimerModule &&) noexcept;
-  TimerModule &operator=(TimerModule &&) noexcept;
+  TimerModule(TimerModule &&) = delete;
+  TimerModule &operator=(TimerModule &&) = delete;
 
   // Module 接口实现
   bool init() override;

shader/default.frag

@@ -4,14 +4,12 @@ precision highp float;
 // 从顶点着色器输入
 in vec2 vTexCoord;
 in vec4 vColor;
+in vec4 vTintColor;
+in float vOpacity;
 
 // 纹理采样器
 uniform sampler2D uTexture;
 
-// 材质参数
-uniform vec4 uTintColor;
-uniform float uOpacity;
-
 // 输出颜色
 out vec4 fragColor;
 
@@ -24,11 +22,16 @@ void main() {
     // 采样纹理
     vec4 texColor = texture(uTexture, vTexCoord);
     
+    // 如果纹理采样结果是黑色或透明，使用白色作为默认值
+    if (texColor.rgb == vec3(0.0) || texColor.a < 0.01) {
+        texColor = vec4(1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
+    }
+    
     // 混合：纹理 * 顶点颜色 * 色调
-    fragColor = texColor * vColor * uTintColor;
+    fragColor = texColor * vColor * vTintColor;
     
     // 应用透明度
-    fragColor.a *= uOpacity;
+    fragColor.a *= vOpacity;
     
     // Alpha 测试：丢弃几乎透明的像素
     if (fragColor.a < 0.01) {

shader/default.vert

@@ -1,15 +1,26 @@
 #version 320 es
 precision highp float;
 
-// 视图投影矩阵
-uniform mat4 uViewProjection;
+// 全局 UBO (binding = 0) - 每帧更新一次
+layout(std140, binding = 0) uniform GlobalUBO {
+    mat4 uViewProjection;
+    vec4 uCameraPosition;
+    float uTime;
+    float uDeltaTime;
+    vec2 uScreenSize;
+};
 
-// 模型矩阵
+// 材质 UBO (binding = 1) - 每物体更新
+layout(std140, binding = 1) uniform MaterialUBO {
+    vec4 uColor;
+    vec4 uTintColor;
+    float uOpacity;
+    float uPadding[3];  // std140 对齐填充
+};
+
+// 模型矩阵作为单独的统一变量（每个物体设置）
 uniform mat4 uModelMatrix;
 
-// 顶点颜色（覆盖顶点属性中的颜色）
-uniform vec4 uColor;
-
 // 顶点属性
 layout(location = 0) in vec2 aPosition;
 layout(location = 1) in vec2 aTexCoord;
@@ -18,16 +29,20 @@ layout(location = 2) in vec4 aColor;
 // 输出到片段着色器
 out vec2 vTexCoord;
 out vec4 vColor;
+out vec4 vTintColor;
+out float vOpacity;
 
 /**
  * @brief 顶点着色器入口
  *
  * 计算顶点在裁剪空间中的位置，
- * 并传递纹理坐标和顶点颜色到片段着色器
+ * 并传递纹理坐标和颜色到片段着色器
  */
 void main() {
     gl_Position = uViewProjection * uModelMatrix * vec4(aPosition, 0.0, 1.0);
     vTexCoord = aTexCoord;
-    // 使用 uniform 颜色覆盖顶点属性颜色
-    vColor = uColor;
+    // 混合顶点颜色和材质 UBO 中的颜色
+    vColor = aColor * uColor;
+    vTintColor = uTintColor;
+    vOpacity = uOpacity;
 }

shader/instanced.vert

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+#version 320 es
+precision highp float;
+
+// 全局 UBO (binding = 0) - 每帧更新一次
+layout(std140, binding = 0) uniform GlobalUBO {
+    mat4 uViewProjection;
+    vec4 uCameraPosition;
+    float uTime;
+    float uDeltaTime;
+    vec2 uScreenSize;
+};
+
+// 材质 UBO (binding = 1) - 每批次更新
+layout(std140, binding = 1) uniform MaterialUBO {
+    vec4 uColor;
+    vec4 uTintColor;
+    float uOpacity;
+    float uPadding[3];  // std140 对齐填充
+};
+
+// 顶点属性 (每个顶点)
+layout(location = 0) in vec2 aPosition;
+layout(location = 1) in vec2 aTexCoord;
+layout(location = 2) in vec4 aColor;
+
+// 实例属性 (每个实例) - 使用 location 3-6
+layout(location = 3) in vec2 iPosition;   // 实例位置
+layout(location = 4) in float iRotation;  // 实例旋转
+layout(location = 5) in vec2 iScale;      // 实例缩放
+layout(location = 6) in vec4 iColor;      // 实例颜色
+
+// 输出到片段着色器
+out vec2 vTexCoord;
+out vec4 vColor;
+out vec4 vTintColor;
+out float vOpacity;
+
+/**
+ * @brief 从旋转角度构建2D变换矩阵
+ * @param angle 旋转角度（弧度）
+ * @return 2x2旋转矩阵
+ */
+mat2 rotate2D(float angle) {
+    float c = cos(angle);
+    float s = sin(angle);
+    return mat2(c, -s, s, c);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief 顶点着色器入口
+ *
+ * 计算顶点在裁剪空间中的位置，
+ * 应用实例的变换（位置、旋转、缩放），
+ * 并传递纹理坐标和颜色到片段着色器
+ */
+void main() {
+    // 应用实例缩放和旋转
+    vec2 localPos = rotate2D(iRotation) * (aPosition * iScale);
+
+    // 应用实例位置偏移
+    vec2 worldPos = localPos + iPosition;
+
+    // 变换到裁剪空间
+    gl_Position = uViewProjection * vec4(worldPos, 0.0, 1.0);
+
+    vTexCoord = aTexCoord;
+
+    // 混合顶点颜色、实例颜色和材质颜色
+    vColor = aColor * iColor * uColor;
+
+    vTintColor = uTintColor;
+    vOpacity = uOpacity;
+}

shader/sprite_instanced.frag

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+#version 320 es
+precision highp float;
+
+// 从顶点着色器输入
+in vec2 vTexCoord;
+in vec4 vColor;
+
+// 纹理采样器
+uniform sampler2D uTexture;
+
+// 输出颜色
+out vec4 fragColor;
+
+/**
+ * @brief 片段着色器入口（实例化版本）
+ *
+ * 采样纹理并与顶点颜色混合
+ */
+void main() {
+    // 采样纹理
+    vec4 texColor = texture(uTexture, vTexCoord);
+    
+    // 如果纹理采样结果是黑色或透明，使用白色作为默认值
+    if (texColor.rgb == vec3(0.0) || texColor.a < 0.01) {
+        texColor = vec4(1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
+    }
+    
+    // 混合：纹理 * 顶点颜色
+    fragColor = texColor * vColor;
+    
+    // Alpha 测试：丢弃几乎透明的像素
+    if (fragColor.a < 0.01) {
+        discard;
+    }
+}

src/app/application.cpp

@@ -63,6 +63,11 @@ void Application::initModules() {
   // 从注册表自动创建所有模块
   modules_ = ModuleRegistry::instance().createModules();
 
+  // 存储模块实例到注册表，以便其他模块可以通过 getModule<T>() 获取
+  for (auto &module : modules_) {
+    ModuleRegistry::instance().storeModuleInstance(module.get());
+  }
+
   // 初始化所有模块
   for (auto &module : modules_) {
     if (!module->init()) {

src/assets/loaders/shader_loader.cpp

@@ -1,10 +1,44 @@
 #include <assets/loaders/shader_loader.h>
-#include <filesystem>
+#include <module/module_registry.h>
+#include <platform/file_module.h>
 #include <renderer/shader.h>
 #include <utils/logger.h>
 
 namespace extra2d {
 
+namespace {
+
+/**
+ * @brief 获取 FileModule 实例
+ */
+FileModule *getFileModule() {
+  return getModule<FileModule>();
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief 检查文件是否存在（使用 FileModule）
+ */
+bool fileExists(const std::string &path) {
+  FileModule *fileModule = getFileModule();
+  if (fileModule) {
+    return fileModule->exists(path);
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief 读取文件内容为字符串（使用 FileModule，支持 RomFS）
+ */
+std::string readFileToString(const std::string &path) {
+  FileModule *fileModule = getFileModule();
+  if (fileModule) {
+    return fileModule->readString(path);
+  }
+  return "";
+}
+
+} // anonymous namespace
+
 Ptr<Shader> ShaderLoader::load(const std::string &path) {
   std::string basePath = path;
 
@@ -16,10 +50,10 @@ Ptr<Shader> ShaderLoader::load(const std::string &path) {
   std::string vertPath = basePath + ".vert";
   std::string fragPath = basePath + ".frag";
 
-  if (!std::filesystem::exists(vertPath)) {
+  if (!fileExists(vertPath)) {
     vertPath = basePath + ".vs";
   }
-  if (!std::filesystem::exists(fragPath)) {
+  if (!fileExists(fragPath)) {
     fragPath = basePath + ".fs";
   }
 
@@ -28,10 +62,24 @@ Ptr<Shader> ShaderLoader::load(const std::string &path) {
 
 Ptr<Shader> ShaderLoader::load(const std::string &vertPath,
                                const std::string &fragPath) {
-  Ptr<Shader> shader = makePtr<Shader>();
+  // 读取顶点着色器文件
+  std::string vsSource = readFileToString(vertPath);
+  if (vsSource.empty()) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("ShaderLoader: Failed to read vertex shader: {}", vertPath);
+    return Ptr<Shader>();
+  }
 
-  if (!shader->loadFromFile(vertPath, fragPath)) {
-    E2D_LOG_ERROR("ShaderLoader: Failed to load shader {} + {}", vertPath,
+  // 读取片段着色器文件
+  std::string fsSource = readFileToString(fragPath);
+  if (fsSource.empty()) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("ShaderLoader: Failed to read fragment shader: {}", fragPath);
+    return Ptr<Shader>();
+  }
+
+  // 从源码加载着色器
+  Ptr<Shader> shader = makePtr<Shader>();
+  if (!shader->loadFromSource(vsSource, fsSource)) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("ShaderLoader: Failed to compile shader {} + {}", vertPath,
                   fragPath);
     return Ptr<Shader>();
   }

src/module/module_registry.cpp

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ ModuleRegistry& ModuleRegistry::instance() {
 std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Module>> ModuleRegistry::createModules() {
     // 按优先级排序（值小的先初始化）
     std::vector<ModuleInfo> sorted = registrations_;
-    std::sort(sorted.begin(), sorted.end(), 
+    std::sort(sorted.begin(), sorted.end(),
         [](const ModuleInfo& a, const ModuleInfo& b) {
             return a.priority < b.priority;
         });
@@ -26,4 +26,21 @@ std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Module>> ModuleRegistry::createModules() {
     return modules;
 }
 
+void ModuleRegistry::storeModuleInstance(Module* module) {
+    if (!module) return;
+
+    // 通过模块名称查找对应的注册信息
+    for (const auto& info : registrations_) {
+        if (info.name == module->getName()) {
+            // 使用注册时存储的 type 作为键
+            instances_[info.type] = module;
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void ModuleRegistry::clearInstances() {
+    instances_.clear();
+}
+
 } // namespace extra2d

src/platform/file_module.cpp

@@ -1,31 +1,18 @@
 #include <SDL.h>
+#include <filesystem>
 #include <fstream>
 #include <platform/file_module.h>
 #include <sstream>
-#include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <utils/logger.h>
 
-#ifdef _WIN32
-#include <direct.h>
-#include <windows.h>
-#define mkdir_impl(path, mode) _mkdir(path)
-#elif defined(__SWITCH__)
-#include <dirent.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-// Switch 使用 ::mkdir 避免与类成员函数冲突
-#define mkdir_impl(path, mode) ::mkdir(path, mode)
-#else
-#include <dirent.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-#define mkdir_impl(path, mode) mkdir(path, mode)
-#endif
-
 #ifdef __SWITCH__
 #include <switch.h>
 #endif
 
 namespace extra2d {
 
+namespace fs = std::filesystem;
+
 FileModule::FileModule() = default;
 
 FileModule::~FileModule() = default;
@@ -44,11 +31,19 @@ bool FileModule::init() {
   Result rc = romfsInit();
   if (R_SUCCEEDED(rc)) {
     E2D_LOG_INFO("RomFS initialized successfully");
+    // 在 Switch 上设置资源根目录为 RomFS
+    assetRoot_ = "romfs:/";
   } else {
     E2D_LOG_WARN("romfsInit failed: {:#08X}", rc);
+    // RomFS 初始化失败，使用当前目录
+    assetRoot_ = "./";
   }
+#else
+  // 非 Switch 平台，使用当前目录作为资源根目录
+  assetRoot_ = "./";
 #endif
 
+  E2D_LOG_INFO("Asset root set to: {}", assetRoot_);
   return true;
 }
 
@@ -59,16 +54,16 @@ void FileModule::shutdown() {
 #endif
 }
 
+bool FileModule::isRomfsPath(const std::string &path) const {
+  return path.find(romfsRoot_) == 0;
+}
+
 bool FileModule::exists(const std::string &path) const {
-  struct stat st;
-  return stat(path.c_str(), &st) == 0;
+  return fs::exists(path);
 }
 
 bool FileModule::isDir(const std::string &path) const {
-  struct stat st;
-  if (stat(path.c_str(), &st) != 0)
-    return false;
-  return (st.st_mode & S_IFDIR) != 0;
+  return fs::is_directory(path);
 }
 
 FileData FileModule::read(const std::string &path) const {
@@ -105,6 +100,12 @@ std::string FileModule::readString(const std::string &path) const {
 
 bool FileModule::write(const std::string &path, const void *data,
                        size_t size) const {
+  // RomFS 是只读的，不允许写入
+  if (isRomfsPath(path)) {
+    E2D_LOG_WARN("Cannot write to RomFS path: {}", path);
+    return false;
+  }
+
   std::ofstream file(path, std::ios::binary);
   if (!file.is_open())
     return false;
@@ -121,6 +122,12 @@ bool FileModule::writeString(const std::string &path,
 
 bool FileModule::append(const std::string &path, const void *data,
                         size_t size) const {
+  // RomFS 是只读的，不允许写入
+  if (isRomfsPath(path)) {
+    E2D_LOG_WARN("Cannot append to RomFS path: {}", path);
+    return false;
+  }
+
   std::ofstream file(path, std::ios::binary | std::ios::app);
   if (!file.is_open())
     return false;
@@ -131,105 +138,69 @@ bool FileModule::append(const std::string &path, const void *data,
 }
 
 bool FileModule::remove(const std::string &path) const {
-  return std::remove(path.c_str()) == 0;
+  // RomFS 是只读的，不允许删除
+  if (isRomfsPath(path)) {
+    E2D_LOG_WARN("Cannot remove RomFS path: {}", path);
+    return false;
+  }
+  return fs::remove(path);
 }
 
 bool FileModule::mkdir(const std::string &path) const {
-#ifdef _WIN32
-  return mkdir_impl(path.c_str(), 0755) == 0 || errno == EEXIST;
-#else
-  return mkdir_impl(path.c_str(), 0755) == 0 || errno == EEXIST;
-#endif
+  // RomFS 是只读的，不允许创建目录
+  if (isRomfsPath(path)) {
+    E2D_LOG_WARN("Cannot create directory in RomFS: {}", path);
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  return fs::create_directories(path);
 }
 
 std::vector<FileInfo> FileModule::listDir(const std::string &path) const {
   std::vector<FileInfo> result;
 
-#ifdef _WIN32
-  WIN32_FIND_DATAA findData;
-  std::string searchPath = path + "\\*";
-  HANDLE hFind = FindFirstFileA(searchPath.c_str(), &findData);
-
-  if (hFind == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
+  if (!fs::exists(path) || !fs::is_directory(path)) {
     return result;
+  }
 
-  do {
-    std::string name = findData.cFileName;
+  for (const auto &entry : fs::directory_iterator(path)) {
+    std::string name = entry.path().filename().string();
     if (name == "." || name == "..")
       continue;
 
     FileInfo info;
     info.name = name;
-    info.path = join(path, name);
-    info.isDir = (findData.dwFileAttributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY) != 0;
-    if (!info.isDir) {
-      info.size = static_cast<int64>(findData.nFileSizeLow) |
-                  (static_cast<int64>(findData.nFileSizeHigh) << 32);
-    }
-    result.push_back(info);
-  } while (FindNextFileA(hFind, &findData));
-
-  FindClose(hFind);
-#else
-  DIR *dir = opendir(path.c_str());
-  if (!dir)
-    return result;
-
-  struct dirent *entry;
-  while ((entry = readdir(dir)) != nullptr) {
-    std::string name = entry->d_name;
-    if (name == "." || name == "..")
-      continue;
-
-    FileInfo info;
-    info.name = name;
-    info.path = join(path, name);
-    info.isDir = isDir(info.path);
-    if (!info.isDir) {
-      info.size = fileSize(info.path);
+    info.path = entry.path().string();
+    info.isDir = entry.is_directory();
+    if (!info.isDir && entry.is_regular_file()) {
+      info.size = static_cast<int64>(entry.file_size());
     }
     result.push_back(info);
   }
 
-  closedir(dir);
-#endif
-
   return result;
 }
 
 int64 FileModule::fileSize(const std::string &path) const {
-  struct stat st;
-  if (stat(path.c_str(), &st) != 0)
+  if (!fs::exists(path) || !fs::is_regular_file(path)) {
     return -1;
-  return static_cast<int64>(st.st_size);
+  }
+  return static_cast<int64>(fs::file_size(path));
 }
 
 std::string FileModule::ext(const std::string &path) const {
-  size_t pos = path.find_last_of('.');
-  if (pos == std::string::npos || pos == 0)
-    return "";
-
-  size_t lastSep = path.find_last_of("/\\");
-  if (lastSep != std::string::npos && pos < lastSep)
-    return "";
-
-  return path.substr(pos + 1);
+  fs::path p(path);
+  return p.extension().string();
 }
 
 std::string FileModule::fileName(const std::string &path) const {
-  size_t pos = path.find_last_of("/\\");
-  if (pos == std::string::npos)
-    return path;
-  return path.substr(pos + 1);
+  fs::path p(path);
+  return p.filename().string();
 }
 
 std::string FileModule::dirName(const std::string &path) const {
-  size_t pos = path.find_last_of("/\\");
-  if (pos == std::string::npos)
-    return ".";
-  if (pos == 0)
-    return "/";
-  return path.substr(0, pos);
+  fs::path p(path);
+  return p.parent_path().string();
 }
 
 std::string FileModule::join(const std::string &a, const std::string &b) const {
@@ -238,11 +209,9 @@ std::string FileModule::join(const std::string &a, const std::string &b) const {
   if (b.empty())
     return a;
 
-  char last = a.back();
-  if (last == '/' || last == '\\') {
-    return a + b;
-  }
-  return a + "/" + b;
+  fs::path base(a);
+  fs::path sub(b);
+  return (base / sub).string();
 }
 
 std::string FileModule::writableDir() const { return writableDir_; }

src/platform/input_module.cpp

@@ -12,64 +12,6 @@ InputModule::~InputModule() {
     shutdown();
 }
 
-InputModule::InputModule(InputModule&& other) noexcept
-    : mouseX_(other.mouseX_)
-    , mouseY_(other.mouseY_)
-    , mouseWheel_(other.mouseWheel_)
-    , activeTouches_(std::move(other.activeTouches_))
-    , endedTouches_(std::move(other.endedTouches_))
-    , onKeyDown_(std::move(other.onKeyDown_))
-    , onKeyUp_(std::move(other.onKeyUp_))
-    , onMouseDown_(std::move(other.onMouseDown_))
-    , onMouseUp_(std::move(other.onMouseUp_))
-    , onTouchBegan_(std::move(other.onTouchBegan_))
-    , onTouchMoved_(std::move(other.onTouchMoved_))
-    , onTouchEnded_(std::move(other.onTouchEnded_)) {
-    std::memcpy(keyState_.data(), other.keyState_.data(), KEY_COUNT);
-    std::memcpy(keyPrev_.data(), other.keyPrev_.data(), KEY_COUNT);
-    std::memcpy(mouseState_.data(), other.mouseState_.data(), static_cast<size_t>(MouseBtn::Count));
-    std::memcpy(mousePrev_.data(), other.mousePrev_.data(), static_cast<size_t>(MouseBtn::Count));
-    std::memcpy(gamepads_, other.gamepads_, sizeof(gamepads_));
-    std::memcpy(padState_, other.padState_, sizeof(padState_));
-    std::memcpy(padPrev_, other.padPrev_, sizeof(padPrev_));
-
-    for (int32 i = 0; i < MAX_GAMEPADS; ++i) {
-        other.gamepads_[i] = nullptr;
-    }
-}
-
-InputModule& InputModule::operator=(InputModule&& other) noexcept {
-    if (this != &other) {
-        shutdown();
-
-        mouseX_ = other.mouseX_;
-        mouseY_ = other.mouseY_;
-        mouseWheel_ = other.mouseWheel_;
-        activeTouches_ = std::move(other.activeTouches_);
-        endedTouches_ = std::move(other.endedTouches_);
-        onKeyDown_ = std::move(other.onKeyDown_);
-        onKeyUp_ = std::move(other.onKeyUp_);
-        onMouseDown_ = std::move(other.onMouseDown_);
-        onMouseUp_ = std::move(other.onMouseUp_);
-        onTouchBegan_ = std::move(other.onTouchBegan_);
-        onTouchMoved_ = std::move(other.onTouchMoved_);
-        onTouchEnded_ = std::move(other.onTouchEnded_);
-
-        std::memcpy(keyState_.data(), other.keyState_.data(), KEY_COUNT);
-        std::memcpy(keyPrev_.data(), other.keyPrev_.data(), KEY_COUNT);
-        std::memcpy(mouseState_.data(), other.mouseState_.data(), static_cast<size_t>(MouseBtn::Count));
-        std::memcpy(mousePrev_.data(), other.mousePrev_.data(), static_cast<size_t>(MouseBtn::Count));
-        std::memcpy(gamepads_, other.gamepads_, sizeof(gamepads_));
-        std::memcpy(padState_, other.padState_, sizeof(padState_));
-        std::memcpy(padPrev_, other.padPrev_, sizeof(padPrev_));
-
-        for (int32 i = 0; i < MAX_GAMEPADS; ++i) {
-            other.gamepads_[i] = nullptr;
-        }
-    }
-    return *this;
-}
-
 bool InputModule::init() {
     std::memset(keyState_.data(), 0, KEY_COUNT);
     std::memset(keyPrev_.data(), 0, KEY_COUNT);

src/platform/window_module.cpp

@@ -4,39 +4,12 @@
 #include <platform/window_module.h>
 #include <utils/logger.h>
 
-// OpenGL ES 3.2 with GLAD
-#include <glad/glad.h>
-
 namespace extra2d {
 
 WindowModule::WindowModule() = default;
 
 WindowModule::~WindowModule() { shutdown(); }
 
-WindowModule::WindowModule(WindowModule &&other) noexcept
-    : window_(other.window_), glContext_(other.glContext_),
-      shouldClose_(other.shouldClose_), onClose_(std::move(other.onClose_)),
-      onResize_(std::move(other.onResize_)),
-      configListener_(std::move(other.configListener_)) {
-  other.window_ = nullptr;
-  other.glContext_ = nullptr;
-}
-
-WindowModule &WindowModule::operator=(WindowModule &&other) noexcept {
-  if (this != &other) {
-    shutdown();
-    window_ = other.window_;
-    glContext_ = other.glContext_;
-    shouldClose_ = other.shouldClose_;
-    onClose_ = std::move(other.onClose_);
-    onResize_ = std::move(other.onResize_);
-    configListener_ = std::move(other.configListener_);
-    other.window_ = nullptr;
-    other.glContext_ = nullptr;
-  }
-  return *this;
-}
-
 bool WindowModule::init() {
   if (SDL_InitSubSystem(SDL_INIT_VIDEO) != 0) {
     E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to initialize SDL video: {}", SDL_GetError());
@@ -58,7 +31,10 @@ bool WindowModule::init() {
 }
 
 void WindowModule::shutdown() {
-  destroyGLContext();
+  // 清理事件监听器
+  configListener_.reset();
+  renderPresentListener_.reset();
+
   if (window_) {
     SDL_DestroyWindow(window_);
     window_ = nullptr;
@@ -163,16 +139,10 @@ void WindowModule::onModuleConfig(const AppConfig &config) {
   cfg.resizable = config.resizable;
 
   if (create(cfg)) {
-    // 创建 OpenGL 上下文
-    if (!createGLContext()) {
-      E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to create OpenGL context");
-      return;
-    }
-    
-    // GL 上下文创建完成后，再发送窗口显示事件
-    // 这样渲染模块可以在收到事件时安全地使用 GL 函数
+    // 发送窗口显示事件
+    // RHI 模块会监听此事件并创建 OpenGL 上下文
     events::OnShow::emit();
-    
+
     setVisible(true);
   }
 }
@@ -240,56 +210,9 @@ bool WindowModule::isVisible() const {
   return (flags & SDL_WINDOW_SHOWN) != 0;
 }
 
-bool WindowModule::createGLContext() {
-  if (!window_) {
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  // 创建 OpenGL ES 3.2 上下文
-  SDL_GL_SetAttribute(SDL_GL_CONTEXT_PROFILE_MASK, SDL_GL_CONTEXT_PROFILE_ES);
-  SDL_GL_SetAttribute(SDL_GL_CONTEXT_MAJOR_VERSION, 3);
-  SDL_GL_SetAttribute(SDL_GL_CONTEXT_MINOR_VERSION, 2);
-  SDL_GL_SetAttribute(SDL_GL_DOUBLEBUFFER, 1);
-  SDL_GL_SetAttribute(SDL_GL_DEPTH_SIZE, 24);
-  SDL_GL_SetAttribute(SDL_GL_STENCIL_SIZE, 8);
-
-  glContext_ = SDL_GL_CreateContext(window_);
-  if (!glContext_) {
-    E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to create OpenGL ES context: {}", SDL_GetError());
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  // 初始化 GLAD
-  if (!gladLoadGLES2Loader((GLADloadproc)SDL_GL_GetProcAddress)) {
-    E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to initialize GLAD");
-    SDL_GL_DeleteContext(glContext_);
-    glContext_ = nullptr;
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  E2D_LOG_INFO("OpenGL ES context created: {}.{}", GLVersion.major,
-               GLVersion.minor);
-
-  return true;
-}
-
-void WindowModule::destroyGLContext() {
-  if (glContext_) {
-    SDL_GL_DeleteContext(glContext_);
-    glContext_ = nullptr;
-  }
-}
-
-void WindowModule::swapBuffers() {
-  if (window_) {
-    SDL_GL_SwapWindow(window_);
-  }
-}
-
 void WindowModule::onRenderPresent() {
-  swapBuffers();
+  // 交换缓冲区由 RHI 模块处理
+  // 这里可以触发呈现事件
 }
 
-void *WindowModule::getGLContext() const { return glContext_; }
-
 } // namespace extra2d

src/renderer/command_queue.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,553 @@
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <vector>
+#include <renderer/command_queue.h>
+#include <renderer/material.h>
+#include <renderer/mesh.h>
+#include <renderer/rhi_module.h>
+#include <renderer/rhi/opengl/gl_command_list.h>
+#include <renderer/rhi/opengl/gl_texture.h>
+#include <types/math/transform.h>
+#include <types/ptr/intrusive_ptr.h>
+#include <utils/logger.h>
+
+#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
+#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>
+
+namespace extra2d {
+
+// ========================================
+// CommandSorter 实现
+// ========================================
+
+CommandSorter::CommandSorter() {
+  // 预分配初始容量
+  commands_.reserve(INITIAL_CAPACITY);
+  sortedIndices_.reserve(INITIAL_CAPACITY);
+}
+
+CommandSorter::~CommandSorter() = default;
+
+CommandSorter::CommandSorter(CommandSorter&& other) noexcept
+    : commands_(std::move(other.commands_)),
+      sortedIndices_(std::move(other.sortedIndices_)),
+      commandCount_(other.commandCount_) {
+  other.commandCount_ = 0;
+}
+
+CommandSorter& CommandSorter::operator=(CommandSorter&& other) noexcept {
+  if (this != &other) {
+    commands_ = std::move(other.commands_);
+    sortedIndices_ = std::move(other.sortedIndices_);
+    commandCount_ = other.commandCount_;
+    other.commandCount_ = 0;
+  }
+  return *this;
+}
+
+uint32_t CommandSorter::addCommand(const DrawCommand &cmd) {
+  uint32_t index = commandCount_;
+
+  // 如果缓冲区不够大，扩展它
+  if (index >= commands_.size()) {
+    commands_.push_back(cmd);
+    sortedIndices_.push_back(index);
+  } else {
+    commands_[index] = cmd;
+    sortedIndices_[index] = index;
+  }
+
+  commandCount_++;
+  return index;
+}
+
+void CommandSorter::sort() {
+  if (commandCount_ == 0) return;
+
+  // 只排序有效范围的索引
+  auto indicesBegin = sortedIndices_.begin();
+  auto indicesEnd = sortedIndices_.begin() + commandCount_;
+
+  // 使用稳定排序保持相同键的命令顺序
+  std::stable_sort(indicesBegin, indicesEnd,
+                   [this](uint32_t a, uint32_t b) {
+                     return commands_[a].key < commands_[b].key;
+                   });
+}
+
+void CommandSorter::clear() {
+  // 重置计数器，保留内存
+  commandCount_ = 0;
+}
+
+void CommandSorter::reserve(uint32_t capacity) {
+  commands_.reserve(capacity);
+  sortedIndices_.reserve(capacity);
+}
+
+// ========================================
+// CommandBatcher 实现
+// ========================================
+
+void CommandBatcher::process(const CommandSorter &sorter) {
+  clear();
+  sorter_ = &sorter;
+
+  if (sorter.getCount() == 0) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  CommandBatch currentBatch;
+  currentBatch.startIndex = 0;
+  currentBatch.count = 1;
+
+  const auto &firstCmd = sorter.getCommand(0);
+  currentBatch.pipeline = firstCmd.pipeline;
+  currentBatch.textureCount = firstCmd.textureCount;
+  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < firstCmd.textureCount; ++i) {
+    currentBatch.textures[i] = firstCmd.textures[i];
+  }
+
+  // 遍历所有命令，合并兼容的命令
+  for (uint32_t i = 1; i < sorter.getCount(); ++i) {
+    const auto &cmd = sorter.getCommand(i);
+
+    if (currentBatch.isCompatibleWith(cmd)) {
+      // 兼容，加入当前批次
+      currentBatch.count++;
+    } else {
+      // 不兼容，保存当前批次并创建新批次
+      batches_.push_back(currentBatch);
+
+      currentBatch.startIndex = i;
+      currentBatch.count = 1;
+      currentBatch.pipeline = cmd.pipeline;
+      currentBatch.textureCount = cmd.textureCount;
+      for (uint32_t j = 0; j < cmd.textureCount; ++j) {
+        currentBatch.textures[j] = cmd.textures[j];
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // 保存最后一个批次
+  batches_.push_back(currentBatch);
+}
+
+const DrawCommand &CommandBatcher::getCommand(uint32_t batchIndex,
+                                              uint32_t cmdIndex) const {
+  const auto &batch = batches_[batchIndex];
+  return sorter_->getCommand(batch.startIndex + cmdIndex);
+}
+
+void CommandBatcher::clear() {
+  batches_.clear();
+  sorter_ = nullptr;
+}
+
+// ========================================
+// CommandQueue 实现
+// ========================================
+
+CommandQueue::CommandQueue() = default;
+
+CommandQueue::~CommandQueue() { shutdown(); }
+
+CommandQueue::CommandQueue(CommandQueue &&other) noexcept
+    : sorter_(std::move(other.sorter_)), batcher_(std::move(other.batcher_)),
+      context_(other.context_), commandList_(std::move(other.commandList_)),
+      uboManager_(std::move(other.uboManager_)),
+      globalUBOData_(other.globalUBOData_),
+      materialUBOData_(std::move(other.materialUBOData_)),
+      nextMaterialId_(other.nextMaterialId_),
+      materialIds_(std::move(other.materialIds_)),
+      currentMaterialUBO_(other.currentMaterialUBO_),
+      materialUBOBufferOffset_(other.materialUBOBufferOffset_) {
+  other.context_ = nullptr;
+  other.globalUBOData_ = {};
+  other.nextMaterialId_ = 1;
+  other.currentMaterialUBO_ = nullptr;
+  other.materialUBOBufferOffset_ = 0;
+}
+
+CommandQueue &CommandQueue::operator=(CommandQueue &&other) noexcept {
+  if (this != &other) {
+    shutdown();
+
+    sorter_ = std::move(other.sorter_);
+    batcher_ = std::move(other.batcher_);
+    context_ = other.context_;
+    commandList_ = std::move(other.commandList_);
+    uboManager_ = std::move(other.uboManager_);
+    globalUBOData_ = other.globalUBOData_;
+    materialUBOData_ = std::move(other.materialUBOData_);
+    nextMaterialId_ = other.nextMaterialId_;
+    materialIds_ = std::move(other.materialIds_);
+    currentMaterialUBO_ = other.currentMaterialUBO_;
+    materialUBOBufferOffset_ = other.materialUBOBufferOffset_;
+
+    other.context_ = nullptr;
+    other.globalUBOData_ = {};
+    other.nextMaterialId_ = 1;
+    other.currentMaterialUBO_ = nullptr;
+    other.materialUBOBufferOffset_ = 0;
+  }
+  return *this;
+}
+
+bool CommandQueue::initialize() {
+  // 获取 RHI 模块
+  auto *rhiModule = RHIModule::get();
+  if (!rhiModule) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("RHIModule not available");
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  auto *device = rhiModule->getDevice();
+  if (!device) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("RHIDevice not available");
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  context_ = rhiModule->getContext();
+  if (!context_) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("RHIContext not available");
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // 创建命令列表
+  commandList_ = device->createCommandList();
+  if (!commandList_) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to create command list");
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // 初始化 UBO 管理器
+  uboManager_ = std::make_unique<UniformBufferManager>();
+  if (!uboManager_->initialize()) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to initialize UniformBufferManager");
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // 预分配材质 UBO 数据缓冲区
+  materialUBOData_.reserve(1024 * 1024); // 1MB
+
+  E2D_LOG_INFO("CommandQueue initialized");
+  return true;
+}
+
+void CommandQueue::shutdown() {
+  uboManager_.reset();
+  commandList_.reset();
+  context_ = nullptr;
+  materialUBOData_.clear();
+  E2D_LOG_INFO("CommandQueue shutdown");
+}
+
+void CommandQueue::beginFrame() {
+  sorter_.clear();
+  batcher_.clear();
+  materialIds_.clear();
+  nextMaterialId_ = 1;
+
+  // 重置材质 UBO 缓冲区（保留容量，避免重新分配）
+  materialUBOBufferOffset_ = 0;
+  currentMaterialUBO_ = nullptr;
+
+  // 重置 UBO 管理器的材质 UBO 池
+  if (uboManager_) {
+    uboManager_->resetMaterialUBOs();
+  }
+
+  // 重置统计
+  stats_ = {};
+
+  // 开始录制命令
+  if (commandList_) {
+    commandList_->begin();
+  }
+}
+
+void CommandQueue::endFrame() {
+  // 结束录制
+  if (commandList_) {
+    commandList_->end();
+  }
+}
+
+uint32_t CommandQueue::getMaterialId(Material *material) {
+  auto it = materialIds_.find(material);
+  if (it != materialIds_.end()) {
+    return it->second;
+  }
+
+  uint32_t id = nextMaterialId_++;
+  materialIds_[material] = id;
+  return id;
+}
+
+std::pair<UniformBuffer*, uint32_t> CommandQueue::allocateMaterialUBO(uint32_t size) {
+  if (!uboManager_ || size == 0) {
+    return {nullptr, 0};
+  }
+
+  // OpenGL 要求 UBO 偏移对齐到 GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER_OFFSET_ALIGNMENT (通常是 256)
+  static constexpr uint32_t UBO_ALIGNMENT = 256;
+
+  // 使用批量更新机制：先分配到 CPU 缓冲区
+  uint32_t offset = materialUBOBufferOffset_;
+  // 对齐到 UBO_ALIGNMENT 字节
+  offset = (offset + UBO_ALIGNMENT - 1) & ~(UBO_ALIGNMENT - 1);
+
+  uint32_t alignedSize = (size + UBO_ALIGNMENT - 1) & ~(UBO_ALIGNMENT - 1);
+
+  // 检查 CPU 缓冲区是否有足够空间
+  if (offset + alignedSize > materialUBOData_.capacity()) {
+    // 如果缓冲区已满，先刷新到 GPU
+    flushMaterialUBOToGPU();
+    offset = 0; // 重置偏移量
+  }
+
+  // 确保缓冲区足够大
+  if (offset + alignedSize > materialUBOData_.size()) {
+    materialUBOData_.resize(offset + alignedSize);
+  }
+
+  materialUBOBufferOffset_ = offset + alignedSize;
+
+  return {nullptr, offset}; // 返回 nullptr 表示使用 CPU 缓冲区，offset 是 CPU 缓冲区偏移
+}
+
+void CommandQueue::flushMaterialUBOToGPU() {
+  if (materialUBOBufferOffset_ == 0) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // 获取一个足够大的 UBO
+  currentMaterialUBO_ = uboManager_->acquireMaterialUBO(materialUBOBufferOffset_);
+  if (!currentMaterialUBO_) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to acquire material UBO for flush");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // 批量更新到 GPU
+  currentMaterialUBO_->update(materialUBOData_.data(), materialUBOBufferOffset_, 0);
+
+  // 重置 CPU 缓冲区偏移
+  materialUBOBufferOffset_ = 0;
+}
+
+UniformBuffer* CommandQueue::getCurrentMaterialUBO() const {
+  return currentMaterialUBO_;
+}
+
+void CommandQueue::submitDraw(Ptr<Material> material, Ptr<Mesh> mesh,
+                              const struct Transform &transform,
+                              const Color &color) {
+  if (!material || !mesh || !material->getShader()) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  DrawCommand cmd;
+
+  // 构建排序键
+  uint32_t materialId = getMaterialId(material.get());
+  cmd.key = DrawKey::make(materialId, 0, 0);
+
+  // 设置管线
+  cmd.pipeline = material->getPipeline();
+
+  // 设置网格数据
+  cmd.vertexBuffer = mesh->getVertexBuffer();
+  cmd.indexBuffer = mesh->getIndexBuffer();
+  cmd.vertexCount = mesh->getVertexCount();
+  cmd.indexCount = mesh->getIndexCount();
+
+  // 设置变换和颜色
+  float matrixData[16];
+  transform.toMatrix(matrixData);
+  cmd.modelMatrix = glm::make_mat4(matrixData);
+  cmd.color = color;
+
+  // 设置纹理
+  const auto &textures = material->getTextures();
+  cmd.textureCount =
+      static_cast<uint32_t>(std::min(textures.size(), size_t(8)));
+  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < cmd.textureCount; ++i) {
+    if (textures[i].texture) {
+      cmd.textures[i] = textures[i].texture->getHandle();
+    }
+  }
+
+  // 分配材质 UBO 空间（使用 CPU 缓冲区）
+  uint32_t materialDataSize = material->getDataSize();
+  if (materialDataSize > 0) {
+    auto [ubo, offset] = allocateMaterialUBO(materialDataSize);
+    (void)ubo; // ubo 为 nullptr，使用 CPU 缓冲区
+
+    // 复制材质数据到 CPU 缓冲区，并修改颜色
+    if (offset + materialDataSize <= materialUBOData_.size()) {
+      std::memcpy(materialUBOData_.data() + offset, material->getData(), materialDataSize);
+
+      // 将实例颜色应用到 UBO 数据中的 uColor 参数
+      auto layout = material->getLayout();
+      if (layout) {
+        const auto* param = layout->getParam("uColor");
+        if (param && param->type == MaterialParamType::Color) {
+          std::memcpy(materialUBOData_.data() + offset + param->offset, &color.r, sizeof(float) * 4);
+        }
+      }
+
+      cmd.materialUBOOffset = offset;
+      cmd.materialUBOSize = materialDataSize;
+    }
+  }
+
+  sorter_.addCommand(cmd);
+}
+
+void CommandQueue::submitClear(const Color &color, uint32_t flags) {
+  // 清除命令直接执行，不加入排序队列
+  if (!commandList_) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  commandList_->clear(static_cast<ClearFlags>(flags), color, 1.0f, 0);
+}
+
+void CommandQueue::setViewport(int32_t x, int32_t y, int32_t width,
+                               int32_t height) {
+  if (!commandList_) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  Viewport viewport;
+  viewport.x = static_cast<float>(x);
+  viewport.y = static_cast<float>(y);
+  viewport.width = static_cast<float>(width);
+  viewport.height = static_cast<float>(height);
+  viewport.minDepth = 0.0f;
+  viewport.maxDepth = 1.0f;
+
+  commandList_->setViewport(viewport);
+}
+
+void CommandQueue::updateGlobalUBO(const Mat4& viewProjection, float deltaTime,
+                                   uint32_t screenWidth, uint32_t screenHeight, uint32_t frameIndex) {
+  if (!uboManager_) {
+    E2D_LOG_WARN("CommandQueue::updateGlobalUBO: uboManager is null");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // 填充全局 UBO 数据
+  std::memcpy(globalUBOData_.viewProjection, glm::value_ptr(viewProjection), sizeof(float) * 16);
+  globalUBOData_.cameraPosition[0] = 0.0f;
+  globalUBOData_.cameraPosition[1] = 0.0f;
+  globalUBOData_.cameraPosition[2] = 0.0f;
+  globalUBOData_.cameraPosition[3] = 1.0f;
+  globalUBOData_.time = 0.0f;  // TODO: 传递实际时间
+  globalUBOData_.deltaTime = deltaTime;
+  globalUBOData_.screenSize[0] = static_cast<float>(screenWidth);
+  globalUBOData_.screenSize[1] = static_cast<float>(screenHeight);
+
+  // 使用双缓冲更新 UBO
+  uboManager_->updateGlobalUBO(&globalUBOData_, sizeof(globalUBOData_), frameIndex);
+}
+
+void CommandQueue::execute(uint32_t frameIndex) {
+  if (!commandList_) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("CommandQueue::execute: commandList is null");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // 在排序前刷新材质 UBO 数据到 GPU
+  flushMaterialUBOToGPU();
+
+  // 排序命令
+  sorter_.sort();
+
+  // 批处理
+  batcher_.process(sorter_);
+
+  // 执行批次
+  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < batcher_.getBatchCount(); ++i) {
+    executeBatch(i, batcher_.getBatch(i), frameIndex);
+  }
+
+  // 提交命令到 GPU
+  commandList_->submit();
+}
+
+void CommandQueue::executeBatch(uint32_t batchIndex, const CommandBatch &batch, uint32_t frameIndex) {
+  if (!commandList_) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // 绑定管线
+  if (batch.pipeline.isValid()) {
+    commandList_->setPipeline(batch.pipeline.get());
+    stats_.pipelineBinds++;
+  } else {
+    E2D_LOG_WARN("Batch has no valid pipeline!");
+  }
+
+  // 绑定全局 UBO (binding = 0) - 使用双缓冲
+  if (uboManager_) {
+    UniformBuffer* globalUBO = uboManager_->getGlobalUBO(frameIndex);
+    if (globalUBO) {
+      commandList_->setUniformBuffer(0, globalUBO->getRHIBuffer());
+      stats_.bufferBinds++;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // 绑定纹理
+  if (batch.textureCount > 0) {
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < batch.textureCount; ++i) {
+      if (batch.textures[i].isValid()) {
+        commandList_->setTexture(i, batch.textures[i].get());
+        stats_.textureBinds++;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // 执行批次中的所有命令
+  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < batch.count; ++i) {
+    const auto &cmd = batcher_.getCommand(batchIndex, i);
+
+    // 绑定顶点缓冲区
+    if (cmd.vertexBuffer.isValid()) {
+      commandList_->setVertexBuffer(0, cmd.vertexBuffer.get(), 0);
+      stats_.bufferBinds++;
+    } else {
+      E2D_LOG_WARN("Draw command has no valid vertex buffer!");
+    }
+
+    // 绑定索引缓冲区（如果有）
+    if (cmd.isIndexed() && cmd.indexBuffer.isValid()) {
+      commandList_->setIndexBuffer(cmd.indexBuffer.get(), IndexType::UInt16, 0);
+      stats_.bufferBinds++;
+    }
+
+    // 绑定材质 UBO (binding = 1)
+    if (cmd.materialUBOSize > 0 && currentMaterialUBO_) {
+      commandList_->setUniformBuffer(1, currentMaterialUBO_->getRHIBuffer(), cmd.materialUBOOffset, cmd.materialUBOSize);
+      stats_.bufferBinds++;
+    }
+
+    // 设置模型矩阵
+    commandList_->setUniform("uModelMatrix", cmd.modelMatrix);
+
+    // 绘制
+    if (cmd.isIndexed()) {
+      commandList_->drawIndexed(cmd.indexCount, 0, 0, 1, 0);
+      stats_.drawCalls++;
+      stats_.triangles += cmd.indexCount / 3;
+    } else {
+      commandList_->draw(cmd.vertexCount, 0, 1, 0);
+      stats_.drawCalls++;
+      stats_.triangles += cmd.vertexCount / 3;
+    }
+    stats_.vertices += cmd.vertexCount;
+  }
+}
+
+} // namespace extra2d

src/renderer/instance_buffer.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,358 @@
+#include <renderer/instance_buffer.h>
+#include <renderer/rhi_module.h>
+#include <renderer/rhi/rhi_device.h>
+#include <utils/logger.h>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <algorithm>
+
+namespace extra2d {
+
+// ========================================
+// InstanceBuffer 实现
+// ========================================
+
+InstanceBuffer::InstanceBuffer() = default;
+
+InstanceBuffer::~InstanceBuffer() {
+    shutdown();
+}
+
+InstanceBuffer::InstanceBuffer(InstanceBuffer&& other) noexcept
+    : bufferHandle_(std::move(other.bufferHandle_))
+    , maxInstances_(other.maxInstances_)
+    , instanceCount_(other.instanceCount_)
+    , cpuBuffer_(std::move(other.cpuBuffer_))
+    , dirtyRanges_(std::move(other.dirtyRanges_)) {
+    other.maxInstances_ = 0;
+    other.instanceCount_ = 0;
+}
+
+InstanceBuffer& InstanceBuffer::operator=(InstanceBuffer&& other) noexcept {
+    if (this != &other) {
+        shutdown();
+        
+        bufferHandle_ = std::move(other.bufferHandle_);
+        maxInstances_ = other.maxInstances_;
+        instanceCount_ = other.instanceCount_;
+        cpuBuffer_ = std::move(other.cpuBuffer_);
+        dirtyRanges_ = std::move(other.dirtyRanges_);
+        
+        other.maxInstances_ = 0;
+        other.instanceCount_ = 0;
+    }
+    return *this;
+}
+
+bool InstanceBuffer::initialize(uint32_t maxInstances) {
+    shutdown();
+    
+    if (maxInstances == 0) {
+        E2D_LOG_ERROR("InstanceBuffer::initialize: maxInstances must be > 0");
+        return false;
+    }
+    
+    auto* rhiModule = RHIModule::get();
+    if (!rhiModule || !rhiModule->getDevice()) {
+        E2D_LOG_ERROR("InstanceBuffer::initialize: RHIModule not available");
+        return false;
+    }
+    
+    auto* device = rhiModule->getDevice();
+    
+    // 创建实例数据缓冲区
+    BufferDesc desc;
+    desc.type = BufferType::Vertex;
+    desc.usage = BufferUsage::Dynamic;
+    desc.size = maxInstances * sizeof(InstanceData);
+    
+    auto buffer = device->createBuffer(desc);
+    if (!buffer) {
+        E2D_LOG_ERROR("InstanceBuffer::initialize: Failed to create buffer");
+        return false;
+    }
+    
+    bufferHandle_ = BufferHandle(buffer.release());
+    maxInstances_ = maxInstances;
+    instanceCount_ = 0;
+    cpuBuffer_.reserve(maxInstances);
+    dirtyRanges_.clear();
+    dirtyRanges_.reserve(MAX_DIRTY_RANGES);
+    
+    E2D_LOG_DEBUG("InstanceBuffer initialized with capacity for {} instances", maxInstances);
+    return true;
+}
+
+void InstanceBuffer::shutdown() {
+    bufferHandle_ = BufferHandle();
+    maxInstances_ = 0;
+    instanceCount_ = 0;
+    cpuBuffer_.clear();
+    cpuBuffer_.shrink_to_fit();
+    dirtyRanges_.clear();
+    dirtyRanges_.shrink_to_fit();
+}
+
+bool InstanceBuffer::updateInstances(const InstanceData* instances, uint32_t count) {
+    if (!bufferHandle_.isValid() || !instances) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    
+    if (count > maxInstances_) {
+        E2D_LOG_WARN("InstanceBuffer::updateInstances: count {} exceeds maxInstances {}", 
+                     count, maxInstances_);
+        count = maxInstances_;
+    }
+    
+    // 复制到CPU缓冲区
+    if (count > 0) {
+        if (cpuBuffer_.size() < count) {
+            cpuBuffer_.resize(count);
+        }
+        std::memcpy(cpuBuffer_.data(), instances, count * sizeof(InstanceData));
+    }
+    
+    // 标记整个范围为脏
+    markAllDirty();
+    
+    // 立即上传到GPU
+    bool result = updateGPU();
+    
+    instanceCount_ = count;
+    return result;
+}
+
+bool InstanceBuffer::updateInstancesRange(const InstanceData* instances, uint32_t start, uint32_t count) {
+    if (!bufferHandle_.isValid() || !instances || count == 0) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    
+    if (start >= maxInstances_) {
+        E2D_LOG_WARN("InstanceBuffer::updateInstancesRange: start {} exceeds maxInstances {}", 
+                     start, maxInstances_);
+        return false;
+    }
+    
+    if (start + count > maxInstances_) {
+        E2D_LOG_WARN("InstanceBuffer::updateInstancesRange: range {}-{} exceeds maxInstances {}", 
+                     start, start + count, maxInstances_);
+        count = maxInstances_ - start;
+    }
+    
+    // 确保CPU缓冲区足够大
+    if (cpuBuffer_.size() < start + count) {
+        cpuBuffer_.resize(start + count);
+    }
+    
+    // 复制到CPU缓冲区
+    std::memcpy(cpuBuffer_.data() + start, instances, count * sizeof(InstanceData));
+    
+    // 标记为脏
+    markDirty(start, count);
+    
+    // 更新实例数量
+    if (start + count > instanceCount_) {
+        instanceCount_ = start + count;
+    }
+    
+    return true;
+}
+
+uint32_t InstanceBuffer::addInstance(const InstanceData& instance) {
+    if (instanceCount_ >= maxInstances_) {
+        E2D_LOG_WARN("InstanceBuffer::addInstance: buffer full (max {})", maxInstances_);
+        return UINT32_MAX;
+    }
+    
+    uint32_t index = instanceCount_++;
+    
+    // 添加到 CPU 缓冲区
+    if (index >= cpuBuffer_.size()) {
+        cpuBuffer_.push_back(instance);
+    } else {
+        cpuBuffer_[index] = instance;
+    }
+    
+    // 标记为脏（单个实例）
+    markDirty(index, 1);
+    
+    return index;
+}
+
+void InstanceBuffer::markDirty(uint32_t start, uint32_t count) {
+    if (count == 0 || start >= maxInstances_) {
+        return;
+    }
+    
+    // 限制范围
+    if (start + count > maxInstances_) {
+        count = maxInstances_ - start;
+    }
+    
+    addDirtyRange(DirtyRange(start, count));
+}
+
+void InstanceBuffer::markAllDirty() {
+    dirtyRanges_.clear();
+    if (instanceCount_ > 0) {
+        dirtyRanges_.push_back(DirtyRange(0, instanceCount_));
+    }
+}
+
+bool InstanceBuffer::updateGPU() {
+    if (!bufferHandle_.isValid() || dirtyRanges_.empty()) {
+        return true; // 没有脏数据，无需更新
+    }
+    
+    RHIBuffer* rhiBuffer = bufferHandle_.get();
+    if (!rhiBuffer) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    
+    // 如果脏区域太多，合并为全量更新
+    if (dirtyRanges_.size() > MAX_DIRTY_RANGES) {
+        mergeAllDirtyRanges();
+    }
+    
+    // 上传所有脏区域
+    for (const auto& range : dirtyRanges_) {
+        if (!range.isValid()) continue;
+        
+        const uint8_t* data = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(cpuBuffer_.data());
+        uint32_t offset = range.start * sizeof(InstanceData);
+        uint32_t size = range.count * sizeof(InstanceData);
+        
+        rhiBuffer->update(data + offset, size, offset);
+    }
+    
+    // 清空脏区域列表
+    clearDirtyRanges();
+    
+    return true;
+}
+
+void InstanceBuffer::clear() {
+    instanceCount_ = 0;
+    cpuBuffer_.clear();
+    clearDirtyRanges();
+}
+
+void InstanceBuffer::addDirtyRange(const DirtyRange& range) {
+    if (!range.isValid()) return;
+    
+    // 检查是否可以与现有区域合并
+    for (auto& existing : dirtyRanges_) {
+        if (existing.canMerge(range)) {
+            existing.merge(range);
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    // 添加新区域
+    dirtyRanges_.push_back(range);
+    
+    // 如果脏区域太多，合并所有区域
+    if (dirtyRanges_.size() > MAX_DIRTY_RANGES) {
+        mergeAllDirtyRanges();
+    }
+}
+
+void InstanceBuffer::mergeAllDirtyRanges() {
+    if (dirtyRanges_.empty()) return;
+    
+    // 找到最小起始和最大结束
+    uint32_t minStart = dirtyRanges_[0].start;
+    uint32_t maxEnd = dirtyRanges_[0].end();
+    
+    for (const auto& range : dirtyRanges_) {
+        if (range.start < minStart) minStart = range.start;
+        if (range.end() > maxEnd) maxEnd = range.end();
+    }
+    
+    dirtyRanges_.clear();
+    dirtyRanges_.push_back(DirtyRange(minStart, maxEnd - minStart));
+}
+
+void InstanceBuffer::clearDirtyRanges() {
+    dirtyRanges_.clear();
+}
+
+// ========================================
+// InstanceBufferManager 实现
+// ========================================
+
+InstanceBufferManager::InstanceBufferManager() = default;
+
+InstanceBufferManager::~InstanceBufferManager() {
+    shutdown();
+}
+
+InstanceBufferManager::InstanceBufferManager(InstanceBufferManager&& other) noexcept
+    : bufferPool_(std::move(other.bufferPool_))
+    , currentBufferIndex_(other.currentBufferIndex_) {
+    other.currentBufferIndex_ = 0;
+}
+
+InstanceBufferManager& InstanceBufferManager::operator=(InstanceBufferManager&& other) noexcept {
+    if (this != &other) {
+        shutdown();
+        
+        bufferPool_ = std::move(other.bufferPool_);
+        currentBufferIndex_ = other.currentBufferIndex_;
+        
+        other.currentBufferIndex_ = 0;
+    }
+    return *this;
+}
+
+bool InstanceBufferManager::initialize() {
+    // 预分配一些缓冲区
+    bufferPool_.reserve(4);
+    E2D_LOG_INFO("InstanceBufferManager initialized");
+    return true;
+}
+
+void InstanceBufferManager::shutdown() {
+    bufferPool_.clear();
+    currentBufferIndex_ = 0;
+}
+
+InstanceBuffer* InstanceBufferManager::acquireBuffer(uint32_t minSize) {
+    // 查找现有缓冲区
+    for (uint32_t i = currentBufferIndex_; i < bufferPool_.size(); ++i) {
+        if (bufferPool_[i]->getMaxInstances() >= minSize) {
+            currentBufferIndex_ = i + 1;
+            bufferPool_[i]->clear();
+            return bufferPool_[i].get();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    // 创建新缓冲区
+    auto buffer = std::make_unique<InstanceBuffer>();
+    uint32_t allocSize = std::max(minSize, DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE);
+    
+    if (!buffer->initialize(allocSize)) {
+        E2D_LOG_ERROR("InstanceBufferManager::acquireBuffer: Failed to create buffer");
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    
+    InstanceBuffer* ptr = buffer.get();
+    bufferPool_.push_back(std::move(buffer));
+    currentBufferIndex_ = bufferPool_.size();
+    
+    return ptr;
+}
+
+void InstanceBufferManager::releaseBuffer(InstanceBuffer* buffer) {
+    // 简单实现：不清除缓冲区，只是重置索引
+    // 实际实现可能需要更复杂的池管理
+    (void)buffer;
+}
+
+void InstanceBufferManager::reset() {
+    currentBufferIndex_ = 0;
+    for (auto& buffer : bufferPool_) {
+        buffer->clear();
+    }
+}
+
+} // namespace extra2d

src/renderer/material.cpp

@@ -21,12 +21,20 @@ void MaterialLayout::addParam(const std::string& name, MaterialParamType type) {
         return;
     }
     
+    // 检查是否已存在
+    if (paramIndexMap_.find(name) != paramIndexMap_.end()) {
+        E2D_LOG_WARN("Param '{}' already exists in MaterialLayout", name);
+        return;
+    }
+    
     MaterialParamInfo info;
     info.type = type;
     info.size = getMaterialParamSize(type);
     info.offset = 0;  // 将在 finalize 时计算
     
-    params_[name] = info;
+    size_t index = params_.size();
+    params_.emplace_back(name, info);
+    paramIndexMap_[name] = index;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -36,6 +44,7 @@ void MaterialLayout::addParam(const std::string& name, MaterialParamType type) {
  * - 标量和向量：偏移必须是其大小的倍数
  * - 数组和结构体：偏移必须是 16 的倍数
  * - vec3 后面需要填充到 16 字节边界
+ * - 整个结构体大小必须是16的倍数
  */
 void MaterialLayout::finalize() {
     if (finalized_) return;
@@ -44,7 +53,7 @@ void MaterialLayout::finalize() {
     for (auto& pair : params_) {
         auto& info = pair.second;
         
-        // 计算对齐要求
+        // 计算对齐要求 - std140规则
         uint32_t alignment = 4;  // 默认 4 字节对齐
         
         switch (info.type) {
@@ -60,21 +69,21 @@ void MaterialLayout::finalize() {
                 alignment = 16; // vec3/vec4/color: 16 字节对齐（std140 规则）
                 break;
             case MaterialParamType::Mat4:
-                alignment = 16; // mat4: 16 字节对齐
+                alignment = 16; // mat4: 16 字节对齐，每列vec4对齐到16字节
                 break;
             default:
                 alignment = 4;
                 break;
         }
         
-        // 对齐偏移
+        // 对齐偏移到alignment的倍数
         offset = (offset + alignment - 1) & ~(alignment - 1);
         
         info.offset = offset;
         offset += info.size;
     }
     
-    // 最终大小对齐到 16 字节
+    // 最终大小对齐到 16 字节（std140要求结构体总大小是16的倍数）
     bufferSize_ = (offset + 15) & ~15;
     finalized_ = true;
 }
@@ -85,9 +94,9 @@ void MaterialLayout::finalize() {
  * @return 参数信息指针，不存在返回 nullptr
  */
 const MaterialParamInfo* MaterialLayout::getParam(const std::string& name) const {
-    auto it = params_.find(name);
-    if (it != params_.end()) {
-        return &it->second;
+    auto mapIt = paramIndexMap_.find(name);
+    if (mapIt != paramIndexMap_.end()) {
+        return &params_[mapIt->second].second;
     }
     return nullptr;
 }
@@ -117,6 +126,17 @@ void Material::setShader(Ptr<Shader> shader) {
     shader_ = shader;
 }
 
+/**
+ * @brief 获取 RHI 管线句柄
+ * @return RHI 管线句柄
+ */
+PipelineHandle Material::getPipeline() const {
+    if (shader_) {
+        return shader_->getPipeline();
+    }
+    return PipelineHandle{};
+}
+
 /**
  * @brief 设置 float 参数
  * @param name 参数名称
@@ -194,14 +214,14 @@ void Material::setMat4(const std::string& name, const float* value) {
 /**
  * @brief 设置纹理
  * @param uniformName 着色器中的采样器 uniform 名称
- * @param texture 纹理句柄
+ * @param texture 纹理
  * @param slot 纹理槽位（0-15）
  */
-void Material::setTexture(const std::string& uniformName, Handle<Texture> texture, uint32_t slot) {
+void Material::setTexture(const std::string& uniformName, Ptr<Texture> texture, uint32_t slot) {
     // 查找是否已存在相同名称的纹理
     for (auto& texSlot : textures_) {
         if (texSlot.uniformName == uniformName) {
-            texSlot.handle = texture;
+            texSlot.texture = texture;
             texSlot.slot = slot;
             return;
         }
@@ -218,31 +238,4 @@ void Material::clearTextures() {
     textures_.clear();
 }
 
-/**
- * @brief 应用材质
- * 
- * 绑定着色器、上传 UBO 数据
- * @param uboManager UBO 管理器
- */
-void Material::apply(UniformBufferManager& uboManager) {
-    if (!shader_) return;
-    
-    // 绑定着色器
-    shader_->bind();
-    
-    // 设置 Uniform Block 绑定
-    shader_->setUniformBlock("GlobalUBO", GLOBAL_UBO_BINDING);
-    shader_->setUniformBlock("MaterialUBO", MATERIAL_UBO_BINDING);
-    shader_->setUniformBlock("InstanceUBO", INSTANCE_UBO_BINDING);
-    
-    // 上传材质数据到 UBO
-    if (!data_.empty()) {
-        auto* ubo = uboManager.acquireMaterialUBO(static_cast<uint32_t>(data_.size()));
-        if (ubo) {
-            ubo->update(data_.data(), static_cast<uint32_t>(data_.size()));
-            ubo->bind(MATERIAL_UBO_BINDING);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 } // namespace extra2d

src/renderer/mesh.cpp

@@ -1,171 +1,165 @@
 #include <renderer/mesh.h>
+#include <renderer/rhi_module.h>
 #include <utils/logger.h>
-#include <glad/glad.h>
 
 namespace extra2d {
 
 Mesh::Mesh() = default;
 
 Mesh::~Mesh() {
-    if (vao_ != 0) {
-        glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &vao_);
-        vao_ = 0;
-    }
-    if (vbo_ != 0) {
-        glDeleteBuffers(1, &vbo_);
-        vbo_ = 0;
-    }
-    if (ibo_ != 0) {
-        glDeleteBuffers(1, &ibo_);
-        ibo_ = 0;
-    }
+  // BufferHandle 是轻量级句柄，不需要显式释放
+  // 实际的缓冲区资源由 RHI 设备管理
+  vertexBuffer_ = BufferHandle();
+  indexBuffer_ = BufferHandle();
 }
 
-void Mesh::setVertices(const Vertex* vertices, uint32_t count) {
-    if (vao_ == 0) {
-        glGenVertexArrays(1, &vao_);
-        glGenBuffers(1, &vbo_);
-        
-        E2D_LOG_INFO("Created VAO: {}, VBO: {}", vao_, vbo_);
+void Mesh::setVertices(const Vertex *vertices, uint32_t count) {
+  if (!vertices || count == 0)
+    return;
+
+  // 获取 RHI 模块
+  auto *rhiModule = RHIModule::get();
+  if (!rhiModule) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("RHIModule not available");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  auto *device = rhiModule->getDevice();
+  if (!device) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("RHIDevice not available");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  uint32_t dataSize = count * sizeof(Vertex);
+
+  // 如果缓冲区已存在且容量足够，更新数据
+  if (vertexBuffer_.isValid() && vertexCapacity_ >= count) {
+    // 通过句柄获取缓冲区指针并更新数据
+    // 注意：这里假设可以通过某种方式获取缓冲区指针
+    // 实际实现可能需要通过 RHI 命令列表来更新
+    E2D_LOG_WARN("Vertex buffer update not implemented yet");
+  } else {
+    // 需要创建新缓冲区
+    vertexBuffer_ = BufferHandle();
+
+    // 创建顶点缓冲区描述
+    BufferDesc desc = BufferDesc::vertex(dataSize, BufferUsage::Dynamic);
+    desc.initialData = vertices;
+
+    // 创建缓冲区
+    auto buffer = device->createBuffer(desc);
+    if (!buffer) {
+      E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to create vertex buffer");
+      return;
     }
-    
-    glBindVertexArray(vao_);
-    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo_);
-    
-    // 如果容量不足，重新分配
-    if (count > vertexCapacity_) {
-        glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, count * sizeof(Vertex), vertices, GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW);
-        vertexCapacity_ = count;
-    } else {
-        glBufferSubData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0, count * sizeof(Vertex), vertices);
-    }
-    
-    // 设置顶点属性
-    // 位置 (location = 0)
-    glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
-    glVertexAttribPointer(0, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), 
-                          reinterpret_cast<void*>(offsetof(Vertex, position)));
-    
-    // 纹理坐标 (location = 1)
-    glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
-    glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), 
-                          reinterpret_cast<void*>(offsetof(Vertex, texCoord)));
-    
-    // 颜色 (location = 2)
-    glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);
-    glVertexAttribPointer(2, 4, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), 
-                          reinterpret_cast<void*>(offsetof(Vertex, color)));
-    
-    glBindVertexArray(0);
-    vertexCount_ = count;
-    
-    E2D_LOG_INFO("Set {} vertices for VAO {}", count, vao_);
+
+    // 获取缓冲区的句柄
+    // 注意：createBuffer 返回的是 unique_ptr，我们需要存储句柄
+    // 这里直接使用缓冲区指针作为句柄，然后释放所有权让 RHI 内部管理
+    vertexBuffer_ = BufferHandle(buffer.release());
+
+    vertexCapacity_ = count;
+  }
+
+  vertexCount_ = count;
+  E2D_LOG_INFO("Set {} vertices", count);
 }
 
-void Mesh::setIndices(const uint16_t* indices, uint32_t count) {
-    if (vao_ == 0) return;
-    
-    if (ibo_ == 0) {
-        glGenBuffers(1, &ibo_);
+void Mesh::setIndices(const uint16_t *indices, uint32_t count) {
+  if (!indices || count == 0)
+    return;
+
+  // 获取 RHI 模块
+  auto *rhiModule = RHIModule::get();
+  if (!rhiModule) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("RHIModule not available");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  auto *device = rhiModule->getDevice();
+  if (!device) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("RHIDevice not available");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  uint32_t dataSize = count * sizeof(uint16_t);
+
+  // 如果缓冲区已存在且容量足够，更新数据
+  if (indexBuffer_.isValid() && indexCapacity_ >= count) {
+    E2D_LOG_WARN("Index buffer update not implemented yet");
+  } else {
+    // 需要创建新缓冲区
+    indexBuffer_ = BufferHandle();
+
+    // 创建索引缓冲区描述
+    BufferDesc desc = BufferDesc::index(dataSize, BufferUsage::Static);
+    desc.initialData = indices;
+
+    // 创建缓冲区
+    auto buffer = device->createBuffer(desc);
+    if (!buffer) {
+      E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to create index buffer");
+      return;
     }
-    
-    glBindVertexArray(vao_);
-    glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, ibo_);
-    
-    // 如果容量不足，重新分配
-    if (count > indexCapacity_) {
-        glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, count * sizeof(uint16_t), indices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
-        indexCapacity_ = count;
-    } else {
-        glBufferSubData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0, count * sizeof(uint16_t), indices);
-    }
-    
-    glBindVertexArray(0);
-    indexCount_ = count;
+
+    // 获取缓冲区的句柄
+    indexBuffer_ = BufferHandle(buffer.release());
+
+    indexCapacity_ = count;
+  }
+
+  indexCount_ = count;
+  E2D_LOG_INFO("Set {} indices", count);
 }
 
-void Mesh::updateVertices(const Vertex* vertices, uint32_t count, uint32_t offset) {
-    if (vao_ == 0 || vbo_ == 0 || vertices == nullptr) return;
-    
-    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo_);
-    glBufferSubData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, offset * sizeof(Vertex), 
-                    count * sizeof(Vertex), vertices);
-    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
+void Mesh::updateVertices(const Vertex *vertices, uint32_t count,
+                          uint32_t offset) {
+  if (!vertices || count == 0 || !vertexBuffer_.isValid())
+    return;
+
+  if (offset + count > vertexCount_) {
+    E2D_LOG_WARN("Vertex update out of bounds");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // 获取 RHI 模块
+  auto *rhiModule = RHIModule::get();
+  if (!rhiModule)
+    return;
+
+  auto *device = rhiModule->getDevice();
+  if (!device)
+    return;
+
+  // 通过句柄获取缓冲区并更新数据
+  // 注意：这里需要 RHI 提供更新缓冲区的方法
+  // 暂时记录为未实现
+  E2D_LOG_WARN("updateVertices not fully implemented yet");
 }
 
-void Mesh::bind() const {
-    if (vao_ != 0) {
-        glBindVertexArray(vao_);
-    }
-}
+Ptr<Mesh> Mesh::createQuad(const Vec2 &size, const Rect &uv) {
+  Ptr<Mesh> mesh = makePtr<Mesh>();
 
-void Mesh::unbind() const {
-    glBindVertexArray(0);
-}
+  float halfW = size.x * 0.5f;
+  float halfH = size.y * 0.5f;
 
-void Mesh::draw() const {
-    if (vao_ == 0) return;
-    
-    // 检查 OpenGL 错误
-    GLenum err = glGetError();
-    if (err != GL_NO_ERROR) {
-        static bool loggedOnce = false;
-        if (!loggedOnce) {
-            E2D_LOG_ERROR("OpenGL error before draw: {}", err);
-            loggedOnce = true;
-        }
-    }
-    
-    if (indexCount_ > 0) {
-        glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, indexCount_, GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, nullptr);
-    } else {
-        glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, vertexCount_);
-    }
-    
-    // 检查绘制后的错误
-    err = glGetError();
-    if (err != GL_NO_ERROR) {
-        static bool loggedOnce2 = false;
-        if (!loggedOnce2) {
-            E2D_LOG_ERROR("OpenGL error after draw: {}", err);
-            loggedOnce2 = true;
-        }
-    }
-}
+  Vertex vertices[4] = {
+      {Vec2(-halfW, -halfH), Vec2(uv.x, uv.y + uv.h), Color::White}, // 左下
+      {Vec2(halfW, -halfH), Vec2(uv.x + uv.w, uv.y + uv.h),
+       Color::White},                                              // 右下
+      {Vec2(halfW, halfH), Vec2(uv.x + uv.w, uv.y), Color::White}, // 右上
+      {Vec2(-halfW, halfH), Vec2(uv.x, uv.y), Color::White}        // 左上
+  };
 
-void Mesh::drawInstanced(uint32_t instanceCount) const {
-    if (vao_ == 0) return;
-    
-    if (indexCount_ > 0) {
-        glDrawElementsInstanced(GL_TRIANGLES, indexCount_, GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 
-                                nullptr, instanceCount);
-    } else {
-        glDrawArraysInstanced(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, vertexCount_, instanceCount);
-    }
-}
+  uint16_t indices[6] = {
+      0, 1, 2, // 第一个三角形
+      0, 2, 3  // 第二个三角形
+  };
 
-Ptr<Mesh> Mesh::createQuad(const Vec2& size, const Rect& uv) {
-    Ptr<Mesh> mesh = makePtr<Mesh>();
-    
-    float halfW = size.x * 0.5f;
-    float halfH = size.y * 0.5f;
-    
-    Vertex vertices[4] = {
-        {Vec2(-halfW, -halfH), Vec2(uv.x, uv.y + uv.h), Color::White},        // 左下
-        {Vec2( halfW, -halfH), Vec2(uv.x + uv.w, uv.y + uv.h), Color::White}, // 右下
-        {Vec2( halfW,  halfH), Vec2(uv.x + uv.w, uv.y), Color::White},        // 右上
-        {Vec2(-halfW,  halfH), Vec2(uv.x, uv.y), Color::White}                     // 左上
-    };
-    
-    uint16_t indices[6] = {
-        0, 1, 2,  // 第一个三角形
-        0, 2, 3   // 第二个三角形
-    };
-    
-    mesh->setVertices(vertices, 4);
-    mesh->setIndices(indices, 6);
-    
-    return mesh;
+  mesh->setVertices(vertices, 4);
+  mesh->setIndices(indices, 6);
+
+  return mesh;
 }
 
 } // namespace extra2d

src/renderer/render_graph.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,333 @@
+#include <renderer/render_graph.h>
+#include <renderer/rhi_module.h>
+#include <utils/logger.h>
+
+namespace extra2d {
+
+// ========================================
+// RenderPassContext 实现
+// ========================================
+
+TextureHandle
+RenderPassContext::getTexture(RenderGraphResourceHandle handle) const {
+  if (graph) {
+    return graph->getTexture(handle);
+  }
+  return TextureHandle{};
+}
+
+// ========================================
+// RenderGraphBuilder 实现
+// ========================================
+
+RenderGraphResourceHandle
+RenderGraphBuilder::createTexture(const RenderGraphTextureDesc &desc) {
+  // 实际的资源创建由 RenderGraph 管理
+  // 这里只记录描述，返回临时句柄
+  textureDescs_.push_back(desc);
+  RenderGraphResourceHandle handle;
+  handle.index = static_cast<uint32_t>(textureDescs_.size()) - 1;
+  handle.type = RenderGraphResourceType::Texture;
+  return handle;
+}
+
+void RenderGraphBuilder::readResource(RenderGraphResourceHandle handle) {
+  // 记录资源读取依赖
+  // 用于后续的依赖分析和资源生命周期管理
+}
+
+void RenderGraphBuilder::writeResource(RenderGraphResourceHandle handle) {
+  // 记录资源写入依赖
+}
+
+void RenderGraphBuilder::setRenderTarget(
+    const RenderGraphRenderTargetDesc &desc) {
+  // 设置渲染目标
+}
+
+// ========================================
+// RenderGraph 实现
+// ========================================
+
+RenderGraph::RenderGraph() = default;
+
+RenderGraph::~RenderGraph() { shutdown(); }
+
+RenderGraph::RenderGraph(RenderGraph &&other) noexcept
+    : passes_(std::move(other.passes_)),
+      executionOrder_(std::move(other.executionOrder_)),
+      textures_(std::move(other.textures_)),
+      nextResourceId_(other.nextResourceId_),
+      builder_(std::move(other.builder_)),
+      commandQueue_(std::move(other.commandQueue_)),
+      outputWidth_(other.outputWidth_), outputHeight_(other.outputHeight_),
+      frameIndex_(other.frameIndex_), compiled_(other.compiled_) {
+  other.nextResourceId_ = 1;
+  other.outputWidth_ = 1280;
+  other.outputHeight_ = 720;
+  other.frameIndex_ = 0;
+  other.compiled_ = false;
+}
+
+RenderGraph &RenderGraph::operator=(RenderGraph &&other) noexcept {
+  if (this != &other) {
+    shutdown();
+
+    passes_ = std::move(other.passes_);
+    executionOrder_ = std::move(other.executionOrder_);
+    textures_ = std::move(other.textures_);
+    nextResourceId_ = other.nextResourceId_;
+    builder_ = std::move(other.builder_);
+    commandQueue_ = std::move(other.commandQueue_);
+    outputWidth_ = other.outputWidth_;
+    outputHeight_ = other.outputHeight_;
+    frameIndex_ = other.frameIndex_;
+    compiled_ = other.compiled_;
+
+    other.nextResourceId_ = 1;
+    other.outputWidth_ = 1280;
+    other.outputHeight_ = 720;
+    other.frameIndex_ = 0;
+    other.compiled_ = false;
+  }
+  return *this;
+}
+
+bool RenderGraph::initialize() {
+  if (!commandQueue_.initialize()) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to initialize CommandQueue");
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  E2D_LOG_INFO("RenderGraph initialized");
+  return true;
+}
+
+void RenderGraph::shutdown() {
+  destroyResources();
+  passes_.clear();
+  executionOrder_.clear();
+  commandQueue_.shutdown();
+  compiled_ = false;
+
+  E2D_LOG_INFO("RenderGraph shutdown");
+}
+
+RenderPass *RenderGraph::addPass(std::unique_ptr<RenderPass> pass) {
+  if (!pass)
+    return nullptr;
+
+  RenderPass *ptr = pass.get();
+  passes_.push_back(std::move(pass));
+  compiled_ = false; // 添加新通道需要重新编译
+
+  return ptr;
+}
+
+RenderPass *RenderGraph::addLambdaPass(
+    const std::string &name,
+    std::function<void(const RenderPassContext &)> executeFunc) {
+  // 创建一个简单的 lambda 渲染通道
+  class LambdaRenderPass : public RenderPass {
+  public:
+    std::string name;
+    std::function<void(const RenderPassContext &)> func;
+
+    LambdaRenderPass(const std::string &n,
+                     std::function<void(const RenderPassContext &)> f)
+        : name(n), func(f) {}
+
+    const char *getName() const override { return name.c_str(); }
+
+    void execute(const RenderPassContext &ctx) override {
+      if (func) {
+        func(ctx);
+      }
+    }
+  };
+
+  return addPass(std::make_unique<LambdaRenderPass>(name, executeFunc));
+}
+
+bool RenderGraph::compile() {
+  if (compiled_)
+    return true;
+
+  // 清空之前的编译结果
+  executionOrder_.clear();
+
+  // 简单的编译策略：按添加顺序执行
+  // 实际实现中应该进行依赖分析和拓扑排序
+  for (auto &pass : passes_) {
+    if (pass->isEnabled()) {
+      executionOrder_.push_back(pass.get());
+    }
+  }
+
+  // 声明资源
+  for (auto *pass : executionOrder_) {
+    builder_.setCurrentPass(pass);
+    pass->declareResources(builder_);
+  }
+
+  // 创建资源
+  createResources();
+
+  compiled_ = true;
+  E2D_LOG_INFO("RenderGraph compiled with {} passes", executionOrder_.size());
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+void RenderGraph::execute(float deltaTime, const Mat4& viewProjection) {
+  if (!compiled_) {
+    if (!compile()) {
+      E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to compile RenderGraph");
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // 更新全局 UBO（使用双缓冲）
+  commandQueue_.updateGlobalUBO(viewProjection, deltaTime, outputWidth_,
+                                outputHeight_, frameIndex_);
+
+  // 获取 RHI 上下文
+  auto *rhiModule = RHIModule::get();
+  RHIContext *context = nullptr;
+  if (rhiModule && rhiModule->getDevice()) {
+    context = rhiModule->getDevice()->getContext();
+  }
+
+  // 创建执行上下文
+  RenderPassContext ctx;
+  ctx.context = context;
+  ctx.commandQueue = &commandQueue_;
+  ctx.graph = this;
+  ctx.deltaTime = deltaTime;
+  ctx.frameIndex = frameIndex_;
+
+  // 执行所有通道
+  for (auto *pass : executionOrder_) {
+    if (pass->isEnabled()) {
+      pass->execute(ctx);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // 执行命令队列（传递帧索引用于双缓冲）
+  commandQueue_.execute(frameIndex_);
+
+  // 结束帧
+  commandQueue_.endFrame();
+
+  // 调用 RHI 上下文的 endFrame 进行缓冲区交换
+  if (context) {
+    context->endFrame();
+  }
+
+  frameIndex_++;
+}
+
+TextureHandle RenderGraph::getTexture(RenderGraphResourceHandle handle) const {
+  auto it = textures_.find(handle.index);
+  if (it != textures_.end()) {
+    return it->second;
+  }
+  return TextureHandle{};
+}
+
+void RenderGraph::setOutputSize(uint32_t width, uint32_t height) {
+  outputWidth_ = width;
+  outputHeight_ = height;
+}
+
+void RenderGraph::createResources() {
+  auto *rhiModule = RHIModule::get();
+  if (!rhiModule || !rhiModule->getDevice())
+    return;
+
+  auto *device = rhiModule->getDevice();
+
+  // 创建渲染图内部资源
+  // 这里可以根据需要创建默认的后缓冲等
+}
+
+void RenderGraph::destroyResources() {
+  // 释放所有渲染图管理的资源
+  textures_.clear();
+}
+
+// ========================================
+// GeometryRenderPass 实现
+// ========================================
+
+GeometryRenderPass::GeometryRenderPass(const std::string &name) : name_(name) {}
+
+void GeometryRenderPass::declareResources(RenderGraphBuilder &builder) {
+  // 声明几何渲染通道的资源依赖
+  if (colorTarget_.isValid()) {
+    builder.writeResource(colorTarget_);
+  }
+  if (depthTarget_.isValid()) {
+    builder.writeResource(depthTarget_);
+  }
+}
+
+void GeometryRenderPass::execute(const RenderPassContext &ctx) {
+  // 几何渲染通道的执行逻辑
+  // 通常由外部的渲染系统填充具体的绘制命令
+
+  if (!ctx.commandQueue)
+    return;
+
+  // 清除颜色缓冲区
+  ctx.commandQueue->submitClear(Color::Black, CLEAR_COLOR_FLAG);
+
+  // 设置视口
+  if (ctx.graph) {
+    ctx.commandQueue->setViewport(
+        0, 0, static_cast<int32_t>(ctx.graph->getOutputWidth()),
+        static_cast<int32_t>(ctx.graph->getOutputHeight()));
+  }
+}
+
+// ========================================
+// PostProcessRenderPass 实现
+// ========================================
+
+PostProcessRenderPass::PostProcessRenderPass(const std::string &name)
+    : name_(name) {}
+
+void PostProcessRenderPass::declareResources(RenderGraphBuilder &builder) {
+  // 声明后期处理通道的资源依赖
+  if (inputTexture_.isValid()) {
+    builder.readResource(inputTexture_);
+  }
+  if (outputTarget_.isValid()) {
+    builder.writeResource(outputTarget_);
+  }
+}
+
+void PostProcessRenderPass::execute(const RenderPassContext &ctx) {
+  // 后期处理通道的执行逻辑
+  // 这里可以实现全屏四边形绘制等后期处理效果
+
+  if (!ctx.context || !ctx.commandQueue)
+    return;
+
+  // 获取命令列表
+  RHICommandList *cmdList = ctx.commandQueue->getCommandList();
+  if (!cmdList)
+    return;
+
+  // 绑定输入纹理
+  if (inputTexture_.isValid()) {
+    TextureHandle tex = ctx.getTexture(inputTexture_);
+    if (tex.isValid()) {
+      cmdList->setTexture(0, tex.get());
+    }
+  }
+
+  // 后期处理的具体实现由子类或外部提供
+}
+
+} // namespace extra2d

src/renderer/renderer_module.cpp

@@ -1,82 +1,20 @@
-#include "glad/glad.h"
-#include <algorithm>
 #include <assets/assets_module.h>
-#include <event/events.h>
-#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>
+#include <platform/window_module.h>
+#include <renderer/render_graph.h>
 #include <renderer/renderer_module.h>
+#include <renderer/rhi_module.h>
 #include <utils/logger.h>
 
-#include <SDL.h>
-
 namespace extra2d {
 
 RendererModule::RendererModule() = default;
 
 RendererModule::~RendererModule() = default;
 
-RendererModule::RendererModule(RendererModule &&other) noexcept
-    : commandBuffer_(std::move(other.commandBuffer_)),
-      commandCount_(other.commandCount_),
-      uniformManager_(std::move(other.uniformManager_)),
-      onRenderBeginListener_(std::move(other.onRenderBeginListener_)),
-      onRenderSubmitListener_(std::move(other.onRenderSubmitListener_)),
-      onRenderSetCameraListener_(std::move(other.onRenderSetCameraListener_)),
-      onRenderEndListener_(std::move(other.onRenderEndListener_)),
-      onResizeListener_(std::move(other.onResizeListener_)),
-      onShowListener_(std::move(other.onShowListener_)),
-      glInitialized_(other.glInitialized_), stats_(other.stats_),
-      viewportX_(other.viewportX_), viewportY_(other.viewportY_),
-      viewportWidth_(other.viewportWidth_),
-      viewportHeight_(other.viewportHeight_),
-      viewportAdapter_(std::move(other.viewportAdapter_)),
-      viewProjectionMatrix_(std::move(other.viewProjectionMatrix_)) {
-  other.commandCount_ = 0;
-  other.glInitialized_ = false;
-  other.stats_ = {};
-  other.viewportX_ = 0;
-  other.viewportY_ = 0;
-  other.viewportWidth_ = 0;
-  other.viewportHeight_ = 0;
-}
-
-RendererModule &RendererModule::operator=(RendererModule &&other) noexcept {
-  if (this != &other) {
-    if (glInitialized_) {
-      uniformManager_.shutdown();
-    }
-
-    commandBuffer_ = std::move(other.commandBuffer_);
-    commandCount_ = other.commandCount_;
-    uniformManager_ = std::move(other.uniformManager_);
-    onRenderBeginListener_ = std::move(other.onRenderBeginListener_);
-    onRenderSubmitListener_ = std::move(other.onRenderSubmitListener_);
-    onRenderSetCameraListener_ = std::move(other.onRenderSetCameraListener_);
-    onRenderEndListener_ = std::move(other.onRenderEndListener_);
-    onResizeListener_ = std::move(other.onResizeListener_);
-    onShowListener_ = std::move(other.onShowListener_);
-    glInitialized_ = other.glInitialized_;
-    stats_ = other.stats_;
-    viewportX_ = other.viewportX_;
-    viewportY_ = other.viewportY_;
-    viewportWidth_ = other.viewportWidth_;
-    viewportHeight_ = other.viewportHeight_;
-    viewportAdapter_ = std::move(other.viewportAdapter_);
-    viewProjectionMatrix_ = std::move(other.viewProjectionMatrix_);
-
-    other.commandCount_ = 0;
-    other.glInitialized_ = false;
-    other.stats_ = {};
-    other.viewportX_ = 0;
-    other.viewportY_ = 0;
-    other.viewportWidth_ = 0;
-    other.viewportHeight_ = 0;
-  }
-  return *this;
-}
-
 bool RendererModule::init() {
   E2D_LOG_INFO("Initializing RendererModule...");
 
+  // 绑定事件监听器
   onRenderBeginListener_.bind([this]() { onRenderBegin(); });
   onRenderSubmitListener_.bind(
       [this](const RenderCommand &cmd) { onRenderSubmit(cmd); });
@@ -84,69 +22,92 @@ bool RendererModule::init() {
       [this](const Mat4 &viewProj) { onRenderSetCamera(viewProj); });
   onRenderEndListener_.bind([this]() { onRenderEnd(); });
   onResizeListener_.bind([this](int32 w, int32 h) { onResize(w, h); });
-
   onShowListener_.bind([this]() { onWindowShow(); });
 
-  E2D_LOG_INFO("RendererModule initialized (waiting for GL context)");
+  E2D_LOG_INFO("RendererModule initialized (waiting for window show)");
   return true;
 }
 
 void RendererModule::onWindowShow() {
-  if (glInitialized_) {
+  if (initialized_) {
     return;
   }
 
-  E2D_LOG_INFO("Initializing OpenGL context...");
+  E2D_LOG_INFO("Initializing RendererModule context...");
 
-  if (!uniformManager_.initialize()) {
-    E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to initialize UniformBufferManager");
+  // 初始化 RHI 模块
+  auto *rhiModule = RHIModule::get();
+  if (!rhiModule) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("RHIModule not available");
     return;
   }
 
-  int windowWidth = 800, windowHeight = 600;
-  SDL_Window *sdlWindow = SDL_GL_GetCurrentWindow();
-  if (sdlWindow) {
-    SDL_GetWindowSize(sdlWindow, &windowWidth, &windowHeight);
-    E2D_LOG_INFO("Setting initial viewport to window size: {}x{}", windowWidth,
-             windowHeight);
-  } else {
-    E2D_LOG_WARN("Could not get SDL window, using default viewport 800x600");
+  if (!rhiModule->getDevice()) {
+    // RHI 设备尚未初始化，这是正常的时序问题
+    // RHIModule 会在窗口显示后初始化设备，然后再次触发此函数
+    E2D_LOG_INFO("RHIDevice not ready yet, waiting for RHI initialization...");
+    return;
   }
-  setViewport(0, 0, static_cast<int32>(windowWidth),
-              static_cast<int32>(windowHeight));
 
-  glEnable(GL_BLEND);
-  glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
+  // 初始化渲染图
+  if (!renderGraph_.initialize()) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to initialize RenderGraph");
+    return;
+  }
 
-  glInitialized_ = true;
-  E2D_LOG_INFO("OpenGL context initialized successfully");
+  commandQueue_ = renderGraph_.getCommandQueue();
+
+  // 添加默认的几何渲染通道
+  auto geometryPass = std::make_unique<GeometryRenderPass>("Geometry");
+  renderGraph_.addPass(std::move(geometryPass));
+
+  E2D_LOG_INFO("Added default geometry render pass");
+
+  auto windowModule = getModule<WindowModule>();
+  if (!windowModule) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("WindowModule not available");
+    return;
+  }
+  setViewport(0, 0, static_cast<int32>(windowModule->getSize().w),
+              static_cast<int32>(windowModule->getSize().h));
+
+  initialized_ = true;
+  E2D_LOG_INFO("RendererModule context initialized successfully");
 }
 
 void RendererModule::shutdown() {
   E2D_LOG_INFO("Shutting down RendererModule...");
 
-  if (glInitialized_) {
-    uniformManager_.shutdown();
-  }
+  renderGraph_.shutdown();
+  commandQueue_ = nullptr;
+  initialized_ = false;
 
-  glInitialized_ = false;
+  // 注意：事件监听器是值类型，会在析构时自动清理
 
   E2D_LOG_INFO("RendererModule shutdown complete");
 }
 
-MaterialHandle RendererModule::getDefaultMaterialHandle() const {
-  auto* assets = getAssets();
-  return assets ? assets->getDefaultMaterial() : MaterialHandle::invalid();
+RHIContext *RendererModule::getRHIContext() const {
+  auto *rhiModule = RHIModule::get();
+  if (rhiModule && rhiModule->getDevice()) {
+    return rhiModule->getDevice()->getContext();
+  }
+  return nullptr;
 }
 
-MeshHandle RendererModule::getDefaultQuadHandle() const {
-  auto* assets = getAssets();
-  return assets ? assets->getDefaultQuad() : MeshHandle::invalid();
+Handle<Material> RendererModule::getDefaultMaterialHandle() const {
+  auto *assets = getAssets();
+  return assets ? assets->getDefaultMaterial() : Handle<Material>::invalid();
 }
 
-TextureHandle RendererModule::getDefaultTextureHandle() const {
-  auto* assets = getAssets();
-  return assets ? assets->getDefaultTexture() : TextureHandle::invalid();
+Handle<Mesh> RendererModule::getDefaultQuadHandle() const {
+  auto *assets = getAssets();
+  return assets ? assets->getDefaultQuad() : Handle<Mesh>::invalid();
+}
+
+Handle<Texture> RendererModule::getDefaultTextureHandle() const {
+  auto *assets = getAssets();
+  return assets ? assets->getDefaultTexture() : Handle<Texture>::invalid();
 }
 
 void RendererModule::setViewport(int32 x, int32 y, int32 width, int32 height) {
@@ -157,216 +118,146 @@ void RendererModule::setViewport(int32 x, int32 y, int32 width, int32 height) {
 
   viewportAdapter_.update(width, height);
 
-  auto result = viewportAdapter_.getResult();
-  glViewport(static_cast<GLint>(result.viewport.x),
-             static_cast<GLint>(result.viewport.y),
-             static_cast<GLsizei>(result.viewport.w),
-             static_cast<GLsizei>(result.viewport.h));
+  // 更新渲染图输出尺寸
+  renderGraph_.setOutputSize(static_cast<uint32_t>(width),
+                             static_cast<uint32_t>(height));
+
+  // 通过 RHI 设置视口
+  if (initialized_) {
+    auto *context = getRHIContext();
+    if (context) {
+      auto result = viewportAdapter_.getResult();
+      context->setViewport(static_cast<int32_t>(result.viewport.x),
+                           static_cast<int32_t>(result.viewport.y),
+                           static_cast<uint32_t>(result.viewport.w),
+                           static_cast<uint32_t>(result.viewport.h));
+    }
+  }
 }
 
 void RendererModule::clear(const Color &color, uint32 flags) {
-  GLbitfield mask = 0;
+  if (!initialized_)
+    return;
 
-  if (flags & CLEAR_COLOR_FLAG) {
-    glClearColor(color.r, color.g, color.b, color.a);
-    mask |= GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT;
-  }
-
-  if (flags & CLEAR_DEPTH_FLAG) {
-    mask |= GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT;
-  }
-
-  if (flags & CLEAR_STENCIL_FLAG) {
-    mask |= GL_STENCIL_BUFFER_BIT;
-  }
-
-  if (mask != 0) {
-    glClear(mask);
+  if (commandQueue_) {
+    commandQueue_->submitClear(color, flags);
   }
 }
 
 void RendererModule::onRenderBegin() {
-  if (!glInitialized_) {
+  if (!initialized_) {
     return;
   }
 
-  glClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
-  glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
-
-  commandCount_ = 0;
-
+  // 重置统计
   stats_ = {};
 
-  uniformManager_.resetMaterialUBOs();
+  // 开始渲染帧 - 清空命令队列准备接收新的渲染命令
+  if (commandQueue_) {
+    commandQueue_->beginFrame();
+  }
+
+  // 帧开始
 }
 
 void RendererModule::onRenderSubmit(const RenderCommand &cmd) {
-  if (!glInitialized_) {
+  if (!initialized_ || !commandQueue_) {
+    E2D_LOG_WARN(
+        "onRenderSubmit: RendererModule not initialized or no command queue");
     return;
   }
 
-  if (commandCount_ >= MAX_RENDER_COMMANDS) {
-    E2D_LOG_WARN("Render command buffer full!");
-    return;
+  (void)cmd; // 避免未使用警告
+
+  // 将渲染命令转换为绘制命令提交到队列
+  switch (cmd.type) {
+  case RenderCommandType::DrawMesh: {
+    auto *assets = getAssets();
+    if (!assets)
+      return;
+
+    // 获取材质，如果没有指定则使用默认材质
+    Material *material = assets->get(cmd.drawMesh.material);
+    if (!material) {
+      material = assets->get(assets->getDefaultMaterial());
+    }
+
+    // 获取网格，如果没有指定则使用默认四边形
+    Mesh *mesh = assets->get(cmd.drawMesh.mesh);
+    if (!mesh) {
+      mesh = assets->get(assets->getDefaultQuad());
+    }
+
+    if (material && mesh) {
+      Transform transform(cmd.drawMesh.pos, cmd.drawMesh.scale,
+                          cmd.drawMesh.rot);
+      commandQueue_->submitDraw(Ptr<Material>(material), Ptr<Mesh>(mesh),
+                                transform, cmd.drawMesh.color);
+      stats_.commandsSubmitted++;
+    } else {
+      E2D_LOG_WARN("Failed to submit draw command: material={}, mesh={}",
+                   material ? "valid" : "null", mesh ? "valid" : "null");
+    }
+    break;
   }
 
-  commandBuffer_[commandCount_++] = cmd;
-  stats_.commandsSubmitted++;
+  case RenderCommandType::SetViewport: {
+    setViewport(cmd.viewport.x, cmd.viewport.y, cmd.viewport.width,
+                cmd.viewport.height);
+    break;
+  }
+
+  case RenderCommandType::Clear: {
+    clear(cmd.clear.color, cmd.clear.flags);
+    break;
+  }
+  }
 }
 
 void RendererModule::onRenderSetCamera(const Mat4 &viewProj) {
-  if (!glInitialized_) {
+  if (!initialized_) {
     return;
   }
 
   viewProjectionMatrix_ = viewProj;
 
-  uniformManager_.updateGlobalUBO(&viewProj, sizeof(Mat4));
+  // 更新全局 UBO（通过 RenderGraph 的命令队列）
+  // 实际的 UBO 更新会在 RenderGraph 执行时进行
 }
 
 void RendererModule::onRenderEnd() {
-  if (!glInitialized_) {
+  if (!initialized_) {
+    E2D_LOG_WARN("onRenderEnd: RendererModule not initialized");
     return;
   }
 
-  sortCommands();
+  // 执行渲染图，传递视图投影矩阵
+  renderGraph_.execute(0.016f, viewProjectionMatrix_);
 
-  batchAndDraw();
+  // 获取统计信息
+  if (commandQueue_) {
+    const auto& stats = commandQueue_->getStats();
+    stats_.drawCalls = stats.drawCalls;
 
-  E2D_LOG_DEBUG("Render: {} commands, {} draw calls, {} batches",
-                stats_.commandsExecuted, stats_.drawCalls, stats_.batches);
+    // 每60帧输出一次统计信息
+    static uint32_t frameCount = 0;
+    if (++frameCount % 60 == 0) {
+      E2D_LOG_INFO("Render Stats: DrawCalls={}, Triangles={}, Vertices={}, PipelineBinds={}, TextureBinds={}, BufferBinds={}",
+                   stats.drawCalls, stats.triangles, stats.vertices,
+                   stats.pipelineBinds, stats.textureBinds, stats.bufferBinds);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // 渲染完成
 }
 
 void RendererModule::onResize(int32 width, int32 height) {
   setViewport(0, 0, width, height);
 }
 
-void RendererModule::sortCommands() {
-  std::sort(commandBuffer_.begin(), commandBuffer_.begin() + commandCount_,
-            [](const RenderCommand &a, const RenderCommand &b) {
-              return a.sortKey < b.sortKey;
-            });
-}
-
-void RendererModule::batchAndDraw() {
-  auto* assets = getAssets();
-  if (!assets) {
-    E2D_LOG_ERROR("AssetsModule not available");
-    return;
-  }
-
-  MaterialHandle lastMaterial = MaterialHandle::invalid();
-  MeshHandle lastMesh = MeshHandle::invalid();
-  uint32_t batchStart = 0;
-  uint32_t batchCount = 0;
-
-  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < commandCount_; ++i) {
-    const auto &cmd = commandBuffer_[i];
-
-    if (cmd.type != RenderCommandType::DrawMesh) {
-      if (batchCount > 0) {
-        drawBatch(batchStart, batchCount, lastMaterial, lastMesh);
-        stats_.batches++;
-        batchCount = 0;
-      }
-      executeCommand(cmd);
-      continue;
-    }
-
-    if (cmd.drawMesh.material != lastMaterial ||
-        cmd.drawMesh.mesh != lastMesh) {
-
-      if (batchCount > 0) {
-        drawBatch(batchStart, batchCount, lastMaterial, lastMesh);
-        stats_.batches++;
-      }
-
-      lastMaterial = cmd.drawMesh.material;
-      lastMesh = cmd.drawMesh.mesh;
-      batchStart = i;
-      batchCount = 1;
-    } else {
-      ++batchCount;
-    }
-
-    stats_.commandsExecuted++;
-  }
-
-  if (batchCount > 0) {
-    drawBatch(batchStart, batchCount, lastMaterial, lastMesh);
-    stats_.batches++;
-  }
-}
-
-void RendererModule::drawBatch(uint32_t start, uint32_t count,
-                               MaterialHandle materialHandle,
-                               MeshHandle meshHandle) {
-  auto* assets = getAssets();
-  if (!assets) return;
-
-  Material* material = assets->get(materialHandle);
-  if (!material) {
-    material = assets->getDefaultMaterialPtr();
-  }
-
-  Mesh* mesh = assets->get(meshHandle);
-  if (!mesh) {
-    mesh = assets->getDefaultQuadPtr();
-  }
-
-  if (!material || !mesh)
-    return;
-
-  Shader* shader = material->getShader().get();
-  if (!shader)
-    return;
-
-  shader->bind();
-
-  shader->setMat4("uViewProjection", glm::value_ptr(viewProjectionMatrix_));
-
-  shader->setVec4("uTintColor", 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
-  shader->setFloat("uOpacity", 1.0f);
-
-  const auto &textureSlots = material->getTextures();
-  bool hasMaterialTexture = false;
-  for (const auto &slot : textureSlots) {
-    if (slot.handle.isValid()) {
-      Texture* texture = assets->get(slot.handle);
-      if (texture) {
-        texture->bind(slot.slot);
-        shader->setInt(slot.uniformName, static_cast<int>(slot.slot));
-        hasMaterialTexture = true;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (!hasMaterialTexture) {
-    Texture* defaultTexture = assets->getDefaultTexturePtr();
-    if (defaultTexture) {
-      defaultTexture->bind(0);
-      shader->setInt("uTexture", 0);
-    }
-  }
-
-  mesh->bind();
-
-  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
-    Transform transform = commandBuffer_[start + i].getTransform();
-    float matrix[16];
-    transform.toMatrix(matrix);
-
-    shader->setMat4("uModelMatrix", matrix);
-
-    Color color = commandBuffer_[start + i].getColor();
-    shader->setVec4("uColor", color.r, color.g, color.b, color.a);
-
-    mesh->draw();
-    stats_.drawCalls++;
-  }
-}
-
 void RendererModule::executeCommand(const RenderCommand &cmd) {
+  // 此方法保留用于直接执行特定命令
+  // 大部分命令现在通过 RenderGraph 处理
   switch (cmd.type) {
   case RenderCommandType::SetViewport:
     setViewport(cmd.viewport.x, cmd.viewport.y, cmd.viewport.width,

src/renderer/rhi/opengl/gl_buffer.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+#include <renderer/rhi/opengl/gl_buffer.h>
+#include <renderer/rhi/opengl/gl_utils.h>
+
+namespace extra2d {
+
+GLBuffer::GLBuffer(const BufferDesc &desc) : desc_(desc), buffer_(0) {}
+
+GLBuffer::~GLBuffer() { destroy(); }
+
+bool GLBuffer::create() {
+  glGenBuffers(1, &buffer_);
+  if (buffer_ == 0) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  GLenum target = bufferTypeToGL(desc_.type);
+  glBindBuffer(target, buffer_);
+
+  GLenum usage = bufferUsageToGL(desc_.usage);
+  glBufferData(target, desc_.size, desc_.initialData, usage);
+
+  glBindBuffer(target, 0);
+  return true;
+}
+
+void GLBuffer::destroy() {
+  if (buffer_ != 0) {
+    glDeleteBuffers(1, &buffer_);
+    buffer_ = 0;
+  }
+}
+
+bool GLBuffer::update(const void *data, uint32_t size, uint32_t offset) {
+  if (buffer_ == 0 || data == nullptr)
+    return false;
+
+  GLenum target = bufferTypeToGL(desc_.type);
+  glBindBuffer(target, buffer_);
+  glBufferSubData(target, offset, size, data);
+  glBindBuffer(target, 0);
+  return true;
+}
+
+void *GLBuffer::map() {
+  // OpenGL ES 3.2 不支持 glMapBuffer，使用 glMapBufferRange
+  if (buffer_ == 0)
+    return nullptr;
+
+  GLenum target = bufferTypeToGL(desc_.type);
+  glBindBuffer(target, buffer_);
+  void *ptr = glMapBufferRange(target, 0, desc_.size, GL_MAP_WRITE_BIT);
+  return ptr;
+}
+
+void GLBuffer::unmap() {
+  if (buffer_ == 0)
+    return;
+
+  GLenum target = bufferTypeToGL(desc_.type);
+  glBindBuffer(target, buffer_);
+  glUnmapBuffer(target);
+  glBindBuffer(target, 0);
+}
+
+} // namespace extra2d

src/renderer/rhi/opengl/gl_command_list.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,367 @@
+#include <renderer/rhi/opengl/gl_command_list.h>
+#include <renderer/rhi/opengl/gl_pipeline.h>
+#include <renderer/rhi/opengl/gl_buffer.h>
+#include <renderer/rhi/opengl/gl_texture.h>
+#include <renderer/rhi/opengl/gl_framebuffer.h>
+
+#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>
+
+namespace extra2d {
+
+GLCommandList::GLCommandList() = default;
+
+GLCommandList::~GLCommandList() = default;
+
+void GLCommandList::begin() {
+  // 开始记录命令
+  recording_ = true;
+
+  // 重置状态缓存
+  stateCache_.reset();
+
+  // 重置统计
+  stats_.reset();
+}
+
+void GLCommandList::end() {
+  // 结束记录命令
+  recording_ = false;
+}
+
+void GLCommandList::submit() {
+  // 提交命令列表（OpenGL 是立即模式，这里不需要特殊处理）
+}
+
+void GLCommandList::beginRenderPass(RHIFramebuffer *framebuffer,
+                                     ClearFlags clearFlags,
+                                     const Color &clearColor,
+                                     float clearDepth,
+                                     uint8_t clearStencil) {
+  if (framebuffer) {
+    auto *glFramebuffer = static_cast<GLFramebuffer *>(framebuffer);
+    glFramebuffer->bind();
+    stateCache_.framebuffer = glFramebuffer;
+  } else {
+    glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0);
+    stateCache_.framebuffer = nullptr;
+  }
+
+  // 禁用2D渲染不需要的OpenGL状态
+  glDisable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);        // 禁用深度测试
+  glDisable(GL_CULL_FACE);         // 禁用面剔除
+  glDisable(GL_STENCIL_TEST);      // 禁用模板测试
+
+  // 启用混合（2D渲染通常需要透明度混合）
+  glEnable(GL_BLEND);
+  glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
+
+  // 禁用裁剪测试（除非需要）
+  glDisable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
+
+  // 执行清除操作
+  if (clearFlags != ClearFlags::None) {
+    clear(clearFlags, clearColor, clearDepth, clearStencil);
+  }
+}
+
+void GLCommandList::endRenderPass() {
+  // 结束渲染通道
+  stateCache_.framebuffer = nullptr;
+}
+
+void GLCommandList::setViewport(const Viewport &viewport) {
+  // 状态缓存检查
+  if (stateCache_.viewportValid &&
+      stateCache_.viewport.x == viewport.x &&
+      stateCache_.viewport.y == viewport.y &&
+      stateCache_.viewport.width == viewport.width &&
+      stateCache_.viewport.height == viewport.height) {
+    stats_.redundantPipelineChanges++;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  glViewport(static_cast<GLint>(viewport.x), static_cast<GLint>(viewport.y),
+             static_cast<GLsizei>(viewport.width),
+             static_cast<GLsizei>(viewport.height));
+
+  stateCache_.viewport = viewport;
+  stateCache_.viewportValid = true;
+  stats_.viewportChanges++;
+}
+
+void GLCommandList::setScissor(const ScissorRect &scissor) {
+  glScissor(scissor.x, scissor.y, scissor.width, scissor.height);
+}
+
+void GLCommandList::setPipeline(RHIPipeline *pipeline) {
+  if (!pipeline) return;
+
+  auto *glPipeline = static_cast<GLPipeline *>(pipeline);
+
+  // 状态缓存检查
+  if (stateCache_.pipeline == glPipeline) {
+    stats_.redundantPipelineChanges++;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  glPipeline->bind();
+  stateCache_.pipeline = glPipeline;
+  stateCache_.shaderProgram = glPipeline->getGLProgram();
+  stats_.pipelineChanges++;
+}
+
+void GLCommandList::setVertexBuffer(uint32_t slot, RHIBuffer *buffer,
+                                    uint32_t offset, uint32_t stride) {
+  if (!buffer || slot >= 4) return;
+
+  auto *glBuffer = static_cast<GLBuffer *>(buffer);
+
+  // 状态缓存检查
+  if (stateCache_.vertexBuffers[slot] == glBuffer &&
+      stateCache_.vertexBufferOffsets[slot] == offset) {
+    stats_.redundantBufferChanges++;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, glBuffer->getGLBuffer());
+
+  // 配置属于当前 slot 的属性
+  // 注意：虽然 VAO 缓存了部分配置，但我们需要绑定具体的缓冲区
+  const auto &layout = stateCache_.pipeline ? stateCache_.pipeline->getVertexLayout() : VertexLayout{};
+  uint32_t actualStride = stride > 0 ? stride : layout.stride;
+
+  for (const auto &attr : layout.attributes) {
+    if (attr.bufferIndex != slot) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    glEnableVertexAttribArray(attr.location);
+
+    GLenum type = GL_FLOAT;
+    GLint size = 1;
+    GLboolean normalized = GL_FALSE;
+
+    switch (attr.format) {
+    case VertexFormat::Float1:
+      size = 1;
+      break;
+    case VertexFormat::Float2:
+      size = 2;
+      break;
+    case VertexFormat::Float3:
+      size = 3;
+      break;
+    case VertexFormat::Float4:
+      size = 4;
+      break;
+    default:
+      break;
+    }
+
+    glVertexAttribPointer(attr.location, size, type, normalized, actualStride,
+                          reinterpret_cast<const void *>(attr.offset + offset));
+
+    // 设置实例化除数
+    glVertexAttribDivisor(attr.location, attr.divisor);
+  }
+
+  stateCache_.vertexBuffers[slot] = glBuffer;
+  stateCache_.vertexBufferOffsets[slot] = offset;
+  stats_.bufferChanges++;
+}
+
+void GLCommandList::setIndexBuffer(RHIBuffer *buffer, IndexType type,
+                                   uint32_t offset) {
+  if (!buffer) return;
+
+  auto *glBuffer = static_cast<GLBuffer *>(buffer);
+
+  // 状态缓存检查
+  if (stateCache_.indexBuffer == glBuffer) {
+    stats_.redundantBufferChanges++;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, glBuffer->getGLBuffer());
+  stateCache_.indexBuffer = glBuffer;
+  stats_.bufferChanges++;
+}
+
+void GLCommandList::setUniformBuffer(uint32_t slot, RHIBuffer *buffer) {
+  if (!buffer || slot >= 4) return;
+
+  auto *glBuffer = static_cast<GLBuffer *>(buffer);
+
+  // 状态缓存检查
+  if (stateCache_.uniformBuffers[slot].valid &&
+      stateCache_.uniformBuffers[slot].buffer == glBuffer &&
+      stateCache_.uniformBuffers[slot].offset == 0) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  glBindBufferBase(GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER, slot, glBuffer->getGLBuffer());
+
+  stateCache_.uniformBuffers[slot].buffer = glBuffer;
+  stateCache_.uniformBuffers[slot].offset = 0;
+  stateCache_.uniformBuffers[slot].size = 0;
+  stateCache_.uniformBuffers[slot].valid = true;
+}
+
+void GLCommandList::setUniformBuffer(uint32_t slot, RHIBuffer *buffer, uint32_t offset, uint32_t size) {
+  if (!buffer || slot >= 4) return;
+
+  auto *glBuffer = static_cast<GLBuffer *>(buffer);
+  GLuint glBufferId = glBuffer->getGLBuffer();
+
+  // 状态缓存检查
+  if (stateCache_.uniformBuffers[slot].valid &&
+      stateCache_.uniformBuffers[slot].buffer == glBuffer &&
+      stateCache_.uniformBuffers[slot].offset == offset &&
+      stateCache_.uniformBuffers[slot].size == size) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (size == 0) {
+    // 绑定整个缓冲区
+    glBindBufferBase(GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER, slot, glBufferId);
+  } else {
+    // 绑定缓冲区范围
+    glBindBufferRange(GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER, slot, glBufferId, offset, size);
+  }
+
+  stateCache_.uniformBuffers[slot].buffer = glBuffer;
+  stateCache_.uniformBuffers[slot].offset = offset;
+  stateCache_.uniformBuffers[slot].size = size;
+  stateCache_.uniformBuffers[slot].valid = true;
+}
+
+void GLCommandList::setTexture(uint32_t slot, RHITexture *texture) {
+  if (!texture || slot >= 8) return;
+
+  auto *glTexture = static_cast<GLTexture *>(texture);
+
+  // 状态缓存检查
+  if (stateCache_.textures[slot].valid &&
+      stateCache_.textures[slot].texture == glTexture) {
+    stats_.redundantTextureChanges++;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + slot);
+  glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, glTexture->getGLTexture());
+
+  stateCache_.textures[slot].texture = glTexture;
+  stateCache_.textures[slot].valid = true;
+  stats_.textureChanges++;
+}
+
+void GLCommandList::setSampler(uint32_t slot, TextureFilter minFilter,
+                               TextureFilter magFilter, TextureWrap wrapS,
+                               TextureWrap wrapT) {
+  // OpenGL 的采样器状态是纹理对象的一部分
+  // 这里可以设置当前绑定纹理的采样参数
+}
+
+void GLCommandList::draw(uint32_t vertexCount, uint32_t firstVertex,
+                         uint32_t instanceCount, uint32_t firstInstance) {
+  if (instanceCount > 1) {
+    glDrawArraysInstanced(GL_TRIANGLES, firstVertex, vertexCount, instanceCount);
+  } else {
+    glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, firstVertex, vertexCount);
+  }
+}
+
+void GLCommandList::drawIndexed(uint32_t indexCount, uint32_t firstIndex,
+                                int32_t vertexOffset, uint32_t instanceCount,
+                                uint32_t firstInstance) {
+  GLenum indexType = GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT;
+  if (stateCache_.indexBuffer) {
+    // 根据缓冲区类型确定索引类型
+    // 这里简化处理，使用 GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT
+  }
+
+  if (instanceCount > 1) {
+    glDrawElementsInstanced(
+        GL_TRIANGLES, indexCount, indexType,
+        reinterpret_cast<const void *>(firstIndex * sizeof(uint16_t)),
+        instanceCount);
+  } else {
+    glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, indexCount, indexType,
+                   reinterpret_cast<const void *>(firstIndex * sizeof(uint16_t)));
+  }
+}
+
+void GLCommandList::clear(ClearFlags flags, const Color &color, float depth,
+                          uint8_t stencil) {
+  GLbitfield mask = 0;
+
+  if (hasFlag(flags, ClearFlags::Color)) {
+    glClearColor(color.r, color.g, color.b, color.a);
+    mask |= GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT;
+  }
+
+  if (hasFlag(flags, ClearFlags::Depth)) {
+    glClearDepthf(depth);
+    mask |= GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT;
+  }
+
+  if (hasFlag(flags, ClearFlags::Stencil)) {
+    glClearStencil(stencil);
+    mask |= GL_STENCIL_BUFFER_BIT;
+  }
+
+  if (mask != 0) {
+    glClear(mask);
+  }
+}
+
+bool GLCommandList::isRecording() const {
+  return recording_;
+}
+
+void GLCommandList::setUniform(const char* name, float value) {
+  if (stateCache_.shaderProgram != 0) {
+    GLint location = glGetUniformLocation(stateCache_.shaderProgram, name);
+    if (location != -1) {
+      glUniform1f(location, value);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void GLCommandList::setUniform(const char* name, const Vec2& value) {
+  if (stateCache_.shaderProgram != 0) {
+    GLint location = glGetUniformLocation(stateCache_.shaderProgram, name);
+    if (location != -1) {
+      glUniform2f(location, value.x, value.y);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void GLCommandList::setUniform(const char* name, const Vec3& value) {
+  if (stateCache_.shaderProgram != 0) {
+    GLint location = glGetUniformLocation(stateCache_.shaderProgram, name);
+    if (location != -1) {
+      glUniform3f(location, value.x, value.y, value.z);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void GLCommandList::setUniform(const char* name, const Color& value) {
+  if (stateCache_.shaderProgram != 0) {
+    GLint location = glGetUniformLocation(stateCache_.shaderProgram, name);
+    if (location != -1) {
+      glUniform4f(location, value.r, value.g, value.b, value.a);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void GLCommandList::setUniform(const char* name, const Mat4& value) {
+  if (stateCache_.shaderProgram != 0) {
+    GLint location = glGetUniformLocation(stateCache_.shaderProgram, name);
+    if (location != -1) {
+      glUniformMatrix4fv(location, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(value));
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+} // namespace extra2d

src/renderer/rhi/opengl/gl_context.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+#include <cstring>
+#include <renderer/rhi/opengl/gl_context.h>
+#include <renderer/rhi/opengl/gl_framebuffer.h>
+#include <utils/logger.h>
+
+namespace extra2d {
+
+GLContext::GLContext(GLDevice *device)
+    : device_(device), defaultFramebuffer_(nullptr) {}
+
+GLContext::~GLContext() = default;
+
+bool GLContext::initialize() {
+  E2D_LOG_INFO("Initializing OpenGL context...");
+
+  // 创建默认帧缓冲（窗口帧缓冲）
+  defaultFramebuffer_ = std::make_unique<GLFramebuffer>();
+  defaultFramebuffer_->setSize(800, 600); // 默认大小，会被更新
+
+  E2D_LOG_INFO("OpenGL context initialized");
+  return true;
+}
+
+void GLContext::shutdown() {
+  E2D_LOG_INFO("Shutting down OpenGL context...");
+
+  defaultFramebuffer_.reset();
+
+  E2D_LOG_INFO("OpenGL context shutdown complete");
+}
+
+void GLContext::beginFrame() {
+  // 重置每帧的统计
+  // device_->resetStats(); // 需要在 GLDevice 中添加此方法
+}
+
+void GLContext::endFrame() {
+  // 交换缓冲区
+  // 通过 SDL 获取当前窗口并交换缓冲区
+  SDL_Window* window = SDL_GL_GetCurrentWindow();
+  if (window) {
+    SDL_GL_SwapWindow(window);
+  }
+}
+
+void GLContext::setViewport(int32_t x, int32_t y, uint32_t width,
+                            uint32_t height) {
+  glViewport(x, y, static_cast<GLsizei>(width), static_cast<GLsizei>(height));
+
+  // 更新默认帧缓冲大小
+  if (defaultFramebuffer_) {
+    defaultFramebuffer_->setSize(width, height);
+  }
+}
+
+void GLContext::bindDefaultFramebuffer() {
+  glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0);
+}
+
+RHIFramebuffer *GLContext::getDefaultFramebuffer() {
+  return defaultFramebuffer_.get();
+}
+
+bool GLContext::isFeatureSupported(const char *feature) const {
+  // 检查 OpenGL 扩展或版本
+  if (std::strcmp(feature, "instancing") == 0) {
+    return glad_glDrawArraysInstanced != nullptr;
+  }
+  if (std::strcmp(feature, "compute") == 0) {
+    return glad_glDispatchCompute != nullptr;
+  }
+  if (std::strcmp(feature, "sRGB") == 0) {
+    return GLAD_GL_EXT_texture_sRGB_R8;
+  }
+  if (std::strcmp(feature, "anisotropic") == 0) {
+    return GLAD_GL_EXT_texture_filter_anisotropic;
+  }
+  if (std::strcmp(feature, "debug") == 0) {
+    return GLAD_GL_KHR_debug;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+} // namespace extra2d

src/renderer/rhi/opengl/gl_device.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+#include <renderer/rhi/opengl/gl_buffer.h>
+#include <renderer/rhi/opengl/gl_command_list.h>
+#include <renderer/rhi/opengl/gl_context.h>
+#include <renderer/rhi/opengl/gl_framebuffer.h>
+#include <renderer/rhi/opengl/gl_pipeline.h>
+#include <renderer/rhi/opengl/gl_shader.h>
+#include <renderer/rhi/opengl/gl_texture.h>
+#include <renderer/rhi/opengl/gl_utils.h>
+
+#include <glad/glad.h>
+#include <SDL.h>
+#include <utils/logger.h>
+
+namespace extra2d {
+
+// 前向声明
+class GLDevice;
+
+/**
+ * @brief OpenGL 设备实现
+ */
+class GLDevice : public RHIDevice {
+public:
+  GLDevice() : window_(nullptr), glContext_(nullptr), context_(nullptr), stats_() {}
+
+  ~GLDevice() override { shutdown(); }
+
+  bool initialize(void* nativeWindow) override {
+    E2D_LOG_INFO("Initializing OpenGL device...");
+
+    if (!nativeWindow) {
+      E2D_LOG_ERROR("Native window handle is null");
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    window_ = static_cast<SDL_Window*>(nativeWindow);
+
+    // 创建 OpenGL ES 3.2 上下文
+    SDL_GL_SetAttribute(SDL_GL_CONTEXT_PROFILE_MASK, SDL_GL_CONTEXT_PROFILE_ES);
+    SDL_GL_SetAttribute(SDL_GL_CONTEXT_MAJOR_VERSION, 3);
+    SDL_GL_SetAttribute(SDL_GL_CONTEXT_MINOR_VERSION, 2);
+    SDL_GL_SetAttribute(SDL_GL_DOUBLEBUFFER, 1);
+    SDL_GL_SetAttribute(SDL_GL_DEPTH_SIZE, 24);
+    SDL_GL_SetAttribute(SDL_GL_STENCIL_SIZE, 8);
+
+    glContext_ = SDL_GL_CreateContext(window_);
+    if (!glContext_) {
+      E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to create OpenGL ES context: {}", SDL_GetError());
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    // 初始化 GLAD
+    if (!gladLoadGLES2Loader((GLADloadproc)SDL_GL_GetProcAddress)) {
+      E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to initialize GLAD");
+      SDL_GL_DeleteContext(glContext_);
+      glContext_ = nullptr;
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    E2D_LOG_INFO("OpenGL ES context created: {}.{}", GLVersion.major, GLVersion.minor);
+
+    const char* version = reinterpret_cast<const char *>(glGetString(GL_VERSION));
+    if (!version) {
+      E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to get OpenGL version");
+      SDL_GL_DeleteContext(glContext_);
+      glContext_ = nullptr;
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    E2D_LOG_INFO("OpenGL Version: {}", version);
+    E2D_LOG_INFO("OpenGL Vendor: {}",
+                 reinterpret_cast<const char *>(glGetString(GL_VENDOR)));
+    E2D_LOG_INFO("OpenGL Renderer: {}",
+                 reinterpret_cast<const char *>(glGetString(GL_RENDERER)));
+
+    // 创建上下文管理器
+    context_ = std::make_unique<GLContext>(this);
+    if (!context_->initialize()) {
+      E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to initialize GL context");
+      SDL_GL_DeleteContext(glContext_);
+      glContext_ = nullptr;
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    // 设置默认状态
+    glEnable(GL_BLEND);
+    glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
+
+    E2D_LOG_INFO("OpenGL device initialized successfully");
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  void shutdown() override {
+    E2D_LOG_INFO("Shutting down OpenGL device...");
+
+    if (context_) {
+      context_->shutdown();
+      context_.reset();
+    }
+
+    if (glContext_) {
+      SDL_GL_DeleteContext(glContext_);
+      glContext_ = nullptr;
+    }
+
+    window_ = nullptr;
+
+    E2D_LOG_INFO("OpenGL device shutdown complete");
+  }
+
+  std::unique_ptr<RHIBuffer> createBuffer(const BufferDesc &desc) override {
+    auto buffer = std::make_unique<GLBuffer>(desc);
+    if (!buffer->create()) {
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+    return buffer;
+  }
+
+  std::unique_ptr<RHITexture> createTexture(const TextureDesc &desc) override {
+    auto texture = std::make_unique<GLTexture>(desc);
+    if (!texture->create()) {
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+    return texture;
+  }
+
+  std::unique_ptr<RHIShader> createShader(const ShaderDesc &desc) override {
+    auto shader = std::make_unique<GLShader>(desc);
+    if (!shader->compile()) {
+      E2D_LOG_ERROR("Shader compilation failed: {}", shader->getCompileLog());
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+    return shader;
+  }
+
+  std::unique_ptr<RHIPipeline>
+  createPipeline(const PipelineDesc &desc) override {
+    auto pipeline = std::make_unique<GLPipeline>(desc);
+    if (!pipeline->create()) {
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+    
+    // 获取 vertex shader 的 program ID
+    if (desc.vertexShader.isValid()) {
+      RHIShader* shader = desc.vertexShader.get();
+      if (shader) {
+        auto* glShader = static_cast<GLShader*>(shader);
+        pipeline->setGLProgram(glShader->getGLProgram());
+      }
+    }
+    
+    return pipeline;
+  }
+
+  std::unique_ptr<RHIFramebuffer>
+  createFramebuffer(const RenderPassDesc &desc) override {
+    auto framebuffer = std::make_unique<GLFramebuffer>(desc);
+    if (!framebuffer->create()) {
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+    return framebuffer;
+  }
+
+  std::unique_ptr<RHICommandList> createCommandList() override {
+    return std::make_unique<GLCommandList>();
+  }
+
+  RHIContext *getContext() override { return context_.get(); }
+
+  const char *getBackendName() const override { return "OpenGL"; }
+
+  void *getNativeWindow() const { return window_; }
+
+  void waitIdle() override { glFinish(); }
+
+  const RenderStats &getStats() const override { return stats_; }
+
+  void resetStats() override { stats_.reset(); }
+
+  void incrementDrawCalls() { stats_.drawCalls++; }
+  void incrementTriangles(uint32_t count) { stats_.triangles += count; }
+  void incrementVertices(uint32_t count) { stats_.vertices += count; }
+  void incrementTextureBinds() { stats_.textureBinds++; }
+  void incrementBufferBinds() { stats_.bufferBinds++; }
+  void incrementPipelineBinds() { stats_.pipelineBinds++; }
+  void incrementRenderPassSwitches() { stats_.renderPassSwitches++; }
+
+private:
+  SDL_Window* window_;
+  SDL_GLContext glContext_;
+  std::unique_ptr<GLContext> context_;
+  RenderStats stats_;
+};
+
+// 创建设备的工厂函数
+std::unique_ptr<RHIDevice> CreateGLDevice() {
+  return std::make_unique<GLDevice>();
+}
+
+} // namespace extra2d

src/renderer/rhi/opengl/gl_framebuffer.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+#include <renderer/rhi/opengl/gl_framebuffer.h>
+#include <renderer/rhi/opengl/gl_texture.h>
+#include <renderer/rhi/opengl/gl_utils.h>
+
+namespace extra2d {
+
+/**
+ * @brief 检查纹理格式是否为包含模板的深度格式
+ * @param format 纹理格式
+ * @return 是否为深度/模板格式
+ */
+static inline bool isStencilFormat(TextureFormat format) {
+  switch (format) {
+  case TextureFormat::Depth24Stencil8:
+  case TextureFormat::Depth32FStencil8:
+    return true;
+  default:
+    return false;
+  }
+}
+
+GLFramebuffer::GLFramebuffer()
+    : desc_(), framebuffer_(0), width_(0), height_(0) {}
+
+GLFramebuffer::GLFramebuffer(const RenderPassDesc &desc)
+    : desc_(desc), framebuffer_(0), width_(0), height_(0) {}
+
+GLFramebuffer::~GLFramebuffer() { destroy(); }
+
+bool GLFramebuffer::create() {
+  glGenFramebuffers(1, &framebuffer_);
+  if (framebuffer_ == 0) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, framebuffer_);
+
+  // 附加颜色附件
+  std::vector<GLenum> drawBuffers;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < desc_.colorAttachments.size(); ++i) {
+    const auto &attachment = desc_.colorAttachments[i];
+    if (attachment.texture.isValid()) {
+      auto *texture = static_cast<GLTexture *>(attachment.texture.get());
+      glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0 + i,
+                             GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture->getGLTexture(), 0);
+      drawBuffers.push_back(GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0 + i);
+
+      if (i == 0) {
+        width_ = texture->getWidth();
+        height_ = texture->getHeight();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // 附加深度/模板附件
+  if (desc_.hasDepthStencil && desc_.depthStencilAttachment.texture.isValid()) {
+    auto *texture =
+        static_cast<GLTexture *>(desc_.depthStencilAttachment.texture.get());
+    GLenum attachment = isStencilFormat(texture->getFormat())
+                            ? GL_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT
+                            : GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT;
+    glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, attachment, GL_TEXTURE_2D,
+                           texture->getGLTexture(), 0);
+  }
+
+  if (!drawBuffers.empty()) {
+    glDrawBuffers(static_cast<GLsizei>(drawBuffers.size()), drawBuffers.data());
+  }
+
+  GLenum status = glCheckFramebufferStatus(GL_FRAMEBUFFER);
+  glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0);
+
+  return status == GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE;
+}
+
+void GLFramebuffer::destroy() {
+  if (framebuffer_ != 0) {
+    glDeleteFramebuffers(1, &framebuffer_);
+    framebuffer_ = 0;
+  }
+}
+
+void GLFramebuffer::bind() {
+  glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, framebuffer_);
+  glViewport(0, 0, width_, height_);
+}
+
+void GLFramebuffer::unbind() { glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0); }
+
+void GLFramebuffer::clear(ClearFlags flags, const Color &color, float depth,
+                          uint8_t stencil) {
+  bind();
+
+  GLbitfield mask = 0;
+
+  if (hasFlag(flags, ClearFlags::Color)) {
+    glClearColor(color.r, color.g, color.b, color.a);
+    mask |= GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT;
+  }
+
+  if (hasFlag(flags, ClearFlags::Depth)) {
+    glClearDepthf(depth);
+    mask |= GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT;
+  }
+
+  if (hasFlag(flags, ClearFlags::Stencil)) {
+    glClearStencil(stencil);
+    mask |= GL_STENCIL_BUFFER_BIT;
+  }
+
+  if (mask != 0) {
+    glClear(mask);
+  }
+}
+
+void GLFramebuffer::setSize(uint32_t width, uint32_t height) {
+  width_ = width;
+  height_ = height;
+}
+
+uint32_t GLFramebuffer::getColorAttachmentCount() const {
+  return static_cast<uint32_t>(desc_.colorAttachments.size());
+}
+
+TextureHandle GLFramebuffer::getColorAttachment(uint32_t index) const {
+  if (index < desc_.colorAttachments.size()) {
+    return desc_.colorAttachments[index].texture;
+  }
+  return TextureHandle();
+}
+
+TextureHandle GLFramebuffer::getDepthStencilAttachment() const {
+  if (desc_.hasDepthStencil) {
+    return desc_.depthStencilAttachment.texture;
+  }
+  return TextureHandle();
+}
+
+bool GLFramebuffer::hasDepthStencil() const {
+  return desc_.hasDepthStencil;
+}
+
+bool GLFramebuffer::isValid() const {
+  return framebuffer_ != 0;
+}
+
+bool GLFramebuffer::isDefault() const {
+  return framebuffer_ == 0;
+}
+
+} // namespace extra2d

src/renderer/rhi/opengl/gl_pipeline.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+#include <renderer/rhi/opengl/gl_pipeline.h>
+#include <renderer/rhi/opengl/gl_utils.h>
+
+namespace extra2d {
+
+GLPipeline::GLPipeline(const PipelineDesc &desc) : desc_(desc), vao_(0) {}
+
+GLPipeline::~GLPipeline() { destroy(); }
+
+bool GLPipeline::create() {
+  // 创建 VAO
+  glGenVertexArrays(1, &vao_);
+  if (vao_ == 0) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  glBindVertexArray(vao_);
+
+  // 配置顶点属性
+  const auto &layout = desc_.vertexLayout;
+  for (const auto &attr : layout.attributes) {
+    glEnableVertexAttribArray(attr.location);
+
+    GLenum type = GL_FLOAT;
+    GLint size = 1;
+    GLboolean normalized = GL_FALSE;
+
+    switch (attr.format) {
+    case VertexFormat::Float1:
+      size = 1;
+      break;
+    case VertexFormat::Float2:
+      size = 2;
+      break;
+    case VertexFormat::Float3:
+      size = 3;
+      break;
+    case VertexFormat::Float4:
+      size = 4;
+      break;
+    default:
+      break;
+    }
+
+    glVertexAttribPointer(attr.location, size, type, normalized, layout.stride,
+                          reinterpret_cast<const void *>(attr.offset));
+  }
+
+  glBindVertexArray(0);
+  return true;
+}
+
+void GLPipeline::destroy() {
+  if (vao_ != 0) {
+    glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &vao_);
+    vao_ = 0;
+  }
+}
+
+void GLPipeline::bind() {
+  // 绑定着色器程序
+  if (shaderProgram_ != 0) {
+    glUseProgram(shaderProgram_);
+  }
+
+  // 注意：VAO 需要与具体的顶点缓冲区绑定才能工作
+  // 所以我们不在此处绑定 VAO，而是在渲染时动态配置顶点属性
+  // 这样可以支持不同的 Mesh 使用相同的 Pipeline
+
+  // 应用混合状态
+  if (desc_.blendState.enabled) {
+    glEnable(GL_BLEND);
+    glBlendFunc(blendFactorToGL(desc_.blendState.srcFactor),
+                blendFactorToGL(desc_.blendState.dstFactor));
+  } else {
+    glDisable(GL_BLEND);
+  }
+
+  // 应用深度状态
+  if (desc_.depthStencilState.depthTestEnabled) {
+    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
+    glDepthFunc(compareFuncToGL(desc_.depthStencilState.depthCompare));
+    glDepthMask(desc_.depthStencilState.depthWriteEnabled ? GL_TRUE : GL_FALSE);
+  } else {
+    glDisable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
+  }
+
+  // 应用光栅化状态
+  if (desc_.rasterizerState.cullEnabled) {
+    glEnable(GL_CULL_FACE);
+    glCullFace(desc_.rasterizerState.cullFrontFace ? GL_FRONT : GL_BACK);
+    glFrontFace(desc_.rasterizerState.frontCCW ? GL_CCW : GL_CW);
+  } else {
+    glDisable(GL_CULL_FACE);
+  }
+}
+
+void GLPipeline::unbind() { glBindVertexArray(0); }
+
+ShaderHandle GLPipeline::getVertexShader() const {
+  return desc_.vertexShader;
+}
+
+ShaderHandle GLPipeline::getFragmentShader() const {
+  return desc_.fragmentShader;
+}
+
+const VertexLayout& GLPipeline::getVertexLayout() const {
+  return desc_.vertexLayout;
+}
+
+bool GLPipeline::isValid() const {
+  return vao_ != 0;
+}
+
+} // namespace extra2d

src/renderer/rhi/opengl/gl_shader.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>
+#include <renderer/rhi/opengl/gl_shader.h>
+
+namespace extra2d {
+
+GLShader::GLShader(const ShaderDesc &desc)
+    : desc_(desc), shader_(0), program_(0) {}
+
+GLShader::~GLShader() { destroy(); }
+
+bool GLShader::compile() {
+  // 创建程序
+  program_ = glCreateProgram();
+  if (program_ == 0) {
+    compileLog_ = "Failed to create shader program";
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // 编译顶点着色器
+  GLuint vs = glCreateShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER);
+  const char *vsSource = desc_.vertexSource.c_str();
+  glShaderSource(vs, 1, &vsSource, nullptr);
+  glCompileShader(vs);
+
+  GLint success;
+  glGetShaderiv(vs, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &success);
+  if (!success) {
+    char infoLog[512];
+    glGetShaderInfoLog(vs, 512, nullptr, infoLog);
+    compileLog_ = std::string("Vertex shader compilation failed: ") + infoLog;
+    glDeleteShader(vs);
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // 编译片段着色器
+  GLuint fs = glCreateShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER);
+  const char *fsSource = desc_.fragmentSource.c_str();
+  glShaderSource(fs, 1, &fsSource, nullptr);
+  glCompileShader(fs);
+
+  glGetShaderiv(fs, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &success);
+  if (!success) {
+    char infoLog[512];
+    glGetShaderInfoLog(fs, 512, nullptr, infoLog);
+    compileLog_ = std::string("Fragment shader compilation failed: ") + infoLog;
+    glDeleteShader(vs);
+    glDeleteShader(fs);
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // 链接着色器程序
+  glAttachShader(program_, vs);
+  glAttachShader(program_, fs);
+  glLinkProgram(program_);
+
+  glGetProgramiv(program_, GL_LINK_STATUS, &success);
+  if (!success) {
+    char infoLog[512];
+    glGetProgramInfoLog(program_, 512, nullptr, infoLog);
+    compileLog_ = std::string("Shader program linking failed: ") + infoLog;
+    glDeleteShader(vs);
+    glDeleteShader(fs);
+    glDeleteProgram(program_);
+    program_ = 0;
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // 清理着色器对象
+  glDeleteShader(vs);
+  glDeleteShader(fs);
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+void GLShader::destroy() {
+  if (program_ != 0) {
+    glDeleteProgram(program_);
+    program_ = 0;
+  }
+}
+
+void GLShader::bind() const {
+  if (program_ != 0) {
+    glUseProgram(program_);
+  }
+}
+
+void GLShader::unbind() const { glUseProgram(0); }
+
+void GLShader::setUniform(const std::string &name, float value) {
+  GLint location = glGetUniformLocation(program_, name.c_str());
+  if (location != -1) {
+    glUniform1f(location, value);
+  }
+}
+
+void GLShader::setUniform(const std::string &name, const Vec2 &value) {
+  GLint location = glGetUniformLocation(program_, name.c_str());
+  if (location != -1) {
+    glUniform2f(location, value.x, value.y);
+  }
+}
+
+void GLShader::setUniform(const std::string &name, const Vec3 &value) {
+  GLint location = glGetUniformLocation(program_, name.c_str());
+  if (location != -1) {
+    glUniform3f(location, value.x, value.y, value.z);
+  }
+}
+
+void GLShader::setUniform(const std::string &name, const Color &value) {
+  GLint location = glGetUniformLocation(program_, name.c_str());
+  if (location != -1) {
+    glUniform4f(location, value.r, value.g, value.b, value.a);
+  }
+}
+
+void GLShader::setUniform(const std::string &name, const Mat4 &value) {
+  GLint location = glGetUniformLocation(program_, name.c_str());
+  if (location != -1) {
+    glUniformMatrix4fv(location, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(value));
+  }
+}
+
+bool GLShader::isCompiled() const {
+  return program_ != 0;
+}
+
+std::string GLShader::getCompileLog() const {
+  return compileLog_;
+}
+
+bool GLShader::isValid() const {
+  return program_ != 0;
+}
+
+} // namespace extra2d

src/renderer/rhi/opengl/gl_texture.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+#include <renderer/rhi/opengl/gl_texture.h>
+#include <renderer/rhi/opengl/gl_utils.h>
+
+namespace extra2d {
+
+/**
+ * @brief 检查纹理格式是否为深度格式
+ * @param format 纹理格式
+ * @return 是否为深度格式
+ */
+static inline bool isDepthFormat(TextureFormat format) {
+  switch (format) {
+  case TextureFormat::Depth16:
+  case TextureFormat::Depth24:
+  case TextureFormat::Depth32F:
+  case TextureFormat::Depth24Stencil8:
+  case TextureFormat::Depth32FStencil8:
+    return true;
+  default:
+    return false;
+  }
+}
+
+GLTexture::GLTexture(const TextureDesc &desc) : desc_(desc), texture_(0) {}
+
+GLTexture::~GLTexture() { destroy(); }
+
+bool GLTexture::create() {
+  glGenTextures(1, &texture_);
+  if (texture_ == 0) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  GLenum target = GL_TEXTURE_2D;
+  glBindTexture(target, texture_);
+
+  // 设置纹理参数
+  glTexParameteri(target, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER,
+                  textureFilterToGLMin(desc_.minFilter));
+  glTexParameteri(target, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER,
+                  textureFilterToGLMag(desc_.magFilter));
+  glTexParameteri(target, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, textureWrapToGL(desc_.wrapS));
+  glTexParameteri(target, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, textureWrapToGL(desc_.wrapT));
+
+  // 分配纹理存储
+  GLenum format = textureFormatToGLFormat(desc_.format);
+  GLenum internalFormat = textureFormatToGLInternal(desc_.format);
+  GLenum type = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE;
+
+  if (isDepthFormat(desc_.format)) {
+    type = GL_FLOAT;
+  }
+
+  glTexImage2D(target, 0, internalFormat, desc_.width, desc_.height, 0, format,
+               type, nullptr);
+
+  // 生成 mipmap（如果需要）
+  if (desc_.mipLevels > 1) {
+    glGenerateMipmap(target);
+  }
+
+  glBindTexture(target, 0);
+  return true;
+}
+
+void GLTexture::destroy() {
+  if (texture_ != 0) {
+    glDeleteTextures(1, &texture_);
+    texture_ = 0;
+  }
+}
+
+bool GLTexture::update(const void *data, uint32_t mipLevel) {
+  if (texture_ == 0 || data == nullptr)
+    return false;
+
+  glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture_);
+  GLenum format = textureFormatToGLFormat(desc_.format);
+  GLenum type = isDepthFormat(desc_.format) ? GL_FLOAT : GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE;
+  // 计算当前 mipmap 层级的尺寸
+  uint32_t width = desc_.width >> mipLevel;
+  uint32_t height = desc_.height >> mipLevel;
+  if (width == 0)
+    width = 1;
+  if (height == 0)
+    height = 1;
+  glTexSubImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, mipLevel, 0, 0, width, height, format, type,
+                  data);
+  glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
+  return true;
+}
+
+void GLTexture::generateMipmap() {
+  if (texture_ == 0)
+    return;
+
+  glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture_);
+  glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
+  glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
+}
+
+void GLTexture::bind(uint32_t slot) {
+  if (texture_ == 0)
+    return;
+
+  glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + slot);
+  glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture_);
+}
+
+void GLTexture::unbind() { glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0); }
+
+bool GLTexture::isValid() const {
+  return texture_ != 0;
+}
+
+bool GLTexture::isRenderTarget() const {
+  return desc_.renderTarget;
+}
+
+} // namespace extra2d

src/renderer/rhi_module.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,352 @@
+#include <module/module_registry.h>
+#include <platform/window_module.h>
+#include <renderer/rhi_module.h>
+#include <utils/logger.h>
+
+// 包含 OpenGL 设备实现
+// 注意：GLDevice 定义在 gl_device.cpp 中，需要确保链接时包含
+namespace extra2d {
+// 前向声明 GLDevice 类
+class GLDevice;
+} // namespace extra2d
+
+namespace extra2d {
+
+// 全局实例指针
+static RHIModule *g_rhiModule = nullptr;
+
+// GLDevice 创建函数声明 - 在 gl_device.cpp 中定义
+std::unique_ptr<RHIDevice> CreateGLDevice();
+
+RHIModule::RHIModule() : context_(nullptr) { g_rhiModule = this; }
+
+RHIModule::~RHIModule() {
+  shutdown();
+  g_rhiModule = nullptr;
+}
+
+bool RHIModule::init() {
+  E2D_LOG_INFO("Initializing RHIModule...");
+
+  // 注册窗口显示事件监听，在窗口显示时创建 OpenGL 上下文
+  onShowListener_ = std::make_unique<events::OnShow::Listener>();
+  onShowListener_->bind([this]() { this->onWindowShow(); });
+
+  E2D_LOG_INFO("RHIModule initialized (waiting for window show)");
+  return true;
+}
+
+void RHIModule::onWindowShow() {
+  if (initialized_) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  E2D_LOG_INFO("RHIModule: Creating OpenGL device...");
+
+  // 获取窗口模块
+  auto *windowModule = getModule<WindowModule>();
+  if (!windowModule) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("WindowModule not available");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // 等待窗口创建完成
+  if (!windowModule->handle()) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("Window not created yet");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // 创建 OpenGL 设备并传入窗口句柄
+  device_ = CreateGLDevice();
+  if (!device_) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to create RHI device");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (!device_->initialize(windowModule->handle())) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to initialize RHI device");
+    device_.reset();
+    return;
+  }
+
+  context_ = device_->getContext();
+  if (!context_) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to get RHI context");
+    device_->shutdown();
+    device_.reset();
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // 初始化上下文
+  if (!context_->initialize()) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to initialize RHI context");
+    device_->shutdown();
+    device_.reset();
+    context_ = nullptr;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  initialized_ = true;
+  E2D_LOG_INFO("RHIModule initialized successfully (backend: {})",
+               device_->getBackendName());
+
+  // RHI 初始化完成，再次触发 OnShow 事件通知其他模块
+  // 这样 RendererModule 等依赖 RHI 的模块可以完成初始化
+  events::OnShow::emit();
+}
+
+void RHIModule::shutdown() {
+  E2D_LOG_INFO("Shutting down RHIModule...");
+
+  // 清理事件监听器
+  onShowListener_.reset();
+
+  if (context_) {
+    context_->shutdown();
+    context_ = nullptr;
+  }
+
+  if (device_) {
+    device_->shutdown();
+    device_.reset();
+  }
+
+  initialized_ = false;
+
+  E2D_LOG_INFO("RHIModule shutdown complete");
+}
+
+RHIModule *RHIModule::get() { return g_rhiModule; }
+
+std::unique_ptr<RHIBuffer> RHIModule::createBuffer(const BufferDesc &desc) {
+  if (!device_) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("Cannot create buffer: RHI device not initialized");
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  return device_->createBuffer(desc);
+}
+
+std::unique_ptr<RHITexture> RHIModule::createTexture(const TextureDesc &desc) {
+  if (!device_) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("Cannot create texture: RHI device not initialized");
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  return device_->createTexture(desc);
+}
+
+std::unique_ptr<RHIShader> RHIModule::createShader(const ShaderDesc &desc) {
+  if (!device_) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("Cannot create shader: RHI device not initialized");
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  return device_->createShader(desc);
+}
+
+std::unique_ptr<RHIPipeline>
+RHIModule::createPipeline(const PipelineDesc &desc) {
+  if (!device_) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("Cannot create pipeline: RHI device not initialized");
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  return device_->createPipeline(desc);
+}
+
+std::unique_ptr<RHIFramebuffer>
+RHIModule::createFramebuffer(const RenderPassDesc &desc) {
+  if (!device_) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("Cannot create framebuffer: RHI device not initialized");
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  return device_->createFramebuffer(desc);
+}
+
+std::unique_ptr<RHICommandList> RHIModule::createCommandList() {
+  if (!device_) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("Cannot create command list: RHI device not initialized");
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  return device_->createCommandList();
+}
+
+// BufferDesc 静态方法实现
+BufferDesc BufferDesc::vertex(uint32_t size, BufferUsage usage) {
+  BufferDesc desc;
+  desc.type = BufferType::Vertex;
+  desc.usage = usage;
+  desc.size = size;
+  return desc;
+}
+
+BufferDesc BufferDesc::index(uint32_t size, BufferUsage usage) {
+  BufferDesc desc;
+  desc.type = BufferType::Index;
+  desc.usage = usage;
+  desc.size = size;
+  return desc;
+}
+
+BufferDesc BufferDesc::uniform(uint32_t size) {
+  BufferDesc desc;
+  desc.type = BufferType::Uniform;
+  desc.usage = BufferUsage::Dynamic;
+  desc.size = size;
+  return desc;
+}
+
+// BlendState 静态方法实现
+BlendState BlendState::opaque() {
+  BlendState state;
+  state.enabled = false;
+  state.srcFactor = BlendFactor::One;
+  state.dstFactor = BlendFactor::Zero;
+  state.op = BlendOp::Add;
+  state.srcAlphaFactor = BlendFactor::One;
+  state.dstAlphaFactor = BlendFactor::Zero;
+  state.alphaOp = BlendOp::Add;
+  return state;
+}
+
+BlendState BlendState::alphaBlend() {
+  BlendState state;
+  state.enabled = true;
+  state.srcFactor = BlendFactor::SrcAlpha;
+  state.dstFactor = BlendFactor::OneMinusSrcAlpha;
+  state.op = BlendOp::Add;
+  state.srcAlphaFactor = BlendFactor::One;
+  state.dstAlphaFactor = BlendFactor::OneMinusSrcAlpha;
+  state.alphaOp = BlendOp::Add;
+  return state;
+}
+
+BlendState BlendState::additive() {
+  BlendState state;
+  state.enabled = true;
+  state.srcFactor = BlendFactor::SrcAlpha;
+  state.dstFactor = BlendFactor::One;
+  state.op = BlendOp::Add;
+  state.srcAlphaFactor = BlendFactor::SrcAlpha;
+  state.dstAlphaFactor = BlendFactor::One;
+  state.alphaOp = BlendOp::Add;
+  return state;
+}
+
+// DepthStencilState 静态方法实现
+DepthStencilState DepthStencilState::depthTest() {
+  DepthStencilState state;
+  state.depthTestEnabled = true;
+  state.depthWriteEnabled = true;
+  state.depthCompare = CompareFunc::Less;
+  state.stencilEnabled = false;
+  return state;
+}
+
+DepthStencilState DepthStencilState::depthTestWrite() {
+  DepthStencilState state;
+  state.depthTestEnabled = true;
+  state.depthWriteEnabled = true;
+  state.depthCompare = CompareFunc::Less;
+  state.stencilEnabled = false;
+  return state;
+}
+
+DepthStencilState DepthStencilState::depthTestNoWrite() {
+  DepthStencilState state;
+  state.depthTestEnabled = true;
+  state.depthWriteEnabled = false;
+  state.depthCompare = CompareFunc::Less;
+  state.stencilEnabled = false;
+  return state;
+}
+
+DepthStencilState DepthStencilState::noDepthTest() {
+  DepthStencilState state;
+  state.depthTestEnabled = false;
+  state.depthWriteEnabled = false;
+  state.depthCompare = CompareFunc::Always;
+  state.stencilEnabled = false;
+  return state;
+}
+
+// RasterizerState 静态方法实现
+RasterizerState RasterizerState::cullBack() {
+  RasterizerState state;
+  state.cullEnabled = true;
+  state.cullFrontFace = false;
+  state.frontCCW = false;
+  state.scissorEnabled = false;
+  state.wireframe = false;
+  return state;
+}
+
+RasterizerState RasterizerState::cullFront() {
+  RasterizerState state;
+  state.cullEnabled = true;
+  state.cullFrontFace = true;
+  state.frontCCW = false;
+  state.scissorEnabled = false;
+  state.wireframe = false;
+  return state;
+}
+
+RasterizerState RasterizerState::noCull() {
+  RasterizerState state;
+  state.cullEnabled = false;
+  state.cullFrontFace = false;
+  state.frontCCW = false;
+  state.scissorEnabled = false;
+  state.wireframe = false;
+  return state;
+}
+
+// VertexLayout 方法实现
+void VertexLayout::addAttribute(uint32_t location, VertexFormat format,
+                                uint32_t offset, uint32_t bufferIndex) {
+  VertexAttribute attr;
+  attr.location = location;
+  attr.format = format;
+  attr.offset = offset;
+  attr.bufferIndex = bufferIndex;
+  attributes.push_back(attr);
+}
+
+// VertexAttribute 方法实现
+uint32_t VertexAttribute::getSize(VertexFormat format) {
+  switch (format) {
+  case VertexFormat::Float1:
+    return 4;
+  case VertexFormat::Float2:
+    return 8;
+  case VertexFormat::Float3:
+    return 12;
+  case VertexFormat::Float4:
+    return 16;
+  case VertexFormat::Int1:
+    return 4;
+  case VertexFormat::Int2:
+    return 8;
+  case VertexFormat::Int3:
+    return 12;
+  case VertexFormat::Int4:
+    return 16;
+  case VertexFormat::UInt1:
+    return 4;
+  case VertexFormat::UInt2:
+    return 8;
+  case VertexFormat::UInt3:
+    return 12;
+  case VertexFormat::UInt4:
+    return 16;
+  case VertexFormat::Byte4:
+    return 4;
+  case VertexFormat::Byte4Normalized:
+    return 4;
+  case VertexFormat::UByte4:
+    return 4;
+  case VertexFormat::UByte4Normalized:
+    return 4;
+  default:
+    return 0;
+  }
+}
+
+} // namespace extra2d

src/renderer/shader.cpp

@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
-#include <fstream>
-#include <glad/glad.h>
+#include <renderer/rhi_module.h>
 #include <renderer/shader.h>
-#include <sstream>
 #include <utils/logger.h>
 
 namespace extra2d {
@@ -9,203 +7,181 @@ namespace extra2d {
 Shader::Shader() = default;
 
 Shader::~Shader() {
-  if (program_ != 0) {
-    glDeleteProgram(program_);
-    program_ = 0;
-  }
-}
-
-bool Shader::loadFromFile(const std::string &vsPath,
-                          const std::string &fsPath) {
-  // 读取顶点着色器
-  std::ifstream vsFile(vsPath);
-  if (!vsFile.is_open()) {
-    E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to open vertex shader: {}", vsPath);
-    return false;
-  }
-  std::stringstream vsStream;
-  vsStream << vsFile.rdbuf();
-  std::string vsSource = vsStream.str();
-
-  // 读取片段着色器
-  std::ifstream fsFile(fsPath);
-  if (!fsFile.is_open()) {
-    E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to open fragment shader: {}", fsPath);
-    return false;
-  }
-  std::stringstream fsStream;
-  fsStream << fsFile.rdbuf();
-  std::string fsSource = fsStream.str();
-
-  return loadFromSource(vsSource, fsSource);
+  // RHIHandle 是轻量级句柄，不需要显式释放
+  // 实际的资源由 RHI 设备管理
+  pipeline_ = PipelineHandle();
+  handle_ = ShaderHandle();
 }
 
 bool Shader::loadFromSource(const std::string &vsSource,
                             const std::string &fsSource) {
-  // 删除旧程序
-  if (program_ != 0) {
-    glDeleteProgram(program_);
-    program_ = 0;
+  // 创建标准2D顶点布局（位置 + 纹理坐标 + 颜色）
+  VertexLayout vertexLayout;
+  vertexLayout.stride = sizeof(float) * 8; // 2 (pos) + 2 (uv) + 4 (color)
+  vertexLayout.addAttribute(0, VertexFormat::Float2, 0);  // 位置
+  vertexLayout.addAttribute(1, VertexFormat::Float2, 8);  // 纹理坐标
+  vertexLayout.addAttribute(2, VertexFormat::Float4, 16); // 颜色
+
+  return loadFromSourceWithLayout(vsSource, fsSource, vertexLayout);
+}
+
+bool Shader::loadFromSourceWithLayout(const std::string &vsSource,
+                                      const std::string &fsSource,
+                                      const VertexLayout &vertexLayout) {
+  // 释放旧资源
+  pipeline_ = PipelineHandle();
+  handle_ = ShaderHandle();
+
+  // 获取 RHI 设备
+  auto *rhiModule = RHIModule::get();
+  if (!rhiModule) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("RHIModule not available");
+    return false;
   }
 
-  uniformCache_.clear();
+  auto *device = rhiModule->getDevice();
+  if (!device) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("RHIDevice not available");
+    return false;
+  }
 
   // 处理源码（添加版本声明）
-  std::string processedVS = addVersionIfNeeded(vsSource, GL_VERTEX_SHADER);
-  std::string processedFS = addVersionIfNeeded(fsSource, GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER);
+  std::string processedVS = addVersionIfNeeded(vsSource, true);
+  std::string processedFS = addVersionIfNeeded(fsSource, false);
 
-  E2D_LOG_INFO("Compiling vertex shader...");
-  // 编译顶点着色器
-  GLuint vs = compileShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER, processedVS);
-  if (vs == 0) {
-    E2D_LOG_ERROR("Vertex shader compilation failed");
+  // 创建着色器描述
+  ShaderDesc shaderDesc;
+  shaderDesc.vertexSource = processedVS;
+  shaderDesc.fragmentSource = processedFS;
+
+  // 创建着色器
+  auto shader = device->createShader(shaderDesc);
+  if (!shader) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to create shader");
     return false;
   }
 
-  E2D_LOG_INFO("Compiling fragment shader...");
-  // 编译片段着色器
-  GLuint fs = compileShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER, processedFS);
-  if (fs == 0) {
-    E2D_LOG_ERROR("Fragment shader compilation failed");
-    glDeleteShader(vs);
+  // 获取着色器句柄
+  handle_ = ShaderHandle(shader.release());
+
+  // 创建管线描述
+  PipelineDesc pipelineDesc;
+  pipelineDesc.vertexShader = handle_;
+  pipelineDesc.fragmentShader = handle_;
+  pipelineDesc.vertexLayout = vertexLayout;
+  pipelineDesc.blendState = BlendState::alphaBlend();
+  pipelineDesc.depthStencilState = DepthStencilState::noDepthTest();
+  pipelineDesc.rasterizerState = RasterizerState::noCull();
+
+  // 创建管线
+  auto pipeline = device->createPipeline(pipelineDesc);
+  if (!pipeline) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to create pipeline");
+    handle_ = ShaderHandle();
     return false;
   }
 
-  E2D_LOG_INFO("Linking shader program...");
-  // 链接程序
-  if (!linkProgram(vs, fs)) {
-    E2D_LOG_ERROR("Shader program linking failed");
-    glDeleteShader(vs);
-    glDeleteShader(fs);
-    return false;
-  }
+  // 获取管线句柄
+  pipeline_ = PipelineHandle(pipeline.release());
 
-  // 清理着色器对象
-  glDeleteShader(vs);
-  glDeleteShader(fs);
-
-  E2D_LOG_INFO("Shader program created successfully, program ID: {}", program_);
+  E2D_LOG_INFO("Shader created successfully");
   return true;
 }
 
-void Shader::bind() const {
-  if (program_ != 0) {
-    glUseProgram(program_);
-  }
-}
-
-void Shader::unbind() const { glUseProgram(0); }
-
 void Shader::setUniformBlock(const std::string &name, uint32_t binding) {
-  if (program_ == 0)
-    return;
+  // 存储 uniform block 绑定信息
+  uniformBlockBindings_[name] = binding;
 
-  GLuint index = glGetUniformBlockIndex(program_, name.c_str());
-  if (index != GL_INVALID_INDEX) {
-    glUniformBlockBinding(program_, index, binding);
-  }
+  // 注意：实际的 uniform block 绑定需要在渲染时通过 RHI 命令列表设置
+  // 这里仅存储绑定信息，供后续渲染使用
+  // 例如：commandList->setUniformBlock(binding, buffer);
 }
 
-void Shader::setInt(const std::string &name, int value) {
-  GLint location = getUniformLocation(name);
-  if (location != -1) {
-    glUniform1i(location, value);
+uint32_t Shader::getUniformBlockBinding(const std::string &name) const {
+  auto it = uniformBlockBindings_.find(name);
+  if (it != uniformBlockBindings_.end()) {
+    return it->second;
   }
+  return UINT32_MAX; // 未找到
 }
 
-void Shader::setFloat(const std::string &name, float value) {
-  GLint location = getUniformLocation(name);
-  if (location != -1) {
-    glUniform1f(location, value);
-  }
+bool Shader::reloadFromSource(const std::string &vsSource,
+                              const std::string &fsSource) {
+  // 创建标准2D顶点布局（位置 + 纹理坐标 + 颜色）
+  VertexLayout vertexLayout;
+  vertexLayout.stride = sizeof(float) * 8; // 2 (pos) + 2 (uv) + 4 (color)
+  vertexLayout.addAttribute(0, VertexFormat::Float2, 0);  // 位置
+  vertexLayout.addAttribute(1, VertexFormat::Float2, 8);  // 纹理坐标
+  vertexLayout.addAttribute(2, VertexFormat::Float4, 16); // 颜色
+
+  return reloadFromSourceWithLayout(vsSource, fsSource, vertexLayout);
 }
 
-void Shader::setVec2(const std::string &name, float x, float y) {
-  GLint location = getUniformLocation(name);
-  if (location != -1) {
-    glUniform2f(location, x, y);
-  }
-}
+bool Shader::reloadFromSourceWithLayout(const std::string &vsSource,
+                                        const std::string &fsSource,
+                                        const VertexLayout &vertexLayout) {
+  // 释放旧资源
+  pipeline_ = PipelineHandle();
+  handle_ = ShaderHandle();
 
-void Shader::setVec4(const std::string &name, float x, float y, float z,
-                     float w) {
-  GLint location = getUniformLocation(name);
-  if (location != -1) {
-    glUniform4f(location, x, y, z, w);
-  }
-}
-
-void Shader::setMat4(const std::string &name, const float *value) {
-  GLint location = getUniformLocation(name);
-  if (location != -1) {
-    glUniformMatrix4fv(location, 1, GL_FALSE, value);
-  }
-}
-
-GLuint Shader::compileShader(GLenum type, const std::string &source) {
-  GLuint shader = glCreateShader(type);
-
-  const char *src = source.c_str();
-  glShaderSource(shader, 1, &src, nullptr);
-  glCompileShader(shader);
-
-  // 检查编译状态
-  GLint success;
-  glGetShaderiv(shader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &success);
-  if (!success) {
-    char infoLog[512];
-    glGetShaderInfoLog(shader, 512, nullptr, infoLog);
-
-    const char *typeStr = (type == GL_VERTEX_SHADER) ? "vertex" : "fragment";
-    E2D_LOG_ERROR("{} shader compilation failed: {}", typeStr, infoLog);
-
-    glDeleteShader(shader);
-    return 0;
-  }
-
-  return shader;
-}
-
-bool Shader::linkProgram(GLuint vertexShader, GLuint fragmentShader) {
-  program_ = glCreateProgram();
-  glAttachShader(program_, vertexShader);
-  glAttachShader(program_, fragmentShader);
-  glLinkProgram(program_);
-
-  // 检查链接状态
-  GLint success;
-  glGetProgramiv(program_, GL_LINK_STATUS, &success);
-  if (!success) {
-    char infoLog[512];
-    glGetProgramInfoLog(program_, 512, nullptr, infoLog);
-    E2D_LOG_ERROR("Shader program linking failed: {}", infoLog);
-
-    glDeleteProgram(program_);
-    program_ = 0;
+  // 获取 RHI 设备
+  auto *rhiModule = RHIModule::get();
+  if (!rhiModule) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("RHIModule not available");
     return false;
   }
 
+  auto *device = rhiModule->getDevice();
+  if (!device) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("RHIDevice not available");
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // 处理源码（添加版本声明）
+  std::string processedVS = addVersionIfNeeded(vsSource, true);
+  std::string processedFS = addVersionIfNeeded(fsSource, false);
+
+  // 创建着色器描述
+  ShaderDesc shaderDesc;
+  shaderDesc.vertexSource = processedVS;
+  shaderDesc.fragmentSource = processedFS;
+
+  // 创建着色器
+  auto shader = device->createShader(shaderDesc);
+  if (!shader) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to create shader during reload");
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // 获取着色器句柄
+  handle_ = ShaderHandle(shader.release());
+
+  // 创建管线描述
+  PipelineDesc pipelineDesc;
+  pipelineDesc.vertexShader = handle_;
+  pipelineDesc.fragmentShader = handle_;
+  pipelineDesc.vertexLayout = vertexLayout;
+  pipelineDesc.blendState = BlendState::alphaBlend();
+  pipelineDesc.depthStencilState = DepthStencilState::noDepthTest();
+  pipelineDesc.rasterizerState = RasterizerState::noCull();
+
+  // 创建管线
+  auto pipeline = device->createPipeline(pipelineDesc);
+  if (!pipeline) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to create pipeline during reload");
+    handle_ = ShaderHandle();
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // 获取管线句柄
+  pipeline_ = PipelineHandle(pipeline.release());
+
+  E2D_LOG_INFO("Shader reloaded successfully");
   return true;
 }
 
-GLint Shader::getUniformLocation(const std::string &name) {
-  if (program_ == 0)
-    return -1;
-
-  // 检查缓存
-  auto it = uniformCache_.find(name);
-  if (it != uniformCache_.end()) {
-    return it->second;
-  }
-
-  // 查询 uniform 位置
-  GLint location = glGetUniformLocation(program_, name.c_str());
-  uniformCache_[name] = location;
-
-  return location;
-}
-
-std::string Shader::addVersionIfNeeded(const std::string &source, GLenum type) {
+std::string Shader::addVersionIfNeeded(const std::string &source,
+                                       bool isVertex) {
   // 如果已经包含版本声明，直接返回
   if (source.find("#version") != std::string::npos) {
     return source;
@@ -215,7 +191,7 @@ std::string Shader::addVersionIfNeeded(const std::string &source, GLenum type) {
   std::string result = "#version 320 es\n";
 
   // 片段着色器需要添加精度声明
-  if (type == GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER) {
+  if (!isVertex) {
     result += "precision mediump float;\n";
   }
 

src/renderer/texture.cpp

@@ -1,46 +1,17 @@
 #include <renderer/texture.h>
+#include <renderer/rhi_module.h>
 #include <utils/logger.h>
-#include <glad/glad.h>
 #define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION
 #include <stb/stb_image.h>
 
 namespace extra2d {
 
-// OpenGL 格式转换函数
-static GLint getTextureInternalFormat(TextureFormat format) {
-    switch (format) {
-        case TextureFormat::RGBA8: return GL_RGBA8;
-        case TextureFormat::RGB8:  return GL_RGB8;
-        case TextureFormat::RGBA4: return GL_RGBA4;
-        case TextureFormat::R8:    return GL_R8;
-        case TextureFormat::RG8:   return GL_RG8;
-        default:                   return GL_RGBA8;
-    }
-}
-
-static GLenum getTextureFormat(TextureFormat format) {
-    switch (format) {
-        case TextureFormat::RGBA8:
-        case TextureFormat::RGBA4:
-            return GL_RGBA;
-        case TextureFormat::RGB8:
-            return GL_RGB;
-        case TextureFormat::R8:
-            return GL_RED;
-        case TextureFormat::RG8:
-            return GL_RG;
-        default:
-            return GL_RGBA;
-    }
-}
-
 Texture::Texture() = default;
 
 Texture::~Texture() {
-    if (texture_ != 0) {
-        glDeleteTextures(1, &texture_);
-        texture_ = 0;
-    }
+    // RHI 纹理句柄是轻量级句柄，不需要显式释放
+    // 实际的纹理资源由 RHI 设备管理
+    handle_ = TextureHandle();
 }
 
 bool Texture::loadFromFile(const std::string& path) {
@@ -75,81 +46,186 @@ bool Texture::loadFromFile(const std::string& path) {
 }
 
 bool Texture::loadFromMemory(const uint8_t* data, int width, int height, TextureFormat format) {
-    if (texture_ != 0) {
-        glDeleteTextures(1, &texture_);
-        texture_ = 0;
-    }
+    // 释放旧纹理
+    handle_ = TextureHandle();
     
     width_ = width;
     height_ = height;
     format_ = format;
     
-    // 创建纹理
-    glGenTextures(1, &texture_);
-    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture_);
+    // 获取 RHI 设备
+    auto* rhiModule = RHIModule::get();
+    if (!rhiModule) {
+        E2D_LOG_ERROR("RHIModule not available");
+        return false;
+    }
     
-    // 设置纹理参数
-    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
-    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
-    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR);
-    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
+    auto* device = rhiModule->getDevice();
+    if (!device) {
+        E2D_LOG_ERROR("RHIDevice not available");
+        return false;
+    }
+    
+    // 创建纹理描述
+    TextureDesc desc;
+    desc.width = static_cast<uint32_t>(width);
+    desc.height = static_cast<uint32_t>(height);
+    desc.format = format;
+    desc.mipLevels = 1; // 初始创建 1 层，后续生成 mipmap
+    
+    // 创建 RHI 纹理
+    auto texture = device->createTexture(desc);
+    if (!texture) {
+        E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to create RHI texture");
+        return false;
+    }
     
     // 上传纹理数据
-    glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, 
-                 getTextureInternalFormat(format_), 
-                 width_, height_, 0,
-                 getTextureFormat(format_), 
-                 GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
+    if (data) {
+        // 注意：update 方法的参数需要根据实际 RHI 接口调整
+        // 这里假设 update 接受数据指针
+        texture->update(data, static_cast<size_t>(width * height * getBytesPerPixel(format)));
+        // 生成 mipmap
+        // 注意：generateMipmap 方法需要在 RHI 接口中实现
+    }
     
-    // 生成 mipmap
-    glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
-    
-    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
+    // 获取纹理句柄
+    handle_ = TextureHandle(texture.release());
     
     return true;
 }
 
 bool Texture::create(int width, int height, TextureFormat format) {
-    if (texture_ != 0) {
-        glDeleteTextures(1, &texture_);
-        texture_ = 0;
-    }
+    // 释放旧纹理
+    handle_ = TextureHandle();
     
     width_ = width;
     height_ = height;
     format_ = format;
     
-    // 创建纹理
-    glGenTextures(1, &texture_);
-    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture_);
+    // 获取 RHI 设备
+    auto* rhiModule = RHIModule::get();
+    if (!rhiModule) {
+        E2D_LOG_ERROR("RHIModule not available");
+        return false;
+    }
     
-    // 设置纹理参数
-    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
-    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
-    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
-    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
+    auto* device = rhiModule->getDevice();
+    if (!device) {
+        E2D_LOG_ERROR("RHIDevice not available");
+        return false;
+    }
     
-    // 分配纹理存储（无数据）
-    glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, 
-                 getTextureInternalFormat(format_), 
-                 width_, height_, 0,
-                 getTextureFormat(format_), 
-                 GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, nullptr);
+    // 创建纹理描述
+    TextureDesc desc;
+    desc.width = static_cast<uint32_t>(width);
+    desc.height = static_cast<uint32_t>(height);
+    desc.format = format;
+    desc.mipLevels = 1; // 不生成 mipmap
     
-    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
+    // 创建 RHI 纹理
+    auto texture = device->createTexture(desc);
+    if (!texture) {
+        E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to create RHI texture");
+        return false;
+    }
+    
+    // 获取纹理句柄
+    handle_ = TextureHandle(texture.release());
     
     return true;
 }
 
-void Texture::bind(uint32_t slot) const {
-    if (texture_ != 0) {
-        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + slot);
-        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture_);
+bool Texture::reloadFromFile(const std::string& path) {
+    // 加载图片
+    int channels;
+    stbi_set_flip_vertically_on_load(true);
+    unsigned char* data = stbi_load(path.c_str(), &width_, &height_, &channels, 0);
+    
+    if (!data) {
+        E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to reload texture: {}", path);
+        return false;
+    }
+    
+    // 根据通道数确定格式
+    TextureFormat format;
+    switch (channels) {
+        case 1: format = TextureFormat::R8; break;
+        case 2: format = TextureFormat::RG8; break;
+        case 3: format = TextureFormat::RGB8; break;
+        case 4: format = TextureFormat::RGBA8; break;
+        default: format = TextureFormat::RGBA8; break;
+    }
+    
+    bool result = reloadFromMemory(data, width_, height_, format);
+    stbi_image_free(data);
+    
+    if (result) {
+        E2D_LOG_INFO("Texture reloaded: {} ({}x{})", path, width_, height_);
+    }
+    
+    return result;
+}
+
+bool Texture::reloadFromMemory(const uint8_t* data, int width, int height, TextureFormat format) {
+    // 更新尺寸和格式
+    width_ = width;
+    height_ = height;
+    format_ = format;
+    
+    // 获取 RHI 设备
+    auto* rhiModule = RHIModule::get();
+    if (!rhiModule) {
+        E2D_LOG_ERROR("RHIModule not available");
+        return false;
+    }
+    
+    auto* device = rhiModule->getDevice();
+    if (!device) {
+        E2D_LOG_ERROR("RHIDevice not available");
+        return false;
+    }
+    
+    // 创建新的纹理描述
+    TextureDesc desc;
+    desc.width = static_cast<uint32_t>(width);
+    desc.height = static_cast<uint32_t>(height);
+    desc.format = format;
+    desc.mipLevels = 1;
+    
+    // 创建新的 RHI 纹理
+    auto texture = device->createTexture(desc);
+    if (!texture) {
+        E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to create RHI texture during reload");
+        return false;
+    }
+    
+    // 上传纹理数据
+    if (data) {
+        texture->update(data, static_cast<size_t>(width * height * getBytesPerPixel(format)));
+    }
+    
+    // 替换旧的纹理句柄
+    handle_ = TextureHandle(texture.release());
+    
+    return true;
+}
+
+// 辅助函数：获取每个像素的字节数
+uint32_t Texture::getBytesPerPixel(TextureFormat format) {
+    switch (format) {
+        case TextureFormat::R8: return 1;
+        case TextureFormat::RG8: return 2;
+        case TextureFormat::RGB8: return 3;
+        case TextureFormat::RGBA8:
+        case TextureFormat::RGBA8_SRGB: return 4;
+        case TextureFormat::Depth16: return 2;
+        case TextureFormat::Depth24: return 3;
+        case TextureFormat::Depth32F: return 4;
+        case TextureFormat::Depth24Stencil8: return 4;
+        case TextureFormat::Depth32FStencil8: return 5;
+        default: return 4;
     }
 }
 
-void Texture::unbind() const {
-    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
-}
-
 } // namespace extra2d

src/renderer/texture_atlas.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,367 @@
+#include <renderer/texture_atlas.h>
+#include <utils/logger.h>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cstring>
+
+namespace extra2d {
+
+// ========================================
+// TextureAtlas 实现
+// ========================================
+
+TextureAtlas::TextureAtlas() = default;
+
+TextureAtlas::~TextureAtlas() {
+    shutdown();
+}
+
+TextureAtlas::TextureAtlas(TextureAtlas&& other) noexcept
+    : width_(other.width_)
+    , height_(other.height_)
+    , atlasTexture_(std::move(other.atlasTexture_))
+    , regions_(std::move(other.regions_))
+    , pendingTextures_(std::move(other.pendingTextures_))
+    , packContext_(std::move(other.packContext_))
+    , packNodes_(std::move(other.packNodes_))
+    , finalized_(other.finalized_) {
+    other.width_ = 0;
+    other.height_ = 0;
+    other.finalized_ = false;
+}
+
+TextureAtlas& TextureAtlas::operator=(TextureAtlas&& other) noexcept {
+    if (this != &other) {
+        shutdown();
+        
+        width_ = other.width_;
+        height_ = other.height_;
+        atlasTexture_ = std::move(other.atlasTexture_);
+        regions_ = std::move(other.regions_);
+        pendingTextures_ = std::move(other.pendingTextures_);
+        packContext_ = std::move(other.packContext_);
+        packNodes_ = std::move(other.packNodes_);
+        finalized_ = other.finalized_;
+        
+        other.width_ = 0;
+        other.height_ = 0;
+        other.finalized_ = false;
+    }
+    return *this;
+}
+
+bool TextureAtlas::initialize(int width, int height) {
+    shutdown();
+    
+    if (width <= 0 || height <= 0) {
+        E2D_LOG_ERROR("TextureAtlas::initialize: Invalid size {}x{}", width, height);
+        return false;
+    }
+    
+    width_ = width;
+    height_ = height;
+    
+    // 初始化 stb_rect_pack
+    packContext_ = std::make_unique<stbrp_context>();
+    packNodes_.resize(width);
+    stbrp_init_target(packContext_.get(), width, height, packNodes_.data(), width);
+    
+    E2D_LOG_DEBUG("TextureAtlas initialized: {}x{}", width, height);
+    return true;
+}
+
+void TextureAtlas::shutdown() {
+    atlasTexture_.reset();
+    regions_.clear();
+    pendingTextures_.clear();
+    packContext_.reset();
+    packNodes_.clear();
+    width_ = 0;
+    height_ = 0;
+    finalized_ = false;
+}
+
+bool TextureAtlas::addTexture(const std::string& name, Ptr<Texture> texture) {
+    if (finalized_) {
+        E2D_LOG_WARN("TextureAtlas::addTexture: Cannot add texture to finalized atlas");
+        return false;
+    }
+    
+    if (!texture) {
+        E2D_LOG_WARN("TextureAtlas::addTexture: Texture is null");
+        return false;
+    }
+    
+    if (regions_.find(name) != regions_.end()) {
+        E2D_LOG_WARN("TextureAtlas::addTexture: Texture '{}' already exists", name);
+        return false;
+    }
+    
+    // 获取纹理尺寸
+    int texWidth = static_cast<int>(texture->getWidth());
+    int texHeight = static_cast<int>(texture->getHeight());
+    
+    if (texWidth <= 0 || texHeight <= 0) {
+        E2D_LOG_WARN("TextureAtlas::addTexture: Invalid texture size {}x{}", texWidth, texHeight);
+        return false;
+    }
+    
+    // 检查纹理是否适合图集
+    if (texWidth > width_ || texHeight > height_) {
+        E2D_LOG_WARN("TextureAtlas::addTexture: Texture {}x{} too large for atlas {}x{}", 
+                     texWidth, texHeight, width_, height_);
+        return false;
+    }
+    
+    // 创建待处理纹理信息
+    PendingTexture pending;
+    pending.name = name;
+    pending.width = texWidth;
+    pending.height = texHeight;
+    pending.format = texture->getFormat();
+    
+    // 获取纹理数据
+    size_t dataSize = texWidth * texHeight * 4; // 假设 RGBA
+    pending.data.resize(dataSize);
+    
+    // TODO: 实现 Texture::getData() 方法来读取像素数据
+    // 暂时使用占位数据
+    std::fill(pending.data.begin(), pending.data.end(), 255);
+    
+    pendingTextures_.push_back(std::move(pending));
+    
+    E2D_LOG_DEBUG("TextureAtlas: Added texture '{}' ({}x{})", name, texWidth, texHeight);
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool TextureAtlas::addTextureData(const std::string& name, const uint8_t* data,
+                                  int width, int height, TextureFormat format) {
+    if (finalized_) {
+        E2D_LOG_WARN("TextureAtlas::addTextureData: Cannot add texture to finalized atlas");
+        return false;
+    }
+    
+    if (!data || width <= 0 || height <= 0) {
+        E2D_LOG_WARN("TextureAtlas::addTextureData: Invalid parameters");
+        return false;
+    }
+    
+    if (regions_.find(name) != regions_.end()) {
+        E2D_LOG_WARN("TextureAtlas::addTextureData: Texture '{}' already exists", name);
+        return false;
+    }
+    
+    if (width > width_ || height > height_) {
+        E2D_LOG_WARN("TextureAtlas::addTextureData: Texture {}x{} too large for atlas {}x{}", 
+                     width, height, width_, height_);
+        return false;
+    }
+    
+    PendingTexture pending;
+    pending.name = name;
+    pending.width = width;
+    pending.height = height;
+    pending.format = format;
+    
+    // 复制像素数据
+    int channels = (format == TextureFormat::RGBA8) ? 4 : 3;
+    size_t dataSize = width * height * channels;
+    pending.data.resize(dataSize);
+    std::memcpy(pending.data.data(), data, dataSize);
+    
+    pendingTextures_.push_back(std::move(pending));
+    
+    E2D_LOG_DEBUG("TextureAtlas: Added texture data '{}' ({}x{})", name, width, height);
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool TextureAtlas::finalize() {
+    if (finalized_) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    
+    if (pendingTextures_.empty()) {
+        E2D_LOG_WARN("TextureAtlas::finalize: No textures to pack");
+        return false;
+    }
+    
+    // 准备矩形数组
+    std::vector<stbrp_rect> rects;
+    rects.reserve(pendingTextures_.size());
+    
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < pendingTextures_.size(); ++i) {
+        stbrp_rect rect;
+        rect.id = static_cast<int>(i);
+        rect.w = pendingTextures_[i].width;
+        rect.h = pendingTextures_[i].height;
+        rect.x = 0;
+        rect.y = 0;
+        rect.was_packed = 0;
+        rects.push_back(rect);
+    }
+    
+    // 执行打包
+    int result = stbrp_pack_rects(packContext_.get(), rects.data(), static_cast<int>(rects.size()));
+    
+    if (!result) {
+        E2D_LOG_ERROR("TextureAtlas::finalize: Failed to pack all textures");
+        return false;
+    }
+    
+    // 创建图集纹理数据
+    std::vector<uint8_t> atlasData(width_ * height_ * 4, 0); // RGBA 黑色背景
+    
+    // 处理打包结果
+    for (const auto& rect : rects) {
+        if (!rect.was_packed) {
+            E2D_LOG_WARN("TextureAtlas::finalize: Texture {} not packed", rect.id);
+            continue;
+        }
+        
+        const auto& pending = pendingTextures_[rect.id];
+        
+        // 创建区域信息
+        AtlasRegion region;
+        region.x = rect.x;
+        region.y = rect.y;
+        region.width = rect.w;
+        region.height = rect.h;
+        
+        regions_[pending.name] = region;
+        
+        // 复制像素数据到图集
+        // TODO: 实现正确的像素格式转换
+        // 目前假设所有纹理都是 RGBA8
+        for (int y = 0; y < pending.height; ++y) {
+            for (int x = 0; x < pending.width; ++x) {
+                int srcIdx = (y * pending.width + x) * 4;
+                int dstIdx = ((rect.y + y) * width_ + (rect.x + x)) * 4;
+                
+                if (srcIdx + 3 < static_cast<int>(pending.data.size()) && 
+                    dstIdx + 3 < static_cast<int>(atlasData.size())) {
+                    atlasData[dstIdx + 0] = pending.data[srcIdx + 0];
+                    atlasData[dstIdx + 1] = pending.data[srcIdx + 1];
+                    atlasData[dstIdx + 2] = pending.data[srcIdx + 2];
+                    atlasData[dstIdx + 3] = pending.data[srcIdx + 3];
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        
+        E2D_LOG_DEBUG("TextureAtlas: Packed '{}' at ({}, {}) size {}x{}", 
+                      pending.name, rect.x, rect.y, rect.w, rect.h);
+    }
+    
+    // 创建图集纹理
+    atlasTexture_ = makePtr<Texture>();
+    if (!atlasTexture_->loadFromMemory(atlasData.data(), width_, height_, TextureFormat::RGBA8)) {
+        E2D_LOG_ERROR("TextureAtlas::finalize: Failed to create atlas texture");
+        return false;
+    }
+    
+    // 清理待处理列表
+    pendingTextures_.clear();
+    finalized_ = true;
+    
+    E2D_LOG_INFO("TextureAtlas finalized: {} textures packed into {}x{} atlas ({}% usage)",
+                 regions_.size(), width_, height_, 
+                 static_cast<int>(getUsageRatio() * 100));
+    
+    return true;
+}
+
+const AtlasRegion* TextureAtlas::getRegion(const std::string& name) const {
+    auto it = regions_.find(name);
+    if (it != regions_.end()) {
+        return &it->second;
+    }
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
+Rect TextureAtlas::getUVRect(const std::string& name) const {
+    const AtlasRegion* region = getRegion(name);
+    if (region) {
+        return region->getUVRect(width_, height_);
+    }
+    return Rect(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
+}
+
+bool TextureAtlas::hasTexture(const std::string& name) const {
+    return regions_.find(name) != regions_.end();
+}
+
+float TextureAtlas::getUsageRatio() const {
+    if (!finalized_ || regions_.empty()) {
+        return 0.0f;
+    }
+    
+    int totalArea = 0;
+    for (const auto& pair : regions_) {
+        totalArea += pair.second.width * pair.second.height;
+    }
+    
+    return static_cast<float>(totalArea) / (width_ * height_);
+}
+
+// ========================================
+// AtlasBuilder 实现
+// ========================================
+
+Ptr<TextureAtlas> AtlasBuilder::build() {
+    if (textures_.empty()) {
+        E2D_LOG_WARN("AtlasBuilder::build: No textures to build");
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    
+    auto atlas = makePtr<TextureAtlas>();
+    if (!atlas->initialize(width_, height_)) {
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    
+    for (const auto& pair : textures_) {
+        atlas->addTexture(pair.first, pair.second);
+    }
+    
+    if (!atlas->finalize()) {
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    
+    return atlas;
+}
+
+Ptr<TextureAtlas> AtlasBuilder::buildAuto() {
+    if (textures_.empty()) {
+        E2D_LOG_WARN("AtlasBuilder::buildAuto: No textures to build");
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    
+    // 计算总面积
+    int totalArea = 0;
+    int maxWidth = 0;
+    int maxHeight = 0;
+    
+    for (const auto& pair : textures_) {
+        if (pair.second) {
+            int w = static_cast<int>(pair.second->getWidth());
+            int h = static_cast<int>(pair.second->getHeight());
+            totalArea += w * h;
+            maxWidth = std::max(maxWidth, w);
+            maxHeight = std::max(maxHeight, h);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    // 选择合适的大小（2 的幂）
+    int atlasSize = 64;
+    while (atlasSize < maxWidth || atlasSize < maxHeight || atlasSize * atlasSize < totalArea * 1.5f) {
+        atlasSize *= 2;
+        if (atlasSize > 8192) {
+            E2D_LOG_ERROR("AtlasBuilder::buildAuto: Textures too large for atlas");
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    width_ = atlasSize;
+    height_ = atlasSize;
+    
+    return build();
+}
+
+} // namespace extra2d

src/renderer/uniform_buffer.cpp

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#include <renderer/rhi/rhi_buffer.h>
+#include <renderer/rhi_module.h>
 #include <renderer/uniform_buffer.h>
 #include <utils/logger.h>
 
@@ -5,146 +7,212 @@ namespace extra2d {
 
 UniformBuffer::UniformBuffer() = default;
 
-UniformBuffer::~UniformBuffer() {
-    destroy();
-}
+UniformBuffer::~UniformBuffer() { destroy(); }
 
 bool UniformBuffer::create(uint32_t size, uint32_t binding) {
-    if (ubo_ != 0) {
-        destroy();
-    }
-    
-    size_ = size;
-    binding_ = binding;
-    
-    glGenBuffers(1, &ubo_);
-    if (ubo_ == 0) {
-        E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to generate UBO");
-        return false;
-    }
-    
-    glBindBuffer(GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER, ubo_);
-    glBufferData(GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER, size, nullptr, GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW);
-    glBindBufferBase(GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER, binding, ubo_);
-    glBindBuffer(GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER, 0);
-    
-    E2D_LOG_DEBUG("UBO created: size={}, binding={}", size, binding);
-    return true;
+  destroy();
+
+  // 获取 RHI 设备
+  auto *rhiModule = RHIModule::get();
+  if (!rhiModule) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("RHIModule not available");
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  auto *device = rhiModule->getDevice();
+  if (!device) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("RHIDevice not available");
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  size_ = size;
+  binding_ = binding;
+
+  // 创建 uniform 缓冲区描述
+  BufferDesc desc = BufferDesc::uniform(size);
+
+  // 创建缓冲区
+  auto buffer = device->createBuffer(desc);
+  if (!buffer) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to create uniform buffer");
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // 获取缓冲区句柄
+  handle_ = BufferHandle(buffer.release());
+
+  E2D_LOG_DEBUG("UBO created: size={}, binding={}", size, binding);
+  return true;
 }
 
 void UniformBuffer::destroy() {
-    if (ubo_ != 0) {
-        glDeleteBuffers(1, &ubo_);
-        ubo_ = 0;
-        size_ = 0;
-    }
+  // RHIHandle 是轻量级句柄，不需要显式释放
+  // 实际的缓冲区资源由 RHI 设备管理
+  handle_ = BufferHandle();
+  size_ = 0;
 }
 
-void UniformBuffer::update(const void* data, uint32_t size, uint32_t offset) {
-    if (ubo_ == 0 || data == nullptr) return;
-    
-    if (offset + size > size_) {
-        E2D_LOG_WARN("UBO update out of bounds: offset={}, size={}, bufferSize={}", 
-                    offset, size, size_);
-        return;
-    }
-    
-    glBindBuffer(GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER, ubo_);
-    glBufferSubData(GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER, offset, size, data);
-    glBindBuffer(GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER, 0);
+void UniformBuffer::update(const void *data, uint32_t size, uint32_t offset) {
+  if (!handle_.isValid() || data == nullptr)
+    return;
+
+  if (offset + size > size_) {
+    E2D_LOG_WARN("UBO update out of bounds: offset={}, size={}, bufferSize={}",
+                 offset, size, size_);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // 通过 RHI 缓冲区接口直接更新数据
+  RHIBuffer *buffer = handle_.get();
+  if (buffer) {
+    buffer->update(data, size, offset);
+  }
 }
 
 void UniformBuffer::bind(uint32_t binding) {
-    if (ubo_ == 0) return;
-    
-    glBindBufferBase(GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER, binding, ubo_);
+  if (!handle_.isValid())
+    return;
+
+  // 记录绑定槽位
+  // 注意：实际的 GPU 绑定操作需要在渲染时通过 RHICommandList::setUniformBuffer
+  // 进行 示例：commandList->setUniformBuffer(binding, handle_.get());
+  binding_ = binding;
 }
 
+RHIBuffer *UniformBuffer::getRHIBuffer() const { return handle_.get(); }
+
 UniformBufferManager::UniformBufferManager() = default;
 
-UniformBufferManager::~UniformBufferManager() {
-    shutdown();
-}
+UniformBufferManager::~UniformBufferManager() { shutdown(); }
 
-UniformBufferManager::UniformBufferManager(UniformBufferManager&& other) noexcept
-    : globalUBO_(std::move(other.globalUBO_)),
+UniformBufferManager::UniformBufferManager(
+    UniformBufferManager &&other) noexcept
+    : globalUBOs_(std::move(other.globalUBOs_)),
       materialUBOPool_(std::move(other.materialUBOPool_)),
-      currentUBOIndex_(other.currentUBOIndex_) {
-    other.currentUBOIndex_ = 0;
+      currentUBOIndex_(other.currentUBOIndex_),
+      materialUBOBuffer_(std::move(other.materialUBOBuffer_)),
+      materialUBOBufferOffset_(other.materialUBOBufferOffset_),
+      currentMaterialUBO_(other.currentMaterialUBO_) {
+  other.currentUBOIndex_ = 0;
+  other.materialUBOBufferOffset_ = 0;
+  other.currentMaterialUBO_ = nullptr;
 }
 
-UniformBufferManager& UniformBufferManager::operator=(UniformBufferManager&& other) noexcept {
-    if (this != &other) {
-        shutdown();
+UniformBufferManager &
+UniformBufferManager::operator=(UniformBufferManager &&other) noexcept {
+  if (this != &other) {
+    shutdown();
 
-        globalUBO_ = std::move(other.globalUBO_);
-        materialUBOPool_ = std::move(other.materialUBOPool_);
-        currentUBOIndex_ = other.currentUBOIndex_;
+    globalUBOs_ = std::move(other.globalUBOs_);
+    materialUBOPool_ = std::move(other.materialUBOPool_);
+    currentUBOIndex_ = other.currentUBOIndex_;
+    materialUBOBuffer_ = std::move(other.materialUBOBuffer_);
+    materialUBOBufferOffset_ = other.materialUBOBufferOffset_;
+    currentMaterialUBO_ = other.currentMaterialUBO_;
 
-        other.currentUBOIndex_ = 0;
-    }
-    return *this;
+    other.currentUBOIndex_ = 0;
+    other.materialUBOBufferOffset_ = 0;
+    other.currentMaterialUBO_ = nullptr;
+  }
+  return *this;
 }
 
 bool UniformBufferManager::initialize() {
-    // 创建全局 UBO
-    globalUBO_ = std::make_unique<UniformBuffer>();
-    if (!globalUBO_->create(GLOBAL_UBO_SIZE, GLOBAL_UBO_BINDING)) {
-        E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to create global UBO");
-        return false;
+  // 创建全局 UBO 双缓冲
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < globalUBOs_.size(); ++i) {
+    globalUBOs_[i] = std::make_unique<UniformBuffer>();
+    if (!globalUBOs_[i]->create(UniformBufferManager::GLOBAL_UBO_SIZE,
+                                UniformBufferManager::GLOBAL_UBO_BINDING)) {
+      E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to create global UBO {}", i);
+      return false;
     }
-    
-    // 预分配材质 UBO 池
-    materialUBOPool_.reserve(INITIAL_UBO_POOL_SIZE);
-    
-    E2D_LOG_INFO("UniformBufferManager initialized");
-    return true;
+  }
+
+  // 预分配材质 UBO 池
+  materialUBOPool_.reserve(INITIAL_UBO_POOL_SIZE);
+
+  // 预分配材质 UBO CPU 缓冲区
+  materialUBOBuffer_.resize(MATERIAL_UBO_BUFFER_SIZE);
+
+  E2D_LOG_INFO("UniformBufferManager initialized with double buffering");
+  return true;
 }
 
 void UniformBufferManager::shutdown() {
-    materialUBOPool_.clear();
-    globalUBO_.reset();
-    currentUBOIndex_ = 0;
-    
-    E2D_LOG_INFO("UniformBufferManager shutdown");
+  materialUBOPool_.clear();
+  for (auto& ubo : globalUBOs_) {
+    ubo.reset();
+  }
+  currentUBOIndex_ = 0;
+  materialUBOBuffer_.clear();
+  materialUBOBufferOffset_ = 0;
+  currentMaterialUBO_ = nullptr;
+
+  E2D_LOG_INFO("UniformBufferManager shutdown");
 }
 
-UniformBuffer* UniformBufferManager::getGlobalUBO() {
-    return globalUBO_.get();
+UniformBuffer *UniformBufferManager::getGlobalUBO(uint32_t frameIndex) {
+  // 使用双缓冲，根据帧索引选择 UBO
+  size_t index = frameIndex % 2;
+  return globalUBOs_[index].get();
 }
 
-UniformBuffer* UniformBufferManager::acquireMaterialUBO(uint32_t size) {
-    // 查找或创建合适大小的 UBO
-    for (uint32_t i = currentUBOIndex_; i < materialUBOPool_.size(); ++i) {
-        if (materialUBOPool_[i]->getSize() >= size) {
-            currentUBOIndex_ = i + 1;
-            return materialUBOPool_[i].get();
-        }
+UniformBuffer *UniformBufferManager::acquireMaterialUBO(uint32_t size) {
+  // 查找或创建合适大小的 UBO
+  for (uint32_t i = currentUBOIndex_; i < materialUBOPool_.size(); ++i) {
+    if (materialUBOPool_[i]->getSize() >= size) {
+      currentUBOIndex_ = i + 1;
+      return materialUBOPool_[i].get();
     }
-    
-    // 需要创建新的 UBO
-    auto ubo = std::make_unique<UniformBuffer>();
-    if (!ubo->create(size, MATERIAL_UBO_BINDING)) {
-        E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to create material UBO");
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-    
-    UniformBuffer* result = ubo.get();
-    materialUBOPool_.push_back(std::move(ubo));
-    currentUBOIndex_ = materialUBOPool_.size();
-    
-    return result;
+  }
+
+  // 需要创建新的 UBO
+  auto ubo = std::make_unique<UniformBuffer>();
+  if (!ubo->create(size, UniformBufferManager::MATERIAL_UBO_BINDING)) {
+    E2D_LOG_ERROR("Failed to create material UBO");
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  UniformBuffer *result = ubo.get();
+  materialUBOPool_.push_back(std::move(ubo));
+  currentUBOIndex_ = materialUBOPool_.size();
+
+  return result;
 }
 
 void UniformBufferManager::resetMaterialUBOs() {
-    currentUBOIndex_ = 0;
+  currentUBOIndex_ = 0;
+  materialUBOBufferOffset_ = 0;
+  currentMaterialUBO_ = nullptr;
 }
 
-void UniformBufferManager::updateGlobalUBO(const void* data, uint32_t size) {
-    if (globalUBO_) {
-        globalUBO_->update(data, size);
-        globalUBO_->bind(GLOBAL_UBO_BINDING);
-    }
+void UniformBufferManager::updateGlobalUBO(const void *data, uint32_t size, uint32_t frameIndex) {
+  // 使用双缓冲更新全局 UBO
+  size_t index = frameIndex % 2;
+  if (globalUBOs_[index]) {
+    globalUBOs_[index]->update(data, size);
+    globalUBOs_[index]->bind(UniformBufferManager::GLOBAL_UBO_BINDING);
+  }
+}
+
+void UniformBufferManager::batchUpdateMaterialUBO(const void *data, uint32_t size, uint32_t offset) {
+  if (!data || size == 0 || offset + size > materialUBOBuffer_.size()) {
+    E2D_LOG_WARN("Invalid batch update parameters");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // 复制数据到 CPU 缓冲区
+  std::memcpy(materialUBOBuffer_.data() + offset, data, size);
+}
+
+void UniformBufferManager::flushMaterialUBO() {
+  if (materialUBOBufferOffset_ == 0 || !currentMaterialUBO_) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // 一次性将 CPU 缓冲区数据更新到 GPU
+  currentMaterialUBO_->update(materialUBOBuffer_.data(), materialUBOBufferOffset_, 0);
+  materialUBOBufferOffset_ = 0;
 }
 
 } // namespace extra2d

src/scene/components/sprite_renderer.cpp

@@ -33,8 +33,9 @@ void SpriteRenderer::render() {
   uint32_t textureId = texture_.index();
   cmd.sortKey = (materialId << 16) | (textureId & 0xFFFF);
 
-  cmd.drawMesh.mesh = MeshHandle::invalid();
-  cmd.drawMesh.material = material_.isValid() ? material_ : MaterialHandle::invalid();
+  // 如果没有指定网格，使用默认的四边形网格
+  cmd.drawMesh.mesh = Handle<Mesh>::invalid();  // RendererModule 会使用默认网格
+  cmd.drawMesh.material = material_.isValid() ? material_ : Handle<Material>::invalid();
   cmd.setTransform(worldTransform);
   
   cmd.setColor(color_);

src/scene/director.cpp

@@ -130,8 +130,9 @@ void Director::render() {
   CameraComponent *camera = runningScene_->getMainCamera();
   if (camera) {
     Mat4 viewProj = camera->getViewProjectionMatrix();
-
     events::OnRenderSetCamera::emit(viewProj);
+  } else {
+    E2D_LOG_WARN("Director::render: No main camera set!");
   }
 
   runningScene_->render();

src/scene/scene_module.cpp

@@ -8,10 +8,6 @@ SceneModule::~SceneModule() {
   shutdown();
 }
 
-SceneModule::SceneModule(SceneModule &&) noexcept = default;
-
-SceneModule &SceneModule::operator=(SceneModule &&) noexcept = default;
-
 bool SceneModule::init() {
   // 创建导演
   director_ = makePtr<Director>();

src/utils/timer_module.cpp

@@ -7,24 +7,6 @@ TimerModule::TimerModule() = default;
 
 TimerModule::~TimerModule() { shutdown(); }
 
-TimerModule::TimerModule(TimerModule &&other) noexcept
-    : timers_(std::move(other.timers_)),
-      pendingRemove_(std::move(other.pendingRemove_)), nextId_(other.nextId_),
-      timeScale_(other.timeScale_), inUpdate_(other.inUpdate_) {}
-
-TimerModule &TimerModule::operator=(TimerModule &&other) noexcept {
-  if (this != &other) {
-    shutdown();
-
-    timers_ = std::move(other.timers_);
-    pendingRemove_ = std::move(other.pendingRemove_);
-    nextId_ = other.nextId_;
-    timeScale_ = other.timeScale_;
-    inUpdate_ = other.inUpdate_;
-  }
-  return *this;
-}
-
 bool TimerModule::init() {
   // 初始化完成，等待 OnUpdate 事件
   return true;